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List of Bohemian monarchs
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| Monarchy of Bohemia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Majesty |
| First monarch | Bořivoj I (as duke) |
| Last monarch | Charles III (as king) |
| Formation | c. 870 |
| Abolition | 28 October 1918 |
| Residence | Prague Castle, Prague |
| Appointer | Hereditary 870-1212 Electoral college 1212–1620 Hereditary 1637–1918 |
The Duchy of Bohemia was established in 870 and raised to the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198. Several Bohemian monarchs ruled as non-hereditary kings beforehand, first gaining the title in 1085. From 1004 to 1806, Bohemia was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and its ruler was an elector. During 1526–1804 the Kingdom of Bohemia, together with the other lands of the Bohemian Crown, was ruled under a personal union as part of the Habsburg monarchy. From 1804 to 1918, Bohemia was part of the Austrian Empire, which itself was part of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. Following the dissolution of the monarchy, the Bohemian lands, now also referred to as Czech lands, became part of Czechoslovakia, and they have formed today's Czech Republic since 1993.
Legendary rulers of Bohemia
- praotec Čech (Pater Boemus)
- Lech
- Krok
- Libuše, female ruler
- Přemysl the Ploughman, husband of Libuše
- Valasca, female and contested ruler against Přemysl
- Nezamysl
- Mnata
- Vojen
- Vnislav
- Křesomysl
- Neklan
- Hostivít
Dukes and Kings of Bohemia from and after Přemyslid dynasty (c. 870–1306)
Přemyslid dynasty
Feuds of Bohemia and Moravia under Premyslid rule
| Part of Great Moravia (until 907) | |||
| Duchy of Bohemia (870–1198) Raised to: Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1306) |
Part of Poland (999–1019) | ||
| Duchy of Moravia (1019–1055) | |||
| Duchy of Brno (1st creation) (1055–1056) |
Duchy of Znojmo (1st creation) (1055–1056) |
Duchy of Olomouc (1st creation) (1055–1056) | |
| Duchy of Olomouc (1061–1178) | |||
| Duchy of Brno (2nd creation) (1061–1182) |
Duchy of Znojmo (2nd creation) (1092–1182)[1] | ||
| Duchy of Moravia (Znojmo line) (1182–1191) | |||
| Duchy of Moravia (1197–1222) | |||
Table of rulers
| Ruler | Born | Reign | Ruling part | Consort | Death | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bořivoj I | 
|
852 Son of Hostivít (?)[2] |
870–883 885–889 |
Duchy of Bohemia | Ludmila of Bohemia 873[3] six children |
889 aged 35/6 |
First documented ruler of the dynasty. |
| Strojmír | ? | c. 883–885 | Duchy of Bohemia | ? | ? | Apparently a usurper. | |
| Bohemia annexed to Great Moravia (889–894) | |||||||
| Spytihněv I | 
|
882 First son of Bořivoj I and Ludmila of Bohemia |
894–915 | Duchy of Bohemia (with Moravia since 907) |
Unmarried | 915 aged 32/3 |
His reign restored Bohemian sovereignty. |
| Vratislaus I (Vratislav) |
|
888 Second son of Bořivoj I and Ludmila of Bohemia |
915 – 13 February 921 | Duchy of Bohemia | Drahomíra three children |
13 February 921 aged 32/3 |
|
| Regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921–925) | Known as St. Wenceslaus ("Good King Wenceslas" for English-speaking people), the patron saint of the Czech lands. | ||||||
| St.Wenceslaus (Svatý Václav) |
|
907[4][5][a] Stochov[8] First son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra |
13 February 921- 28 September 929/35 | Duchy of Bohemia | Unmarried | 28 September 929/35 Stará Boleslav aged 21/2 or 27/8 | |
| Boleslaus I the Cruel (Boleslav I. Ukrutný) |
