A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition or an expo, is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations.^[1] These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a period of time, typically between three and six months.^[1]

The term "world's fair" is commonly used in the United States,^[2] while the French term, Exposition universelle ("universal exhibition"^[3]) is used in most of Europe and Asia; other terms include World Expo or Specialised Expo, with the word expo used for various types of exhibitions since at least 1958.

Since the adoption of the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions, the Paris-based Bureau International des Expositions has served as an international sanctioning body for international exhibitions; four types of international exhibition are organised under its auspices: World Expos, Specialised Expos, Horticultural Expos (regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers), and the Milan Triennial.

Astana, Kazakhstan, held the most recent Specialised Expo in 2017 while Dubai, United Arab Emirates, hosted World Expo in 2020 (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) and Doha, Qatar hosted Horticultural Expo in 2023.^[4]

History

In 1791, Prague organized the first World's Fair in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic).^[5][6][7] The first industrial exhibition was on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as a king of Bohemia, which took place in Clementinum, and celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the Czech lands during that time period.^[8]

France had a tradition of national exhibitions, which culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was followed by other national exhibitions in Europe. In 1851, under the title "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations", the World Expo was held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, the United Kingdom. The Great Exhibition, as it is often called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products. It influenced the development of several aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations, and tourism.^[9] This expo was the precedent for the many international exhibitions, later called World Expos, that have continued to be held to the present time.

The character of world fairs, or expositions, has evolved since the first one in 1851. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.^[10]

Industrialization (1851–1938)

The first era, the era of "industrialization", roughly covered the years from 1850 to 1938. In these years, world expositions were largely focused on trade and displayed technological advances and inventions. World expositions were platforms for state-of-the-art science and technology from around the world. The world expositions of 1851 London, 1853 New York, 1862 London, 1876 Philadelphia, Paris 1878, 1888 Barcelona, 1889 Paris, 1891 Prague, 1893 Chicago, 1897 Brussels, 1900 Paris, 1904 St. Louis, 1915 San Francisco, and 1933–1934 Chicago were notable in this respect.^[11] Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. This era set the basic character of the world fair.^[12]

Cultural exchange (1939–1987)

The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair, and those that followed, took a different approach, one less focused on technology and aimed more at cultural themes and social progress. For instance, the theme of the 1939 fair was "Building the World of Tomorrow"; at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, it was "Peace Through Understanding"; at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, it was "Man and His World". These fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication along with sharing of technological innovation.

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67. Event organizers retired the term world's fair in favor of Expo (the Montreal Expos, a former Major League Baseball team, was named for the 1967 fair).^[13]

Nation branding (1988–present)

From World Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use expositions as a platform to improve their national image through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France, and Spain are cases in point. A major study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the main goal for 73% of the countries participating in Expo 2000.^{[citation needed]} Pavilions became a kind of advertising campaign, and the Expo served as a vehicle for "nation branding". According to branding expert Wally Olins, Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underscore its new position as a modern and democratic country and to show itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community.^{[citation needed]}

At Expo 2000 Hanover, countries created their own architectural pavilions, investing, on average, €12 million each.^[14] Given these costs, governments are sometimes hesitant to participate, because the benefits may not justify the costs. However, while the effects are difficult to measure, an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion (which cost around €35 million) generated around €350 million of potential revenues for the Dutch economy. It also identified several key success factors for world-exposition pavilions in general.^[15]

Types

At present there are two types of international exhibition: World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) and Specialised Expos (formally known as International Recognised Exhibitions).^[16] World Expos, previously known as universal expositions, are the biggest category events. At World Expos, participants generally build their own pavilions. They are therefore the most extravagant and most expensive expos. Their duration may be between six weeks and six months. Since 1995, the interval between two World Expos has been at least five years. World Expo 2015 was held in Milan, Italy, from 1 May to 31 October 2015.

Specialised Expos are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration; between three weeks and three months. Previously, these Expos were called Special Exhibitions or International Specialized Exhibitions but these terms are no longer used officially. Their total surface area must not exceed 25 hectares (62 acres) and organizers must build pavilions for the participating states, free of rent, charges, taxes and expenses. The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m² (1⁄4 acre). Only one Specialised Expo can be held between two World Expos.^[17]

An additional two types of international exhibition may be recognized by the BIE: horticultural exhibitions, which are joint BIE and AIPH-sanctioned 'garden' fairs in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions; and the semi-regular Milan Triennial (not always held every third year) art and design exhibition, held in Milan, Italy, with the BIE granting official international exhibition status to 14 editions of the Triennale between 1996 and 2016.^[18]

World Expos

World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience, and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to the theme in their representations. Registered expositions are held every 5 years because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up. As a result, nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure—for example Japan, France, Morocco, and Spain at Expo '92. Sometimes prefabricated structures are used to minimize costs for developing countries, or for countries from a geographical block to share space (i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville '92).

In the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction World Expos every five years; following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s, some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations. The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics. World Expos are restricted to every five years, with Specialized Expos in the in-between years.

Specialised Expos

Specialized Expos (formally known as International Recognized Exhibitions) are usually united by a precise theme—such as "Future Energy" (Expo 2017 Astana), "The Living Ocean and Coast" (Expo 2012 Yeosu), or "Leisure in the Age of Technology" (Brisbane, Expo '88). Such themes are more specific than the wider scope of world expositions.

Specialized Expos are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to customize pavilion space provided free of charge from the Organiser, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed. Countries then have the option of "adding" their own colours, design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content.

