Timeline of United States military operations

This timeline of United States government military operations, based in part on reports by the Congressional Research Service, shows the years and places in which U.S. military units participated in armed conflicts or occupation of foreign territories. Items in bold are wars most often considered to be major conflicts by historians and the general public.

Note that instances where the U.S. government gave aid alone, with no military personnel involvement, are excluded, as are Central Intelligence Agency operations. In domestic peacetime disputes such as riots and labor issues, only operations undertaken by active duty personnel (aka "federal troops" or "U.S. military") are depicted in this article; state defense forces and the National Guard are not included, as they're not fully integrated into the U.S. armed forces even if they are federalized for duty within the U.S.

Conflict names and dates

Throughout its history, the United States has engaged in numerous military conflicts. The country has officially declared war on foreign nations on five occasions. Additionally, Congress or the United Nations Security Council have authorized and funded various military engagements. In the military, specific names are assigned to operations and phases of wars. For example, during the Gulf War, operations were designated as Desert Shield, Desert Storm, and Desert Sabre. Furthermore, each operation may encompass distinct phases, each with its own unique name.^[1]

Battle with Native Americans

List of American Indian Wars

For more than 250 years, conflicts between European settlers and Native Americans in America revolved around disputes over land, resources, and trade. These clashes, collectively referred to as the American Indian Wars, involved various Indigenous tribes, as well as the English, French, Spanish, and U.S. Army. As a consequence of these wars, Native American lives were tragically lost, and tribal lands were significantly diminished, ultimately resulting in the forced relocation of survivors to reservations. Outlined below is a chronological account of significant battles and massacres that occurred during these conflicts:

Jamestown Massacre: March 22, 1622

During the Powhatan Wars, Powhatan Chief Opechancanough orchestrated an attack that claimed the lives of nearly 350 out of the 1,200 colonists. In response, the English launched counterattacks on Native American villages, causing destruction to crops and displacing Indigenous peoples from their ancestral lands.

Pequot War: 1636-37

Competition for control over the fur and wampum trade in Colonial Connecticut led to escalating tensions and conflicts. In a notable incident on May 26, 1637, English militia, accompanied by members of the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes, launched an assault on the Pequot at Mystic. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Pequot individuals, including women and children. Subsequently, many Pequots abandoned their territory, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Pequot nation through the Treaty of Hartford.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Extraterritorial and major domestic deployments

Portions of this list are from the Congressional Research Service report RL30172, version of October 5, 2004.^[5]

1775–1799

1775–1783: American Revolutionary War: an armed struggle for secession from the British Empire by the Thirteen Colonies that would subsequently become the United States.

1776–1777: Cherokee War of 1776: a series of armed conflicts when the Cherokee fought to prevent the encroachment of American settlers into eastern Tennessee and eastern Kentucky; under British rule, this land had been preserved as native territory.

1776–1794: Cherokee–American wars: a continuation of the Second Cherokee War, which included a larger number of native tribes attempting to halt the expansion of settlers into Kentucky and Tennessee

1785–1795: Northwest Indian War: a series of battles with various native tribes in present-day Ohio. The goal of the campaign was to affirm American sovereignty over the region and to create increased opportunities for settlement.

1786–1787: Shays' Rebellion: a Western Massachusetts debtor's revolt over a credit squeeze that had financially devastated many farmers. The federal government was fiscally unable to raise an army to assist the state militia in combating the uprising; the weakness of the national government bolstered the arguments in favor of replacing the Articles of Confederation with an updated governmental framework.

1791–1794: Whiskey Rebellion: a series of protests against the institution of a federal tax on the distillation of spirits as a revenue source for repaying the nation's war bonds. The revolt was centered upon southwestern Pennsylvania, although violence occurred throughout the Trans-Appalachian region.

1798–1800: Quasi-War: an undeclared naval war with the French First Republic over American default on its war debt. Another contributing factor was the continuation of American trade with Britain, with whom their former French allies were at war. This contest included land actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic city of Puerto Plata, where U.S. Marines captured a French vessel under the guns of the forts. Congress authorized military action through a series of statutes.^[5]

1799–1800: Fries's Rebellion: a string of protests against the enactment of new real estate taxes to pay for the Quasi-War. Hostilities were concentrated in the communities of the Pennsylvania Dutch.

1800–1809

1801–1805: First Barbary War: a series of naval battles in the Mediterranean against the Kingdom of Tripoli, a quasi-independent state of the Ottoman Empire. Action was in response to the capture of numerous American ships by the infamous Barbary pirates. The federal government rejected the Tripolitan request for an annual tribute to guarantee safe passage, and an American naval blockade ensued. After the seizure of USS Philadelphia, American forces under William Eaton invaded coastal cities. A peace treaty resulted in the payment of a ransom for the return of captured American soldiers and only temporarily eased hostilities.^[5]

1806: Pike Expedition: On an exploratory expedition ordered by Gen. James Wilkinson, an Army platoon under Captain Zebulon Pike unintentionally entered Spanish Mexico at the headwaters of the Rio Grande. Pike and his troops were made prisoner without resistance at a fort he constructed in present-day Colorado, taken to Mexico, and later released after seizure of his papers.