|
915 Prague (?) Second son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra |
28 September 929/35 – July 972 | Duchy of Bohemia | Biagota four children |
July 972 aged 56/7 |
Assassinated his brother to ascend to the ducal throne. |
| Boleslaus II the Pious (Boleslav II. Pobožný) |
|
940 Prague (?) Son of Boleslaus I and Biagota |
July 972 – 7 February 999 | Duchy of Bohemia | Adiva (of England?) four children Emma of Mělník (Emma of Italy (?)) 989 no children |
7 February 999 aged 58/9 |
Moravia is again lost, this time, to Poland, in 999. |
| Boleslaus III the Red (Boleslav III. Ryšavý) |
|
965 First son of Boleslaus II and Adiva |
7 February 999 – May 1002 February – March 1003 |
Duchy of Bohemia | Unknown | 1037 aged 56/7 |
In 1002-04, Bohemia was invaded twice by Poland. |
Bohemia was annexed to Poland (1002-04):
| |||||||
| Jaromír | 
|
c. 970 Second son of Boleslaus II and Adiva |
1004 – 12 April 1012 9 November 1034 – 1035 |
Duchy of Bohemia | Unknown | 4 November 1038 Lysá nad Labem aged 60/70 |
In 1004, Jaromir occupied Prague with a German army and proclaimed himself Bohemian duke, restoring the family's domain, albeit reduced. As brothers of Boleslaus III, Jaromir and Ulrich had a fight for the throne that lasted until 1034, when Ulrich died and Jaromir retired (and then murdered). Nevertheless, more land was at stake, as Moravia was reintegrated into Bohemia in 1019, after being reconquered from Poland, and given to Ulrich's son. |
| Ulrich I (Oldřich) |
|
c. 975 Third son of Boleslaus II and Adiva |
12 April 1012 – 9 November 1034 | Duchy of Bohemia | Božena c. 1002 one child |
9 November 1034 or 1042 aged 59/60 or 66/7 | |
| 1033 – 9 November 1034 | Duchy of Moravia | ||||||
| Bretislaus I the Bohemian Achilles (Břetislav I. český Achilles) |
|
1002/5 Son of Ulrich I and Božena |
1019/29 – 1033 9 November 1034 – 10 January 1055 |
Duchy of Moravia | Judith of Schweinfurt 1020 four children |
10 January 1055 aged 50/3 |
First separation of Moravia from Bohemia. His father usurped his place for a year. After his own death, his sons shared the inheritance. |
| 1035 – 10 January 1055 | Duchy of Bohemia | ||||||
| Spytihněv II | 
|
1031 First son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt |
10 January 1055 – 28 January 1061 | Duchy of Bohemia (also in Moravia from 1056) |
Ida of Wettin 1054 one child |
28 January 1061 aged 29/30 |
Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance:
The division was made ineffective by Spytihnev (1055), who extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after his death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav inherited Bohemia:
|
| Vratislaus II (Vratislav II) |
|
c. 1035 Second son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt |
10 January 1055 – 1056 | Duchy of Olomouc | Maria before 1057 no children Adelaide of Hungary (I) 1057 four children Świętosława of Poland 1062 five children |
14 January 1092 aged 59/60 | |
| 28 January 1061 – June 1085 (as Duke) June 1085 – 14 January 1092 (as King) |
Duchy of Bohemia | ||||||
| Conrad I (Konrád I) |
|
c. 1035 Third son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt |
10 January 1055 – 1056 28 January 1061 – 6 September 1092 |
Duchy of Brno (with Znojmo since 1061) |
Wirpirk of Tengling 1054 two children |
6 September 1092 aged 56/57 | |
| 14 January – 6 September 1092 | Duchy of Bohemia | ||||||
| Otto I the Fair (Ota Sličný) |
|
1045 Fouth son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt |
10 January 1055 – 1056 | Duchy of Znojmo | Euphemia of Hungary before 1073 two children |