Horticultural Expos

Horticultural Expos (formally known as A1 International Horticultural Exhibitions) are co-regulated by International Association of Horticultural Producers. Like Specialised Expos are organized in a precise theme—such as "Green Desert, Better Environment" (International Horticultural Expo 2023 Doha Qatar), "Growing Green Cities" (Floriade 2022), or "Building a Beautiful Home Featuring Harmonious Coexistence between Man and Nature" (Expo 2019).

The purpose of these exhibitions is to foster cooperation and the sharing of knowledge and solutions between countries, horticultural producers and agricultural industries by addressing the paramount issues of healthy lifestyles, green economies, sustainable living, education and innovation.

List of expositions

List of official world expositions (Universal and International/Specialised/Horticultural) according to the Bureau International des Expositions.^[19]

World Expos

Name of exposition	Dates	Area	Visitors	Participants	Theme
Expo 1851 London	1 May – 11 October 1851	10.40	6,039,195	25	Industry of all Nations
Expo 1855 Paris	15 May – 15 November 1855	15.20	5,162,330	28	Agriculture, Industry and fine arts
Expo 1862 London	1 May – 1 November 1862	11	6,096,617	39	Industry and Art
Expo 1867 Paris	1 April – 3 November 1867	68.70	15,000,000	42	Agriculture, Industry and Fine Arts
Expo 1873 Vienna	1 May – 31 October 1873	233	7,255,000	35	Culture and Education
Expo 1876 Philadelphia	10 May – 10 November 1876	115	10,000,000	35	Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine
Expo 1878 Paris	20 May – 10 November 1878	75	16,156,626	35	New Technologies
Expo 1880 Melbourne	1 October – 30 April 1881	25	1,330,000	33	Arts, Manufactures and Agricultural and Industrial Products of all Nations
Expo 1888 Barcelona	8 April – 10 December 1888	46.50	2,300,000	30	Fine and Industrial Art
Expo 1889 Paris	5 May – 31 October 1889	96	32,250,297	35	Celebration of the centenary of the French revolution
Expo 1893 Chicago	1 May – 3 October 1893	290	27,500,000	19	Fourth centenary of the discovery of America
Expo 1897 Brussels	10 May – 8 November 1897	36	6,000,000	27	Modern Life
Expo 1900 Paris	15 April – 12 November 1900	120	50,860,801	40	19th century: an overview
Expo 1904 St. Louis	30 April – 1 December 1904	500	19,694,855	60	Celebration of the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase
Expo 1905 Liege	27 April – 6 November 1905	70	7,000,000	35	Commemoration of the 75th anniversary of independence
Expo 1906 Milan	28 April – 11 November 1906	100	N/A	40	Transportation
Expo 1910 Brussels	23 April – 7 November 1910	30	13,000,000	26	Works of Art and Science, Agricultural and Industrial Products of All Nations
Expo 1913 Ghent	26 April – 3 November 1913	130	9,503,419	24	Peace, Industry and Art
Expo 1915 San Francisco	20 February – 4 December 1915	254	18,876,438	41	Celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal
Expo 1929 Barcelona	20 May 1929 – 15 January 1930	118	5,800,000	29	Industry, Art and Sport
Expo 1933 Chicago	27 May 1933 – 31 October 1934	170	38,872,000	21	The independence among Industry and scientific research.
Expo 1935 Brussels	27 April – 3 November 1935	152	20,000,000	25	Transport
Expo 1937 Paris	25 May – 25 November 1937	104	31,040,955	35	Arts and technology in modern life
Expo 1939 New York	30 April 1939 – 27 October 1940	500	N/A	54	Building the World of Tomorrow
Expo 1949 Port-au-Prince	8 December 1949 – 8 June 1950	N/A	250,000	18	The festival of Peace
Expo 1958 Brussels	17 April – 19 October 1958	200	41,454,412	39	A World View: A New Humanism
Expo 1962 Seattle	21 April – 21 October 1962	30	9,000,000	49	Man in the Space Age
Expo 1967 Montreal	28 April – 29 October 1967	400	50,306,648	62	Man and his World
Expo 1970 Osaka	15 March – 13 November 1970	330	64,218,770	67	Progress and Harmony for Mankind
Expo 1992 Seville	20 April – 12 October 1992	215	41,814,571	108	The Age of Discovery
Expo 2000 Hannover	1 June – 31 October 2000	160	18,100,000	174	Humankind – Nature – Technology
Expo 2005 Aichi	25 March – 25 September 2005	173	22,049,544	121	Nature's Wisdom
Expo 2010 Shanghai	1 May – 31 October 2010	523	73,085,000	246	Better City, Better Life
Expo 2015 Milan	1 May – 31 October 2015	110	21,500,000	139	Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life
Expo 2020 Dubai	1 October 2021 – 31 March 2022	438	24,102,967	200	Connecting Minds, Creating the Future
Expo 2025 Osaka Kansai	13 April – 13 October 2025	135			Designing Future Society for Our Lives
Expo 2030 Riyadh	1 October 2030 – 31 March 2031				The Era of Change: Together for a Foresighted Tomorrow

Specialised Expos

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Universal_Exposition
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Name of exposition	Dates	Area	Visitors	Participants	Theme
Expo 1936 Stockholm	15 May – 1 June 1936	N/A	N/A	8	Aviation
Expo 1938 Helsinki	14–22 May 1938	N/A	N/A	25	Aerospace
Expo 1939 Liege	20 May – 2 September 1939	50	N/A	8	Art of Water
Expo 1947 Paris	10 July – 15 August 1947	6.35	N/A	14	Urbanism and Housing
Expo 1949 Stockholm	27 July – 13 August 1949	N/A	N/A	14	Sport and physical culture
Expo 1949 Lyon	24 September – 9 October 1949	110	N/A	N/A	Rural Habitat
Expo 1951 Lille	28 April – 20 May 1951	15	1,500,000	24	Textile
Expo 1953 Rome