1806–1810: Action in the Gulf of Mexico: American gunboats operated from New Orleans against Spanish and French privateers off the Mississippi Delta, chiefly under Captain John Shaw and Commodore David Porter.^[5]

1810–1819

1810: West Florida (Spanish territory): Governor William C. C. Claiborne of Louisiana, on orders of President James Madison, occupied with troops territory in dispute east of the Mississippi River as far as the Pearl River, later the eastern boundary of Louisiana. He was authorized to seize as far east as the Perdido River.

1812: Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain: Temporary possession was authorized by President James Madison and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but possession was obtained by General George Mathews in so irregular a manner that his measures were disavowed by the President.

1812–1815: War of 1812: On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against the United Kingdom. Among the issues leading to the war were British impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United States during British hostilities with France, and support for Indian attacks on American settlers in the Northwest Territory. The war ended with the Battle of New Orleans in 1815.

1813: West Florida (Spanish territory): On authority given by Congress, General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600 soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. Thus U.S. troops advanced into disputed territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No fighting.

1813–1814: Nuku Hiva Campaign: U.S. forces built a fort on the island of Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Islands (now part of French Polynesia) to protect three prize ships which had been captured from the British. The American force subsequently fought with and against native tribes.

1814: Spanish Florida: General Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and drove out the British forces.

1814–1825: Caribbean: Engagements between pirates and U.S. Navy ships or squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore about Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatán. Three thousand pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823. In 1822, Commodore James Biddle employed a squadron of two frigates, four sloops of war, two brigs, four schooners, and two gunboats in the West Indies.

1815: Algiers: The Second Barbary War was declared against the United States by the Dey of Algiers of the Barbary states, an act not reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military expedition by statute. A large fleet under Captain Stephen Decatur attacked Algiers and obtained indemnities.

1815: Tripoli: After securing an agreement from Algiers, Captain Stephen Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.

1816: Spanish Florida: United States forces destroyed Negro Fort, which harbored fugitive slaves making raids into United States territory.

1816–1818: Spanish Florida – First Seminole War: The Seminole Indians, whose area was a haven for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were attacked by troops under General Jackson and General Edmund P. Gaines and pursued into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and occupied, British citizens executed. In 1819 the Floridas were ceded to the United States.

1817: Amelia Island (Spanish territory off Florida): Under orders of President James Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters. This episode in Florida's history became known as the Amelia Island Affair.

1818: Oregon: USS Ontario, dispatched from Washington, made a landing at the mouth of the Columbia River to assert U.S. claims. Britain had conceded sovereignty but Russia and Spain asserted claims to the area. Subsequently, American and British claims to the Oregon Country were resolved with the Oregon Treaty of 1846.^RL30172

1820–1829edit

1820–1823: Africa: Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the 1819 act of Congress. ^RL30172^{Slave Traffic}

1822: Spanish Cuba: United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.^RL30172

1823: Cuba: Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8 near Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay; July 21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca.^RL30172

1823: Arikara War.

1824: Cuba: In October USS Porpoise landed sailors near Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized in 1822.^RL30172

1824: Puerto Rico (Spanish territory): Commodore David Porter with a landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates and insulted naval officers. He landed with 200 men in November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was later court-martialed for overstepping his powers.^RL30172

1825: Cuba: In March cooperating American and British forces landed at Sagua La Grande to capture pirates.^RL30172

1827: Greece: In October and November, landing parties hunted pirates on the Mediterranean islands of Argentiere (Kimolos), Myconos, and Andros.^RL30172

1830–1839edit

1831: Falkland Islands: Captain Silas Duncan of USS Lexington attacked, looted and burned Puerto Soledad (then under the control of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata). This was in response to the capture of three American sailing vessels which were detained after ignoring orders to stop depredation of local fishing resources without permission from the United Provinces government.^RL30172

1832: First Sumatran expedition: Sumatra, Indonesia – February 6 to 9, U.S. forces under Commodore John Downes aboard the frigate USS Potomac landed and stormed a fort to punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for plundering the American cargo ship Friendship.^RL30172

1833: Argentina: October 31 to November 15, A force was sent ashore at Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States and other countries during an insurrection.^RL30172

1835–1836: Peru: December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August 31 to December 7, 1836, Marines protected American interests in Callao and Lima during an attempted revolution.^RL30172

1835–1842: Florida Territory: United States Navy supports the Army's efforts at quelling uprisings and attacks on civilians by Seminole Indians. Government's efforts to relocate the Seminoles to west of the Mississippi are hindered by 7 years of war.

1838: The Caroline affair on Navy Island, Upper Canada: After the failure of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 favoring Canadian democracy and independence from the British Empire; William Lyon Mackenzie and his rebels fled to Navy Island where they declared the Republic of Canada. American sympathizers sent supplies on SS Caroline, which was intercepted by the British and set ablaze, after killing one American. It was falsely reported that dozens of Americans were killed as they were trapped on board, and American forces retaliated by burning a British steamer while it was in U.S. waters.

