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The sky often has important religious significance. Many religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, have deities associated with the sky.

The daytime sky deities are typically distinct from the nighttime ones. Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature reflects this by separating the category of "Sky-god" (A210) from that of "Star-god" (A250). In mythology, nighttime gods are usually known as night deities and gods of stars simply as star gods. Both of these categories are included here since they relate to the sky. Luminary deities are included as well since the sun and moon are located in the sky. Some religions may also have a deity or personification of the day, distinct from the god of the day lit sky, to complement the deity or personification of the night.

Daytime gods and nighttime gods are frequently deities of an "upper world" or "celestial world" opposed to the earth and a "netherworld" (gods of the underworld are sometimes called "chthonic" deities).^[1] Within Greek mythology, Uranus was the primordial sky god, who was ultimately succeeded by Zeus, who ruled the celestial realm atop Mount Olympus. In contrast to the celestial Olympians was the chthonic deity Hades, who ruled the underworld, and Poseidon, who ruled the sea.^[2]

Any masculine sky god is often also king of the gods, taking the position of patriarch within a pantheon. Such king gods are collectively categorized as "sky father" deities, with a polarity between sky and earth often being expressed by pairing a "sky father" god with an "earth mother" goddess (pairings of a sky mother with an earth father are less frequent). A main sky goddess is often the queen of the gods and may be an air/sky goddess in her own right, though she usually has other functions as well with "sky" not being her main. In antiquity, several sky goddesses in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East were called Queen of Heaven.

Gods may rule the sky as a pair (for example, ancient Semitic supreme god El and the fertility goddess Asherah whom he was most likely paired with).^[3] The following is a list of sky deities in various polytheistic traditions arranged mostly by language family, which is typically a better indicator of relatedness than geography.

African

Central African

• Khonvoum, Mbuti supreme creator god and sky father
• Nzambi Mpungu, Bakongo creator, sky and sun god
• Nzambici, Bakongo sky, moon and earth goddess

East African

• Mulungu, Nyamwezi creator and sky god
• Waaq creator and sky god.

Ancient Egypt

• Achamán, Guanche creator and sky god

• Amun, Ancient Egyptian god of creation and the wind
• Anhur, Ancient Egyptian originally a foreign war god
• Hathor, Ancient Egyptian originally a sky goddess
• Horus, Ancient Egyptian god of the sun, sky, kings, and war
• Khonsu, Ancient Egyptian moon god
• Mehet-Weret, Ancient Egyptian goddess of the sky
• Nut, Ancient Egyptian goddess of the sky
• Ra, Ancient Egyptian god of the sun that ruled the sky, earth and underworld
• Shu, Ancient Egyptian god of the air
• Thoth, Ancient Egyptian original moon god

Southern African

• Umvelinqangi, Zulu sky god
• Utixo, Khoikhoi sky god
• Xamaba, Heikum creator and sky god

West African

• Denka, Dinka god of sky, rain and fertility
• Nyame, Akan supreme deity, god of the sky
• Olorun, Yoruba supreme deity, god of the sky and heaven
• Osalobua, Benin supreme creator god and sky father
• Shango, Yoruba sky father and thunder god
• Wulbari, Guang sky god

European

Proto-Indo-European

• Dyeus, the chief sky father of the Proto-Indo-European religion
• Hausos, dawn goddess and daughter of Dyeus
• Menot, moon god
• Seul, sun goddess

Albanian

• Zojz, god of the sky

Baltic

• Auštaras, the god of the northeast wind
• Dievs, the god of the day-lit sky and the chief god in Latvian mythology
• Vejopatis, the god of the wind who guards the divine realm of Dausos

Celtic

• Latobius, sky and mountain god equated with the Greek gods Zeus and Ares
• Nuada, god of the sky, wind, and war
• Sulis, goddess of the hot springs at Bath; probably originally the pan-Celtic sun goddess
• Ambisagrus, Cisalpine god of rain, sky and hail equated to the Roman god Jupiter
• Tuireann, Irish god of thunder and the sky, Gaulic name Taranis.

English

• Nuit, goddess of "Infinite Space and Infinite Stars" in Thelema

Germanic

• Dagr, personification of day
• Eostre, spring and fertility goddess; originally the Germanic dawn goddess
• Mēnô, the moon
• Nótt, personification of night
• Sōwilō, the sun
• Teiwaz, early Germanic sky god, also the god of law, justice, and the thing (assembly)

Greek

• Aether, primeval god of the upper air
• Apollo, god of the sun, archery, prophecy, medicine, plagues...
• Astraeus, dusk god
• Eos, dawn goddess
• Helios, personification of the sun
• Hemera, primordial goddess of day
• Hera, goddess of the air, marriage, women, women's fertility, childbirth, heirs, kings, and empires
• Iris, goddess of the rainbow and messenger of Hera
• Nephele, cloud nymph in Hera's likeness
• Nyx, primordial goddess of night
• Selene, personification of the moon
• Uranus, primeval god of the sky
• Zeus, king of the gods, ruler of Mount Olympus, god of the sky, weather, law, order, and civilization

Messapian

• Zis, god of the sky

Roman

• Aurora, dawn goddess
• Caelus, personification of the sky, equivalent to the Greek Uranus
• Juno, goddess of the sky, queen of the gods, and Jupiter's wife, equivalent to the Greek Hera
• Jupiter, king of heaven and god of the sky and weather, equivalent to the Greek Zeus
• Luna, moon goddess
• Nox, Roman version of Nyx, night goddess and mother of Discordia
• Sol, sun god
• Summanus, god of nocturnal thunder/lightning

Slavic

• Dazhbog (or Svarog), god of the Sun
• Khors, god of the Moon
• Stribog, god of the winds, sky, and air
• Perun, god of the thunderstorms, lightning and sky.
• Triglav, a triple god whose three heads represent sky, earth, and underworld
• Zorya, goddess of dawn

Thracian and Phrygian

• Sabazios, sky father

Asian

Western Asian

• Asherah, sky goddess and consort of El; after the rise of Yahweh, she may have become Yahweh's consort before she was demonized and the Israelite religion became monotheistic
• Baalshamin, "Lord of the Heavens" (c.f. Armenian Barsamin)
• El (god), original sky god and sky father of the Semitic speakers (replaced by Yahweh among Israelites)
• Yahweh, Levantine sky god of the Midianites, Israelites and other ethnic groups in the region

Iranian

• Asmān, god of sky
• Māh, god of the moon
• Ohrmazd, sky father, the Great God
• Tīštar, god of Sirius star and Rainfall.
• Xwarxšēd, god of the sun
• Uša, goddess of dawn

Central Asian

Turkic and Mongolic

• Tengri, god of the sky
• Ülgen
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Sky_deity
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