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| TOP500 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Key people | |
| Established | 24 June 1993 |
| Website | top500.org |
The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice a year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL benchmarks,[1] a portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for distributed-memory computers.
The 60th TOP500 was published in November 2022. Since June 2022, the United States' Frontier is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1102 petaFlops (1.102 exaFlops) on the LINPACK benchmarks.[2] As of 2018, the United States has by far the highest share of total computing power on the list (nearly 50%).[3] As of 2023, the United States has the highest number of systems with 161 supercomputers, and China is in second place with 104.
The TOP500 list is compiled by Jack Dongarra of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Erich Strohmaier and Horst Simon of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and, until his death in 2014, Hans Meuer of the University of Mannheim, Germany.[citation needed]
The TOP500 project also includes lists such as Green500 (measuring energy efficiency) and HPCG (measuring I/O bandwidth).[citation needed]
History
In the early 1990s, a new definition of supercomputer was needed to produce meaningful statistics. After experimenting with metrics based on processor count in 1992, the idea arose at the University of Mannheim to use a detailed listing of installed systems as the basis. In early 1993, Jack Dongarra was persuaded to join the project with his LINPACK benchmarks. A first test version was produced in May 1993, partly based on data available on the Internet, including the following sources:[4][5]
- "List of the World's Most Powerful Computing Sites" maintained by Gunter Ahrendt[6]
- David Kahaner, the director of the Asian Technology Information Program (ATIP);[7] published a report in 1992, titled "Kahaner Report on Supercomputer in Japan"[5] which had an immense amount of data.[citation needed]
The information from those sources was used for the first two lists. Since June 1993, the TOP500 is produced bi-annually based on site and vendor submissions only.
Since 1993, performance of the No. 1 ranked position has grown steadily in accordance with Moore's law, doubling roughly every 14 months. In June 2018, Summit was fastest with an Rpeak[8] of 187.6593 PFLOPS. For comparison, this is over 1,432,513 times faster than the Connection Machine CM-5/1024 (1,024 cores), which was the fastest system in November 1993 (twenty-five years prior) with an Rpeak of 131.0 GFLOPS.[9]
Architecture and operating systems
As of August 2022[update], all supercomputers on TOP500 were 64-bit, mostly based on CPUs using the x86-64 instruction set architecture. Of these, 384 are Intel EMT64-based and 101 are AMD AMD64-based, with the latter including the top 8 supercomputers. The remaining 15 supercomputers are all based on RISC architectures, including six based on ARM64 and seven based on the Power ISA used by IBM Power microprocessors.
In recent years, heterogeneous computing has dominated the TOP500, mostly using Nvidia's graphics processing units (GPUs) or Intel's x86-based Xeon Phi as coprocessors. This is because of better performance per watt ratios and higher absolute performance. AMD GPUs have taken the top 1 and displaced Nvidia in top 10 part of the list. The recent exceptions include the aforementioned Fugaku, Sunway TaihuLight, and K computer. Tianhe-2A is also an interesting exception, as US sanctions prevented use of Xeon Phi; instead, it was upgraded to use the Chinese-designed Matrix-2000[10] accelerators.
Two computers which first appeared on the list in 2018 were based on architectures new to the TOP500. One was a new x86-64 microarchitecture from Chinese manufacturer Sugon, using Hygon Dhyana CPUs (these resulted from a collaboration with AMD, and are a minor variant of Zen-based AMD EPYC) and was ranked 38th, now 117th,[11] and the other was the first ARM-based computer on the list – using Cavium ThunderX2 CPUs.[12] Before the ascendancy of 32-bit x86 and later 64-bit x86-64 in the early 2000s, a variety of RISC processor families made up most TOP500 supercomputers, including SPARC, MIPS, PA-RISC, and Alpha.