1838–1839: Second Sumatran expedition: Sumatra, Indonesia – December 24 to January 4, a naval force landed to punish natives of the towns of Quallah Battoo and Muckie (Mukki) for depredations on American shipping.^RL30172

1840–1849edit

1840: Fiji Islands: In July, naval forces landed to punish natives for attacking the U.S. Exploring Expedition.^RL30172

1841: McKean Island (Drummond Island/Taputenea), Gilbert Islands (Kingsmill Group), Pacific Ocean: A naval party landed to avenge the murder of a seaman by the natives.^RL30172

1841: Samoa: On February 24, a naval party landed and burned towns after the murder of an American seaman on Upolu.^RL30172

1842: Mexico: Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones, in command of a squadron long cruising off California, occupied Monterey, California, on October 19, believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and saluted. A similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego.^RL30172

1843: China: Sailors and marines from USS St. Louis were landed after a clash between Americans and Chinese at the trading post in Canton.^RL30172

1843: Africa: From November 29 to December 16, four United States vessels demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory Coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and shipping.^RL30172

1844: Mexico: President John Tyler deployed U.S. forces to protect Texas against Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation (which was later rejected). He defended his action against a Senate resolution of inquiry.^RL30172

1846–1848: Mexican–American War: On May 13, 1846, the United States recognized the existence of a state of war with Mexico. After the annexation of Texas in 1845, the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a boundary dispute and President Polk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in Mexico to meet a threatened invasion.

The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, and parts of Colorado. In return, Mexico received US$18,250,000 (equivalent to about $643,000,000 in 2023)^[6] — less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities.^RL30172

1849: Smyrna (İzmir, Turkey): In July, a naval force gained release of an American seized by Austrian officials.^RL30172

1850–1859edit

1851: Ottoman Empire: After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa in January, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was ordered along the Turkish (Levantine) coast.^RL30172

1851: Johanna Island (modern Anjouan, east of Africa): In August, forces from the sloop-of-war USS Dale exacted redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the captain of an American whaling brig.^RL30172

1852–1853: Argentina: February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852, to April 1853: Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to protect American interests during a revolution.^RL30172

1853: Nicaragua: March 11 to 13, U.S. forces landed to protect American lives and interests during political disturbances.^RL30172

1853–1854: Japan: Commodore Matthew Perry and his expedition made a display of force leading to the "opening of Japan".^RL30172

1853–1854: Ryukyu and Bonin Islands (Japan): Commodore Matthew Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa; he also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands with the purpose of securing facilities for commerce.^RL30172

1854: China: April 4 to June 17, American and British ships landed forces to protect American interests in and near Shanghai during Chinese civil strife.^RL30172

1854: Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua): On July 9–15, naval forces bombarded and burned San Juan del Norte (Greytown) to avenge an injured during a riot to the American Minister to Nicaragua.^[7]

1855: China: On May 19–21, U.S. forces protected American interests in Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong.^RL30172

1855: Fiji Islands: From September 12 to November 4, an naval force landed to seek reparations for attacks on American residents and seamen.^RL30172

1855: Uruguay: On November 25–29, United States and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo.^RL30172

1856: Panama State, Republic of New Granada: On September 19–22, U.S. forces landed to protect American interests during an insurrection.^RL30172

1856: China: From October 22 to December 6, U.S. forces landed to protect American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British and the Chinese, and to avenge an assault upon an unarmed boat displaying the United States flag.^RL30172

1857–1858: Utah War: The Utah War was a dispute between Mormon settlers in Utah Territory and the United States federal government. The Mormons and Washington each sought control over the government of the territory, with the national government victorious. The confrontation between the Mormon militia and the U.S. Army involved some destruction of property, but no actual battles between the contending military forces.

1857: Nicaragua: April to May, November to December. In May, Commander Charles Henry Davis of the United States Navy, with some marines, received the surrender of William Walker, self-proclaimed president of Nicaragua, who was losing control of the country to forces financed by his former business partner, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United States vessels USS Saratoga, USS Wabash, and Fulton opposed another attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding's act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement.^RL30172

1858: Uruguay: From January 2 to 27, forces from two United States warships landed to protect American property during a revolution in Montevideo.^RL30172

1858: Fiji Islands: From October 6 to 16, a marine expedition with USS Vandalia killed 14 natives and burned 115 huts in retaliation for the murder of two American citizens at Waya Island.^RL30172 ^{Vandalia 1} ^{Vandalia 2}

1858–1859: Ottoman Empire: Secretary of State Lewis Cass requested a display of naval force along the Levant after a massacre of Americans at Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere "to remind the authorities (of the Ottoman Empire) of the power of the United States."^RL30172

1859: Paraguay: Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for an attack on a naval vessel in the Paraná River during 1855. Apologies were made after a large display of force.^RL30172

1859: Mexico: Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande in pursuit of the Mexican nationalist Juan Cortina.^RL30172 ^{1859 Mexico}

1859: China: From July 31 to August 2, a naval force landed to protect American interests in Shanghai.^RL30172

1860–1869edit

1860: Angola, Portuguese West Africa: On March 1, American residents at Kissembo called upon American and British ships to protect lives and property during problems with natives.^RL30172

1860: Colombia, Bay of Panama: From September 27 to October 8, naval forces landed to protect American interests during a revolution.^RL30172

1861–1865: American Civil War: A major war between the United States (the Union) and eleven Southern states which declared that they had a right to secession and formed the Confederate States of America.