9 June 1087 aged 41/2 | |
| 28 January 1061 – 9 June 1087 | Duchy of Olomouc | ||||||
| Boleslaus (Boleslav) |
1062 First son of Otto I and Euphemia of Hungary |
9 June 1087 – 11 August 1091 | Duchy of Olomouc | Unmarried | 11 August 1091 aged 28/9 |
||
| Bretislaus II (Břetislav II) |
|
c. 1060 Son of Vratislaus II and Adelaide of Hungary (I) |
6 September 1092 – 22 December 1100 | Duchy of Bohemia | Lukarta of Bogen 1094 one child |
22 December 1100 aged 39/40 |
|
| Ulrich (II) (Oldřich) |
|
c. 1070/80? First son of Conrad I and Wirpirk of Tengling |
6 September 1092 – 5 January 1113 | Duchy of Brno (with Znojmo since 1112) |
Adelaide two children |
5 January 1113 aged c. 33/43? |
Children of Conrad I, divided the inheritance:
Despite having heirs, Luitpold's land came to Ulrich's possession after his death. Conrad II, Luitpold's heir, would come to power in 1123. |
| Luitpold (I) (Litold znojemský) |
|
c. 1070/80? Second son of Conrad I and Wirpirk of Tengling |
6 September 1092 – 15 March 1112 | Duchy of Znojmo | Ida of Austria one child |
15 March 1112 aged c. 32/42? | |
| Bořivoj II | 
|
c. 1064 Prague First son of Vratislaus II and Świętosława of Poland |
25 December 1100 – May 1107 December 1117 – 16 August 1120 |
Duchy of Bohemia | Helbirga of Austria October 1100 Znojmo no children |
2 February 1124 aged 39/40 |
Ruled twice. Retired in 1120. |
| Svatopluk (I) the Lion (Svatopluk Olomoucký) |
|
1075 Second son of Otto I and Euphemia of Hungary |
11 August 1091 – 21 September 1109 | Duchy of Olomouc | Unknown one child |
21 September 1109 aged 33/4 |
|
| May 1107 – 21 September 1109 | Duchy of Bohemia | ||||||
| Vladislaus I (Vladislav I) |
|
c. 1065 Second son of Vratislaus II and Świętosława of Poland |
21 September 1109 – December 1117 16 August 1120 – 12 April 1125 |
Duchy of Bohemia | Richeza of Berg 1110/11 four children |
12 April 1125 Prague aged 59/60 |
Ruled twice. |
| Sobeslaus I | 
|
c. 1075 Third son of Vratislaus II and Świętosława of Poland |
5 January 1113 – 1123 | Duchy of Brno (with Znojmo) |
Adelaide of Hungary (II) 1123 five children |
14 February 1140 aged 64/5 |
Ruled Brno and Znojmo,[9] which split after his resign:
|
| 12 April 1125 – 14 February 1140 | Duchy of Bohemia | ||||||
| Otto II the Black (Ota II. Černý) |
1085 Third son of Otto I and Euphemia of Hungary |
21 September 1109 – 18 February 1126 | Duchy of Olomouc (with Brno) |
Sophia of Berg 1113 three children |
18 February 1126 aged 40/1 |
Ruled in Olomouc, since 1091 with his brother Svatopluk. Acquired Brno in 1123. | |
| Conrad II (Konrád II) |
|
c. 1100/10? Son of Luitpold I and Ida of Austria |
1123 – 1161 | Duchy of Znojmo | Maria of Serbia 1132 four children |
1161 aged c. 50/51 or c. 60/61? |
Received his heritage in 1123.[10] |
| Wenceslaus Henry (Václav Jindřich) |
|
1107 Son of Svatopluk (I) |
18 February 1126 – 1 March 1130 | Duchy of Olomouc | Unmarried | 1 March 1130 aged 22/3 |
Heirs of previous rulers of their portions, after Otto II's death inherited their respective inheritances. |
| Vratislaus (II) (Vratislav) |
c. 1100/11 Brno Son of Ulrich (II) and Adelaide |
18 February 1126 – 6 August 1156 | Duchy of Brno | A Russian princess 1132 three children |
6 August 1156 Brno aged 45/6 | ||
| Luitpold (II) (Lupolt Olomoucký) |
1102 Son of Bořivoj II and Helbirga of Austria |
1 March 1130 – 1137 | Duchy of Olomouc | Unmarried | 1143 aged 40/1 |
Appointed and deposed by Sobeslaus, then the senior duke in Bohemia, who replaced him in Olomouc with his own son. | |
| Vladislaus (Vladislav) |