All the fastest supercomputers since the Earth Simulator supercomputer have used operating systems based on Linux. Since November 2017[update], all the listed supercomputers use an operating system based on the Linux kernel.[13][14]
Since November 2015, no computer on the list runs Windows (while Microsoft reappeared on the list in 2021 with Ubuntu based on Linux). In November 2014, Windows Azure[15] cloud computer was no longer on the list of fastest supercomputers (its best rank was 165th in 2012), leaving the Shanghai Supercomputer Center's Magic Cube as the only Windows-based supercomputer on the list, until it also dropped off the list. It was ranked 436th in its last appearance on the list released in June 2015, while its best rank was 11th in 2008.[16] There are no longer any Mac OS computers on the list. It had at most five such systems at a time, one more than the Windows systems that came later, while the total performance share for Windows was higher. Their relative performance share of the whole list was however similar, and never high for either. In 2004, the System X supercomputer based on Mac OS X (Xserve, with 2,200 PowerPC 970 processors) once ranked 7th place.[17]
It has been well over a decade since MIPS systems dropped entirely off the list[18] though the Gyoukou supercomputer that jumped to 4th place[19] in November 2017 had a MIPS-based design as a small part of the coprocessors. Use of 2,048-core coprocessors (plus 8× 6-core MIPS, for each, that "no longer require to rely on an external Intel Xeon E5 host processor"[20]) made the supercomputer much more energy efficient than the other top 10 (i.e. it was 5th on Green500 and other such ZettaScaler-2.2-based systems take first three spots).[21] At 19.86 million cores, it was by far the largest system by core-count, with almost double that of the then-best manycore system, the Chinese Sunway TaihuLight.
TOP500
As of June 2024[update], the number one supercomputer is Frontier, the leader on Green500 is JEDI, a Bull Sequana XH3000 system using the Nvidia Grace Hopper GH200 Superchip. In June 2022, the top 4 systems of Graph500 used both AMD CPUs and AMD accelerators.
After an upgrade, for the 56th TOP500 in November 2020,
Fugaku grew its HPL performance to 442 petaflops, a modest increase from the 416 petaflops the system achieved when it debuted in June 2020. More significantly, the ARMv8.2 based Fugaku increased its performance on the new mixed precision HPC-AI benchmark to 2.0 exaflops, besting its 1.4 exaflops mark recorded six months ago. These represent the first benchmark measurements above one exaflop for any precision on any type of hardware.[22]
Summit, a previously fastest supercomputer, is currently highest-ranked IBM-made supercomputer; with IBM POWER9 CPUs. Sequoia became the last IBM Blue Gene/Q model to drop completely off the list; it had been ranked 10th on the 52nd list (and 1st on the June 2012, 41st list, after an upgrade).
For the first time, all 500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops." However, for a different benchmark "Summit and Sierra remain the only two systems to exceed a petaflop on the HPCG benchmark, delivering 2.9 petaflops and 1.8 petaflops, respectively. The average HPCG result on the current list is 213.3 teraflops, a marginal increase from 211.2 six months ago.[23]
Microsoft is back on the TOP500 list with six Microsoft Azure instances (that use/are benchmarked with Ubuntu, so all the supercomputers are still Linux-based), with CPUs and GPUs from same vendors, the fastest one currently 11th,[24] and another older/slower previously made 10th.[25] And Amazon with one AWS instance currently ranked 64th (it was previously ranked 40th). The number of Arm-based supercomputers is 6, currently all Arm-based supercomputers use the same Fujitsu CPU as in the number 2 system, with the next one previously ranked 13th, now 25th.[26]