1863: Japan: July 16, Battle of Shimonoseki Straits: USS Wyoming retaliated against a firing on the American vessel Pembroke at the Straits of Shimonoseki.^RL30172

1864: Japan: From July 14 to August 3, naval forces protected the United States Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning some American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations easier by impressing the Japanese with American power.^RL30172

1864: Japan: From September 4 to 14, as part of the Shimonoseki campaign, naval forces of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of Shimonoseki to be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed.^RL30172

1865: Panama: On March 9 and 10, U.S. forces protected the lives and property of American residents during a revolution.^RL30172

1865–1877: Southern United States – Reconstruction following the American Civil War: The South is divided into five Union occupation districts under the Reconstruction Act.

1866: Mexico: To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100 men in November obtained surrender of Matamoros, on the border state of Tamaulipas. After three days he was ordered by U.S. Government to withdraw. His act was repudiated by President Andrew Johnson.^RL30172

1866: China: From June 20 to July 7, U.S. forces punished an assault on the American consul at Newchwang.^RL30172

1866–1868: Red Cloud's War: war against the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American groups over control of the Powder River Country and security of the Bozeman Trail in Wyoming and Montana. The allied Indian tribes achieved a victory at the Fetterman Fight and were able to negotiate favorable peace terms in the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), which established the Great Sioux Reservation.

1867: Nicaragua: Marines occupied Managua and Leon.

1867: Formosa (island of Taiwan): On June 13, a naval force landed and burned a number of huts to punish the murder of the crew of a wrecked American vessel.

1868: Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata): February 4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13. U.S. forces were landed to protect American interests during a civil war (Boshin War) in Japan.^RL30172

1868: Uruguay: On February 7–8, and 19–26, U.S. forces protected foreign residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo.^RL30172

1868: Colombia: In April, U.S. forces protected passengers and treasure in transit at Aspinwall during the absence of local police or troops on the occasion of the death of President Manuel Murillo Toro.^RL30172

1870–1879edit

1870: Battle of Boca Teacapan: On June 17 and 18, U.S. forces destroyed the pirate ship Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Teacapan Estuary in Mexico.^RL30172

1871: Korea: Shinmiyangyo – June 10 to 12, A U.S. naval force attacked and captured five forts to force stalled negotiations on trade agreements and to punish natives for depredations on Americans, particularly for executing the crew of the General Sherman and burning the schooner (which in turn happened because the crew had stolen food and kidnapped a Korean official), and for later firing on other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee River. ^RL30172

1873: Colombia (Bay of Panama): May 7 to 22, September 23 to October 9. U.S. forces protected American interests during hostilities between local groups over control of the government of the State of Panama.^RL30172

1873–1896: Mexico: United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly in pursuit of cattle thieves and other brigands.^RL30172

1874: Honolulu Courthouse riot: From February 12 to 20, detachments from American vessels were landed to protect the interests of Americans living in the Hawaiian Kingdom during the coronation of King Kalākaua.^RL30172

1876: Mexico: On May 18, an American force was landed to police the town of Matamoros, Mexico, temporarily while it was without other government.^RL30172

1876–1877: Great Sioux War in the Dakota Territory, Wyoming Territory, and Montana Territory: Armed conflict with the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne peoples over possession of the Black Hills, following the discovery of gold there. Despite Native American victories like the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the U.S. government prevailed, forcing the tribes back onto their reservations.

1878: Lincoln County, New Mexico: On July 15–19, during the Battle of Lincoln (part of the Lincoln County War) 150 cavalry-men arrived from Fort Stanton, under the command of Lieutenant George Smith (later Colonel Nathan Dudley) to assist the Murphy-Dolan Faction in attacking the Lincoln County Regulators vigilante group. 5 dead, 8–28 wounded.^{[citation needed]}

1880–1889edit

1882: Egyptian Expedition: July 14 to 18, American forces landed to protect American interests during the Anglo-Egyptian War and looting of the city of Alexandria by Arabs.^RL30172

1885: Colombia (Colón): January 18 and 19, U.S. forces were used to guard the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes and vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March, April, and May in the cities of Colón and Panama, the forces helped reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity (see Burning of Colón).^RL30172

1888: Korea: June, A naval force was sent ashore to protect American residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions, when an outbreak of the populace was expected.^RL30172

1888: Haiti: December 20, A display of force persuaded the Haitian Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on the charge of breach of blockade.^RL30172

1888–1889: Samoan crisis; Samoan Civil War; Second Samoan Civil War: November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889, U.S. forces were landed to protect American citizens and the consulate during a native civil war.^RL30172