c.1100? First son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) |
1137 – 1140 | Duchy of Olomouc | Daughter of Albert the Bear no children |
1165 aged 64/5? |
Probably resigned, expecting to succeed in Bohemia; however it was another Vladislaus who ended up ascending the seniority position in Bohemia. | |
| Vladislaus II (Vladislav II) |
|
c. 1110 Son of Vladislaus I and Richeza of Berg |
14 February 1140 – 11 January 1158 (as Duke) 11 January 1158 – 1172 (as King) |
Duchy of Bohemia | Gertrude of Austria 1140 six children Judith of Thuringia 1155 three children |
18 January 1174 Meerane aged 63/4 |
Resigned in 1172. |
| Otto III (Ota III) |
1122 Son of Otto II and Sophia of Berg |
1140 – 12 May 1160[11] | Duchy of Olomouc | Durancia five children |
12 May 1160 aged 37/8 |
||
| Spytihněv (II) | c.1130? Son of Vratislaus (II) |
6 August 1156 – 1182 | Duchy of Brno | Umarried | 1199 aged 68/9? |
In 1182, abdicated for Conrad Otto of Znojmo | |
| Brno annexed to Znojmo | |||||||
| Frederick (Bedřich) |
|
1142 Son of Vladislaus II and Gertrude of Austria |
12 May 1160 – 1173 | Duchy of Olomouc | Elizabeth of Hungary 1157 six children |
25 March 1189 aged 46/7 |
|
| 1172 – 1173 1178 – 25 March 1189 |
Duchy of Bohemia | ||||||
| Ulrich (III) | 1134 Second son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) |
1173 – 18 October 1177 | Duchy of Olomouc | Cecilia of Thuringia no children Sophia of Meissen no children |
18 October 1177 aged 42/3 | ||
| Sobeslaus II the Prince of the Peasants (Soběslav II. kníže sedláků) |
|
1128 Third son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) |
1173 – 1178 | Duchy of Bohemia | Elisabeth of Greater Poland no children |
29 January 1180 aged 51/2 |
|
| Wenceslaus II | 1137 Fourth son of Sobeslaus I and Adelaide of Hungary (II) |
18 October 1177 – 1178 | Duchy of Olomouc | Unmarried | c.1192 aged 54/5 |
Abdicated for Conrad III. | |
| 9 September 1191 – 1192 | Duchy of Bohemia | ||||||
| Olomouc annexed to Znojmo | |||||||
| Conrad III Otto (Konrád III. Ota) |
|
c. 1136 Son of Conrad II and Maria of Serbia |
1161 – 1182 | Duchy of Znojmo | Hellicha of Wittelsbach before 1176 no children |
9 September 1191 aged 54/5 |
United Znojmo and Olomouc. Brno joined in 1182, when he also became the first Margrave of Moravia. |
| 1182 – 9 September 1191 | Margraviate of Moravia | ||||||
| 1189 – 9 September 1191 | Duchy of Bohemia | ||||||
| Bretislaus III Henry (Břetislav III. Jindřich) |
 |
1137 Son of Henry and Margaret (?) |
1193 – 15/19 June 1197 | Duchy of Bohemia | Unmarried | 15/19 June 1197 aged 59/60 |
Son of Henry, brother of King Vladislaus II. Also Bishop of Prague (1182–97). |
| Vladislaus III Henry (Vladislav III. Jindřich) |
|
1137 Second son of Vladislaus II and Judith of Thuringia |
22 June – 6 December 1197 | Duchy of Bohemia | Heilwida no children |
12 August 1222 |
Left no descendants. After his death, Moravia became an appanage of Bohemian princes. |
| December 1197 – 12 August 1222 | Margraviate of Moravia | ||||||
| Premislaus Ottokar I (Přemysl Otakar I) |
 |
1155 First son of Vladislaus II and Judith of Thuringia |
1192 – 1193 6 December 1197 – 15 December 1230 |
Duchy of Bohemia (until 1198) Kingdom of Bohemia (from 1198) |
Adelaide of Meissen 1178 (annulled 1199) one child Constance of Hungary 1199 nine children |
15 December 1230 Prague aged 74/5 |
First king of hereditary royal title, confirmed by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1212 by issuing the Golden Bull of Sicily.
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