| Rank (previous) | Rmax Rpeak (PetaFLOPS) |
Name | Model | CPU cores | Accelerator (e.g. GPU) cores | Total Cores (CPUs + Accelerators) | Interconnect | Manufacturer | Site country |
Year | Operating system |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 
|
1,206.00 1,714.81 |
Frontier | HPE Cray EX235a | 561,664 (8,776 × 64-core Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C @2.0 GHz) |
36,992 × 220 AMD Instinct MI250X | 8,699,904 | Slingshot-11 | HPE | Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States
|
2022 | Linux (HPE Cray OS-SUSE) |
2 
|
1,012.00 1,980.01 |
Aurora | HPE Cray EX | 1,104,896 (21,248 × 52-core Intel Xeon Max 9470 @2.4 GHz) |
63,744 × 128 Intel Max 1550 | 9,264,128 | Slingshot-11 | HPE | Argonne National Laboratory United States
|
2023 | Linux (HPE Cray OS-SUSE) |
| 3
|
561.20 846.84 |
Eagle | Microsoft NDv5 | 172,800 (3,600 × 48-core Intel Xeon Platinum 8480C @2.0 GHz) |
14,400 × 132 Nvidia Hopper H100 | 2,073,600 | NVIDIA Infiniband NDR | Microsoft | Microsoft United States
|
2023 | Linux (Ubuntu 22.04) |
| 4
|
442.01 537.21 |
Fugaku | Supercomputer Fugaku | 7,630,848 (158,976 × 48-core Fujitsu A64FX @2.2 GHz) |
- | 7,630,848 | Tofu interconnect D | Fujitsu | RIKEN Center for Computational Science Japan
|
2020 | Linux (RHEL) |
| 5
|
379.70 531.51 |
LUMI | HPE Cray EX235a | 186,624 (2,916 × 64-core Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C @2.0 GHz) |
11,664 × 220 AMD Instinct MI250X | 2,752,704 | Slingshot-11 | HPE | EuroHPC JU European Union, Kajaani,  Finland
|
2022 | Linux (HPE Cray OS-SUSE) |
6 
|
270.00 353.75 |
Alps | HPE Cray EX254n | 460,800 (6,400 × 72-Arm Neoverse V2 cores Nvidia Grace @3.1 GHz) |
6,400 × 132 Nvidia Grace Hopper GH200 | 1,305,600 | Slingshot-11 | HPE | CSCS Swiss National Supercomputing Centre Switzerland
|
2024 | Linux (HPE Cray OS-SUSE) |
7 
|
241.20 306.31 |
Leonardo | BullSequana XH2000 | 110,592 (3,456 × 32-core Xeon Platinum 8358 @2.6 GHz) |
15,872 × 108 Nvidia Ampere A100 | 1,824,768 | NVIDIA HDR200 Infiniband | Atos | EuroHPC JU European Union, Bologna,  Italy
|
2023 | Linux |
| 8
|
175.30 249.44 |
MareNostrum 5 ACC | BullSequana XH3000 | 89,600 (2,240 × 40-core Intel Xeon Platinum 8460Y @2.3 GHz) |
4,480 × 132 Nvidia Hopper H100 | 663,040 | Infiniband NDR200 | BullSequana | EuroHPC JU European Union, Barcelona,  Spain
|
2023 | Linux (RedHat 9.1) |
| 9
|
148.60 200.79 |
Summit | IBM Power System AC922 |
202,752 (9,216 × 22-core IBM POWER9 @3.07 GHz) |
27,648 × 80 Nvidia Tesla V100 | 2,414,592 | InfiniBand EDR | IBM | Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States
|
2018 | Linux (RHEL 7.4) |
| 10
|
121.40 188.65 |
Eos NVIDIA DGX SuperPOD | Nvidia SuperPOD | 46,592 (832 × 56-core Intel Xeon Platinum 8480C @3.8 GHz) |
3,328 × 132 Nvidia Hopper H100 | 485,888 | Infiniband NDR400 | Nvidia | Nvidia United States
|
2023 | Linux (Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS) |
Legend:[28]
- Rank – Position within the TOP500 ranking. In the TOP500 list table, the computers are ordered first by their Rmax value. In the case of equal performances (Rmax value) for different computers, the order is by Rpeak. For sites that have the same computer, the order is by memory size and then alphabetically.
- Rmax – The highest score measured using the LINPACK benchmarks suite. This is the number that is used to rank the computers. Measured in quadrillions of 64-bit floating point operations per second, i.e., petaFLOPS.[29]
- Rpeak – This is the theoretical peak performance of the system. Computed in petaFLOPS.