1889: Kingdom of Hawaii: July 30 and 31, U.S. forces at Honolulu protected the interests of Americans living in Hawaii during an American led revolution.^RL30172

1890–1899edit

1890: Argentina: A naval party landed to protect U.S. consulate and legation in Buenos Aires.^RL30172

1890: Wounded Knee Massacre; Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota: On December 29, soldiers of the US Army 7th Cavalry killed 178 Lakota Sioux following an incident over a disarmament-inspection at a Lakota Sioux encampment near Wounded Knee Creek. 89 other Amerinds were injured, 150 were reported missing; Army casualties were 25 killed, 39 wounded.^{[citation needed]}

1891: Haiti: U.S. forces sought to protect American lives and property on Navassa Island.^RL30172

1891: Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations: July 2 to October 5, naval forces sought to stop seal poaching.^RL30172

1891: Itata Incident: U.S. and European naval forces intercepted and detained a shipment of arms sent to the Congressionalist forces in the Chilean Civil War.

1891: Chile: August 28 to 30, U.S. forces protected the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a revolution in Valparaíso.^RL30172

1892: Homestead Strike: On July 6, striking miners attacked Pinkerton National Detective Agency agents attempting to break the strike by bringing non-union workers to the mine. 6,000 Pennsylvania state militiamen were sent to reinstate law and order. 16 dead, 27–47 wounded

1892: Wyoming: Johnson County War April 11 to 13, U.S. Cavalry sent to break up a gun battle at the TA Ranch.

1893: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom: January 16 to April 1, Marines landed in Hawaii, ostensibly to protect American lives and property, but were actually used as part of a coup to promote a Provisional Government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by President Grover Cleveland, and the United States apologized in 1993.^RL30172

1894: Nicaragua: July 6 to August 7, U.S. forces sought to protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.^RL30172

1894–1895: China: Marines were stationed at Tianjin and penetrated to Beijing for protection purposes during the First Sino-Japanese War.^RL30172

1894–1895: China: A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at Newchwang for protection of American nationals.^RL30172

1894–1896: Korea: July 24, 1894, to April 3, 1896, A guard of marines was sent to protect the American legation and American lives and interests at Seoul during and following the First Sino-Japanese War.^RL30172

1895: Colombia: March 8 and 9, U.S. forces protected American interests during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain.^RL30172

1896: Nicaragua: May 2 to 4, U.S. forces protected American interests in Corinto during political unrest.^RL30172

1898: Nicaragua: February 7 and 8, U.S. forces protected American lives and property at San Juan del Sur.^RL30172

1898: Spanish–American War: On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war with Spain, ostensibly aligned with Cuban rebels. The war followed a Cuban insurrection, the Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the sinking of USS Maine in the harbor at Havana.^RL30172

1898–1899: Samoa: Second Samoan Civil War, a conflict that reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should have control over the Samoan island chain.

1898–1899: China: November 5, 1898, to March 15, 1899, U.S. forces provided a guard for the legation at Beijing and the consulate at Tianjin during contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.^RL30172

1899: Nicaragua: American and British naval forces were landed to protect national interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March 5, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the insurrection of Gen. Juan P. Reyes.^RL30172

1899–1913: Philippine Islands: Philippine–American War, U.S. forces protected American interests following the war with Spain, defeating Filipino revolutionaries seeking immediate national independence.^RL30172 The U.S. government declared the insurgency officially over in 1902, when the Filipino leadership generally accepted American rule. Skirmishes between government troops and armed groups lasted until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions of the war.^[8]

1900–1909edit

1900: China: From May 24 to September 28, Boxer Rebellion. American troops participated in operations to protect foreign lives during the Boxer uprising, particularly at Beijing. For many years after this experience a permanent legation guard was maintained in Beijing, and was strengthened at times as trouble threatened.^RL30172

1901: Colombia (State of Panama): From November 20 to December 4. (See: Separation of Panama from Colombia) U.S. forces protected American property on the Isthmus and kept transit lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances.^RL30172

1902: Colombia: From April 16 to 23, U.S. forces protected American lives and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.^RL30172

1902: Colombia (State of Panama): From September 17 to November 18, the United States placed armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus to keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both sides of Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops.^RL30172

1903: Honduras: From March 23 to 30 or 31, U.S. forces protected the American consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortes during a period of revolutionary activity.^RL30172

1903: Dominican Republic: From March 30 to April 21, a detachment of marines was landed to protect American interests in the city of Santo Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.^RL30172

1903: Syria: From September 7 to 12, U.S. forces protected the American consulate in Beirut when a local Muslim uprising was feared.^RL30172

1903–1904: Abyssinia (Ethiopia): Twenty-five Marines were sent to Abyssinia to protect the U.S. Consul General while he negotiated a treaty.^RL30172

1903–1914: Panama: U.S. forces sought to protect American interests and lives during and following the revolution for independence from Colombia over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief intermissions, United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903, to January 21, 1914, to guard American interests.^RL30172

1904: Dominican Republic: From January 2 to February 11, American and British naval forces established an area in which no fighting would be allowed and protected American interests in Puerto Plata, Sosua, and Santo Domingo during revolutionary fighting.^RL30172

1904: Tangier, Morocco: "We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead." During the Perdicaris affair, a squadron demonstrated to force release of a kidnapped American. Marines were landed to protect the consul general.^RL30172

1904: Panama: From November 17 to 24, U.S. forces protected American lives and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.^RL30172

1904–1905: Korea: From January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905, a guard of Marines was sent to protect the American legation in Seoul during the Russo-Japanese War.^RL30172

1906–1909: Cuba: From September 1906 to January 23, 1909, U.S. forces sought to protect interests and re-establish a government after revolutionary activity.^RL30172

1907: Honduras: From March 18 to June 8, to protect American interests during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua, troops were stationed in Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortes, San Pedro Sula, Laguna and Choloma.^RL30172

1910–1919edit

1910: Nicaragua: From May 19 to September 4, Occupation of Nicaragua. U.S. forces protected American interests at Bluefields.^RL30172

1911: Honduras: On January 26, American naval detachments were landed to protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras.^RL30172

1911: China: As the Tongmenghui-led Xinhai Revolution approached, in October an ensign and 10 men tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but retired on being warned away, and a small landing force guarded American private property and consulate at Hankou. Marines were deployed in November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai; landing forces were sent for protection in Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Taku and elsewhere.^RL30172

1912: Honduras: A small force landed to prevent seizure by the government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortes. The forces were withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.^RL30172

1912: Panama: Troops, on request of both political parties, supervised elections outside the Panama Canal Zone.^RL30172

1912: Cuba: From June 5 to August 5, U.S. forces protected American interests in Oriente Province and in Havana.^RL30172

1912: China: August 24–26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26–30 at Camp Nicholson. U.S. forces protected Americans and American interests during the Xinhai Revolution.^RL30172

1912: Turkey: From November 18 to December 3, U.S. forces guarded the American legation at Constantinople during the First Balkan War^RL30172

1912–1925: Nicaragua: From August to November 1912, U.S. forces protected American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force, serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and stability, remained until August 5, 1925.^RL30172

1912–1941: China: The disorders which began with the overthrow of the dynasty during Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing parties for the protection of U.S. interests in China continuously and at many points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Beijing and along the route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters. In 1933 the United States had 3,027 armed men ashore. The protective action was generally based on treaties with China concluded from 1858 to 1901.^RL30172

1913: Mexico: From September 5 to 7, a few marines landed at Ciaris Estero to aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by the Mexican Revolution.^RL30172

1914: Haiti: January 29 to February 9, February 20 and 21, October 19. Intermittently, U.S. naval forces protected American nationals in a time of rioting and revolution.^RL30172 The specific order from Secretary of the Navy Josephus P. Daniels to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests.^{[citation needed]}

1914: Dominican Republic: In June and July, during the Dominican Civil War (1914), United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo Domingo as a neutral zone.^RL30172

1914–1917: Mexico: Tampico Affair led to Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico. Undeclared Mexican–American hostilities followed the Tampico Affair and Villa's raids . Also Pancho Villa Expedition – an abortive military operation conducted by the United States Army against the military forces of Francisco "Pancho" Villa from 1916 to 1917 and included capture of Veracruz. On March 19, 1915, on orders from President Woodrow Wilson, and with tacit consent by Venustiano Carranza. General John J. Pershing led an invasion force of 10,000 men into Mexico to capture Villa.^RL30172

1915–1934: Haiti: From July 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934, United States occupation of Haiti. U.S. forces maintained order during a period of chronic political instability.^RL30172 During the initial entrance into Haiti, the specific order from the Secretary of the Navy to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests.^{[citation needed]}

1916: China: American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on American property in Nanjing.^RL30172

1916–1924: Dominican Republic: From May 1916 to September 1924, Occupation of the Dominican Republic. American naval forces maintained order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection.^RL30172

1917: China: American troops were landed at Chongqing to protect American lives during a political crisis.^RL30172

1917–1918: World War I: On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany and on December 7, 1917, against Austria-Hungary. Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by Germany's submarine warfare against neutral shipping and the Zimmermann Telegram.^RL30172

1917–1922: Cuba: U.S. forces protected American interests during insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922.^RL30172

1918–1919: Mexico: After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, U.S. troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six times in 1919. In August 1918, American and Mexican troops fought at Nogales, Battle of Ambos Nogales. The incident began when German spies plotted an attack with the Mexican Army on Nogales, Arizona. The fighting began when a Mexican officer shot and killed a U.S. soldier on American soil. A full-scale battle then ensued, ending with a Mexican surrender.^RL30172

1918–1920: Panama: U.S. forces were used for police duty according to treaty stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and subsequent unrest.^RL30172

1918–1920: Russian SFSR: Marines were landed at and near Vladivostok in June and July to protect the American consulate and other points in the fighting between the Red Army and the Czech Legion which had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and neutrality was issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July. In August 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force. In September 1918, 5,000 American troops joined the allied intervention force at the city of Arkhangelsk and remained until June 1919. These operations were in response to the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and were partly supported by Czarist or Kerensky elements. ^RL30172 For details, see the American Expeditionary Force Siberia and the American Expeditionary Force North Russia.