- Name – Some supercomputers are unique, at least on its location, and are thus named by their owner.
- Model – The computing platform as it is marketed.
- Processor – The instruction set architecture or processor microarchitecture, alongside GPU and accelerators when available.
- Interconnect – The interconnect between computing nodes. InfiniBand is most used (38%) by performance share, while Gigabit Ethernet is most used (54%) by number of computers.
- Manufacturer – The manufacturer of the platform and hardware.
- Site – The name of the facility operating the supercomputer.
- Country – The country in which the computer is located.
- Year – The year of installation or last major update.
- Operating system – The operating system that the computer uses.
Other rankings
Top countries
Numbers below represent the number of computers in the TOP500 that are in each of the listed countries or territories. As of 2024, United States has the most supercomputers on the list, with 171 machines. The United States has the highest aggregate computational power at 3,652 Petaflops Rmax with Japan second (621 Pflop/s) and China third (292 Pflop/s).
| Country or Territory | Systems |
|---|---|
 United States
|
171
|
 China
|
80
|
 Germany
|
40
|
| Japan
|
29
|
 France
|
24
|
 United Kingdom
|
16
|
 South Korea
|
13
|
| Italy
|
11
|
 Canada
|
10
|
 Netherlands
|
9
|
 Saudi Arabia
|
8
|
 Poland
|
8
|
 Brazil
|
8
|
 Sweden
|
7
|
 Russia
|
7
|
 Taiwan
|
6
|
 Switzerland
|
5
|
 Australia
|
5
|
 Norway
|
5
|
 India
|
4
|
 Ireland
|
4
|
| Finland
|
3
|
| Spain
|
3
|
 Czechia
|
3
|
 Singapore
|
3
|
 Luxembourg
|
2
|
 United Arab Emirates
|
2
|
 Bulgaria
|
2
|
 Slovenia
|
2
|
 Austria
|
2
|
| Country/Region | Jun 2024[31] | Nov 2023[32] | Jun 2023[33] | Nov 2022[34] | Jun 2022[35] | Nov 2021[36] | Jun 2021[37] | Nov 2020[38] | Jun 2020[39] | Nov 2019[40] | Jun 2019[41] | Nov 2018[42] | Jun 2018[43] | Nov 2017[44] | Jun 2017[45] | Nov 2016[46] | Jun 2016[47] | Nov 2015[48] | Jun 2015[49] | Nov 2014[50] | Jun 2014[51] | Nov 2013[52] | Jun 2013[53] | Nov 2012[54] | Jun 2012[55] | Nov 2011[56] | Jun 2011[57] | Nov 2010[58] | Jun 2010[59] | Nov 2009[60] | Jun 2009[61] | Nov 2008[62] | Jun 2008[63] | Nov 2007[64] | Jun 2007[65] | Nov 2006[66] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States |
171 | 161 | 150 | 127 | 128 | 149 | 122 | 113 | 114 | 117 | 116 | 109 | 124 | 143 | 168 | 171 | 165 | 199 | 233 | 231 | 232 | 264 | 252 | 251 | 252 | 263 | 255 | 274 | 282 | 277 | 291 | 290 | 257 | 283 | 281 | 309 |
| EU |
123 | 112 | 103 | 101 | 92 | 83 | 93 | 79 | 79 | 87 | 92 | 91 | 93 | 86 | 99 | 95 | 93 | 94 | 122 | 110 | 103 | 89 | 97 | 89 | 96 | 95 | 109 | 108 | 126 | 137 | 134 | 140 | 169 | 133 | 115 | 82 |
| China |
80 | 104 | 134 | 162 | 173 | 173 | 188 | 214 | 226 | 228 | 220 | 227 | 206 | 202 | 160 | 171 | 168 | 109 | 37 | 61 | 76 | 63 | 66 | 72 | 68 | 74 | 61 | 41 | 24 | 21 | 21 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 18 |
| Germany |
40 | 36 | 36 | 34 | 31 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Top500