1919: Dalmatia (Croatia): U.S. forces were landed at Trau at the request of Italian authorities to police order between the Italians and Serbs.^RL30172

1919: Turkey: Marines from USS Arizona were landed to guard the U.S. Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople.^RL30172

1919: Honduras: From September 8 to 12, a landing force was sent ashore to maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution.^RL30172

1920–1929edit

1920: China: On March 14, a landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protect lives during a disturbance at Jiujiang.^RL30172

1920: Guatemala: From April 9 to 27, U.S. forces protected the American Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station, during a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of Guatemala.^RL30172

1920–1922: Russia (Siberia): From February 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922, a Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.^RL30172

1921: Panama and Costa Rica: American naval squadrons demonstrated in April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two countries over a boundary dispute.^RL30172

1922: Turkey: In September and October, a landing force was sent ashore with consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect American lives and property when the Turkish nationalists entered İzmir (Smyrna).^RL30172

1922–1923: China: From April 1922 to November 1923, Marines were landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.^RL30172

1924: Honduras: From February 28 to March 31, and from September 10 to 15, U.S. forces protected American lives and interests during election hostilities.^RL30172

1924: China: In September, Marines were landed to protect Americans and other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.^RL30172

1925: China: From January 15 to August 29, fighting of Chinese factions accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the landing of American forces to protect lives and property in the International Settlement.^RL30172

1925: Honduras: From April 19 to 21, U.S. forces protected foreigners at La Ceiba during a political upheaval.^RL30172

1925: Panama: From October 12 to 23, strikes and rent riots led to the landing of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect American interests.^RL30172

1926–1933: Nicaragua: From May 7 to June 5, 1926, and August 27, 1926, to January 3, 1933, the coup d'état of General Emiliano Chamorro Vargas aroused revolutionary activities leading to the landing of American marines to protect the interests of the United States. United States forces came and went intermittently until January 3, 1933.^RL30172

1926: China: In August and September, the Nationalist attack on Hankou brought the landing of American naval forces to protect American citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate general even after September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn. Likewise, when Kuomintang forces captured Jiujiang, naval forces were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6.^RL30172

1927: China: In February, fighting at Shanghai caused presence American naval forces and marines to be increased. In March, a naval guard was stationed at American consulate at Nanjing after Nationalist forces captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell fire to protect Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently, additional forces of Marines and naval forces were stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and Tianjin.^RL30172

1930–1939edit

1932: United States: "Bonus Army" of 17,000 WWI veterans plus 20,000 family cleared from Washington and then Anacostia flats "Hooverville" by 3rd Cavalry and 12th Infantry Regiments under Gen. Douglas MacArthur and Major Dwight D Eisenhower, July 28.

1933: Cuba: During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado naval forces demonstrated but no landing was made.^RL30172

1934: China: Marines landed at Fuzhou to protect the American Consulate.^RL30172

1937: China: American forces were landed to protect American interests during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.^RL30172

1940–1944edit

1940: Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, – Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, Trinidad, and British Guiana: Troops were sent to guard air and naval bases obtained under lease by negotiation with the United Kingdom. These were sometimes called lend-lease bases but were under the destroyers-for-bases deal.^RL30172

1941: Greenland: Greenland was taken under protection of the United States in April.^RL30172

1941: Netherlands (Dutch Guiana): In November, the President ordered American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect aluminum ore supply from the bauxite mines in Suriname.^RL30172

1941: Iceland: Iceland was taken under the protection of the United States, without consent of its government replacing British troops, for strategic reasons.^RL30172

1941: Germany: Sometime in the spring, the President ordered the Navy to patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July, U.S. warships were convoying and by September were attacking German submarines. In November, in response to the October 31, 1941, sinking of USS Reuben James, the Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect U.S. military aid to Britain. ^RL30172

1941–1945: World War II: On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war against Japan in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor. On December 11, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war against the United States.^[9]

1945–1949edit

1945: China: In October 50,000 U.S. Marines were sent to North China to assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and repatriating the Japanese in China and in controlling ports, railroads, and airfields. This was in addition to approximately 60,000 U.S. forces remaining in China at the end of World War II.^RL30172

1945–1949: Occupation of part of Germany.

1945–1955: Occupation of part of Austria.

1945–1952: Occupation of Japan.

1944–1946: Temporary reoccupation of the Philippines during World War II and in preparation for previously scheduled independence.^{[citation needed]}

1945–1947: U.S. Marines garrisoned in mainland China to oversee the removal of Japanese forces after World War II.^[10]

1945–1949: Post-World War II occupation of South Korea; North Korean insurgency in Republic of Korea^[11]

1946: Trieste, (Italy): President Truman ordered the increase of U.S. troops along the zonal occupation line and the reinforcement of air forces in northern Italy after the Yugoslav People's Army shot down an unarmed U.S. Army transport plane flying over Venezia Giulia.^{[citation needed]} Earlier U.S. naval units had been sent to the scene.^RL30172 Later the Free Territory of Trieste, Zone A.

1948: Jerusalem (British Mandate): A Marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to protect the U.S. Consul General.^RL30172

1948: Berlin: Berlin Airlift After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the U.S., British, and French sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the United States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after the blockade was lifted in May 1949.^RL30172

1948–1949: China: Marines were dispatched to Nanjing to protect the American Embassy when the city fell to Communist troops, and to Shanghai to aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans.^RL30172

1950–1959edit

1950–1953: Korean War: The United States responded to the North Korean invasion of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations Security Council resolutions. U.S. forces deployed in Korea exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the active conflict (1953). Over 36,600 U.S. military were killed in action.^RL30172

1950–1955: Formosa (Taiwan): In June 1950, at the beginning of the Korean War, President Truman ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent People's Liberation Army attacks upon Formosa and Republic of China Armed Forces operations against mainland China.^RL30172

1950: Puerto Rico (United States colonial territory): The United States National Guard used P-47 Thunderbolt attack aircraft, land-based artillery, mortar fire, and grenades to counterattack Puerto Rican freedom fighters, Nationalists and independence rebels looking to end U.S. colonial rule during the Jayuya uprising.

1950: After their defeat in the Chinese Civil War, parts of the Nationalist army retreated south and crossed the border into Burma.^[12]^: 65 The United States supported these Nationalist forces because the United States hoped they would harass the People's Republic of China from the southwest, thereby diverting Chinese resources from the Korean War.^[12]^: 65 The Burmese government protested and international pressure increased.^[12]^: 65 Beginning in 1953, several rounds of withdrawals of the Nationalist forces and their families were carried out.^[12]^: 65 In 1960, joint military action by China and Burma expelled the remaining Nationalist forces from Burma, although some went on to settle in the Burma-Thailand borderlands.^[12]^: 65–66

1954–1955: China: First Taiwan Strait Crisis, Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands.^RL30172

1955–1964: Vietnam: First military advisors sent to Vietnam on February 12, 1955. By 1964, U.S. troop levels had grown to 21,000. On August 7, 1964, U.S. Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming "All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO) requesting assistance. . ."^{Vietnam timeline}

1956: Egypt: A marine battalion evacuated U.S. nationals and other persons from Alexandria during the Suez Crisis.^RL30172

1958: Lebanon: 1958 Lebanon crisis, Marines were landed in Lebanon at the invitation of President Camille Chamoun to help protect against threatened insurrection supported from the outside. The President's action was supported by a Congressional resolution passed in 1957 that authorized such actions in that area of the world.^RL30172

1959–1960: The Caribbean: Second Marine Ground Task Force was deployed to protect U.S. nationals following the Cuban Revolution.^RL30172

1955–1975: Vietnam War: U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he falsely termed were Vietnam People's Navy attacks on U.S. destroyers, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing U.S. determination to support "freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia." Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia. Following this resolution, and following a communist attack on a U.S. installation in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military personnel by April 1969.^RL30172

1960–1969edit

1962: Thailand: The Third Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May 17, 1962, to support that country during the threat of Communist pressure from outside; by July 30, the 5,000 marines had been withdrawn.^RL30172

1962: Cuba: Cuban Missile Crisis, On October 22, President Kennedy instituted a "quarantine" on the shipment of offensive missiles to Cuba from the Soviet Union. He also warned Soviet Union that the launching of any missile from Cuba against nations in the Western Hemisphere would bring about U.S. nuclear retaliation on the Soviet Union. A negotiated settlement was achieved in a few days.^RL30172

1962–1975: Laos: From October 1962 until 1975, the United States played an important role in military support of anti-Communist forces in Laos.^RL30172 Meanwhile, the United States was fighting a covert military operation using CIA paramilitary forces, known as The Secret War.

1964: Congo (Zaïre): The United States sent four transport planes to provide airlift for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners.^RL30172

1965: Invasion of Dominican Republic: Operation Power Pack, The United States intervened to protect lives and property during a Dominican revolt and sent 20,000 U.S. troops as fears grew that the revolutionary forces were coming increasingly under Communist control.^RL30172 A popular rebellion broke out, promising to reinstall Juan Bosch as the country's elected leader. The revolution was crushed when U.S. Marines landed to uphold the military regime by force.

1967: Israel: The USS Liberty incident, whereupon a United States Navy Technical Research Ship was attacked June 8, 1967, by the Israel Defense Forces, killing 34 and wounding more than 170 U.S. crew members.

1967: Congo (Zaïre): The United States sent three military transport aircraft with crews to provide the Congo central government with logistical support during a revolt.^RL30172

1968: Laos & Cambodia: U.S. starts secret bombing campaign against targets along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the sovereign nations of Cambodia and Laos. The bombings last at least two years. (See Operation Commando Hunt)

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations
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