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Sioux | |
---|---|
Dakota, Lakota | |
Native to | United States, Canada |
Region | Northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, northeastern Montana; southern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan |
Native speakers | 25,000[1] (2015)[2] |
Siouan
| |
Official status | |
Official language in | United States South Dakota[3] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | dak |
ISO 639-3 | Either:dak – Dakotalkt – Lakota |
Glottolog | dako1258 Dakotalako1247 Lakota |
ELP | Sioux |
Linguasphere | 62-AAC-a Dakota |
Sioux is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
Sioux is a Siouan language spoken by over 30,000 Sioux in the United States and Canada, making it the fifth most spoken Indigenous language in the United States or Canada, behind Navajo, Cree, Inuit languages, and Ojibwe.[4][5]
Since 2019, "the language of the Great Sioux Nation, comprised of three dialects, Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota" is the official Indigenous language of South Dakota.[6][3]
Regional variation
Sioux has three major regional varieties, with other sub-varieties:
- Lakota (a.k.a. Lakȟóta, Teton, Teton Sioux)
- Western Dakota (a.k.a. Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta, and erroneously classified, for a very long time, as "Nakota"[7])
- Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
- Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)
- Eastern Dakota (a.k.a. Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
- Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
- Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
Yankton-Yanktonai (Western Dakota) stands between Santee-Sisseton (Eastern Dakota) and Lakota within the dialect continuum. It is phonetically closer to Santee-Sisseton but lexically and grammatically, it is much closer to Lakota. For this reason Lakota and Western Dakota are much more mutually intelligible than each is with Eastern Dakota. The assumed extent of mutual intelligibility is usually overestimated by speakers of the language. While Lakota and Yankton-Yanktonai speakers understand each other to a great extent, they each find it difficult to follow Santee-Sisseton speakers.
Closely related to the Sioux language are the Assiniboine and Stoney languages, whose speakers use the self-designation term (autonym) Nakhóta or Nakhóda.
Comparison of Sioux and Nakota languages and dialects
Phonetic differences
The following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between the regional varieties of the Sioux language. The table also provides comparison with the two closely related Nakota languages (Assiniboine and Stoney).[8]
Sioux | Nakota | gloss | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lakota | Western Dakota | Eastern Dakota | Assiniboine | Stoney | |||
Yanktonai | Yankton | Sisseton | Santee | ||||
Lakȟóta | Dakȟóta | Dakhóta | Nakhóta | Nakhóda | self-designation | ||
lowáŋ | dowáŋ | dowáŋ | nowáŋ | to sing | |||
ló | dó | dó | nó | assertion | |||
čísčila | čísčina | čístina | čúsina | čúsin | small | ||
hokšíla | hokšína | hokšína | hokšída | hokšína | hokšín | boy | |
gnayáŋ | gnayáŋ | knayáŋ | hnayáŋ | knayáŋ | hna | to deceive | |
glépa | gdépa | kdépa | hdépa | knépa | hnéba | to vomit | |
kigná | kigná | kikná | kihná | kikná | gihná | to soothe | |
slayá | sdayá | sdayá | snayá | snayá | to grease | ||
wičháša | wičháša | wičhášta | wičhášta | wičhá | man | ||
kibléza | kibdéza | kibdéza | kimnéza | gimnéza | to sober up | ||
yatkáŋ | yatkáŋ | yatkáŋ | yatkáŋ | yatkáŋ | to drink | ||
hé | hé | hé | žé | žé | that |
Lexical differences
English gloss | Santee-Sisseton | Yankton-Yanktonai | Lakota | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Lakota | Southern Lakota | |||
child | šičéča | wakȟáŋyeža | wakȟáŋyeža | |
knee | hupáhu | čhaŋkpé | čhaŋkpé | |
knife | isáŋ / mína | mína | míla | |
kidneys | phakšíŋ | ažúŋtka | ažúŋtka | |
hat | wapháha | wapȟóštaŋ | wapȟóštaŋ | |
still | hináȟ | naháŋȟčiŋ | naháŋȟčiŋ | |
man | wičhášta | wičháša | wičháša | |
hungry | wótehda | dočhíŋ | ločhíŋ | |
morning | haŋȟ’áŋna | híŋhaŋna | híŋhaŋna | híŋhaŋni |
to shave | kasáŋ | kasáŋ | kasáŋ | glak’óǧa |
Writing systems
This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (September 2021) |
In 1827, John Marsh and his wife, Marguerite (who was half Sioux), wrote the first dictionary of the Sioux language. They also wrote a "Grammar of the Sioux Language."[9][10]
Life for the Dakota changed significantly in the nineteenth century as the early years brought increased contact with European settlers, particularly Christian missionaries. The goal of the missionaries was to introduce the Dakota to Christian beliefs. To achieve this, the missions began to transcribe the Dakota language. In 1836, brothers Samuel and Gideon Pond, Rev. Stephen Return Riggs, and Dr. Thomas Williamson set out to begin translating hymns and Bible stories into Dakota. By 1852, Riggs and Williamson had completed a Dakota Grammar and Dictionary (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Center). Eventually, the entire Bible was translated.
Today, it is possible to find a variety of texts in Dakota. Traditional stories have been translated, children's books, even games such as Pictionary and Scrabble. Despite such progress, written Dakota is not without its difficulties. The Pond brothers, Rev. Riggs, and Dr. Williamson were not the only missionaries documenting the Dakota language. Around the same time, missionaries in other Dakota bands were developing their own versions of the written language. Since the 1900s, professional linguists have been creating their own versions of the orthography. The Dakota have also been making modifications. "Having so many different writing systems is causing confusion, conflict between our people, causing inconstancy in what is being taught to students, and making the sharing of instructional and other materials very difficult" (SICC).
Prior to the introduction of the Latin alphabet, the Dakota did have a writing system of their own: one of representational pictographs. In pictographic writing, a drawing represents exactly what it means. For example, a drawing of a dog literally meant a dog. Palmer writes that,
As a written language, it was practical enough that it allowed the Lakota to keep a record of years in their winter counts which can still be understood today, and it was in such common usage that pictographs were recognized and accepted by census officials in the 1880s, who would receive boards or hides adorned with the head of the household’s name depicted graphically. (pg. 34)[full citation needed]
For the missionaries, however, documenting the Bible through pictographs was impractical and presented significant challenges.
IPA | Buechel & Manhart spelling (pronunciation) |
Standard orthography[11] | Brandon University |
Deloria & Boas |
Dakota Mission |
Rood & Taylor |
Riggs[12] | Williamson | University of Minnesota |
White Hat | Txakini Practical[13] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ʔ | ´ | ´ | ʾ | ´ | none | ʼ | ´ | ´ | ´ | none | ' |
a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a |
aː | a (á) | á | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | 'a[note 1] |
ã | an, an' (aƞ) | aŋ | an̄ | ą | an | ą | aŋ | aŋ | aŋ | aƞ | an |
p~b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b |
tʃ | c | č | c | c | c | č | ć | c | c | c̄ | c |
tʃʰ | c (c, c̔) | čh | ć | cʽ | c | čh | ć̣ | c̣ | c̣ | ċ[note 2] | ch |
tʃʼ | c’ | č’ | c̦ | c’ | c | čʼ | ć | c | c’ | ċ’[note 2] | c' |
t~d | none | none | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
e~ɛ | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e |
eː~ɛː | e (é) | é | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e | 'e[note 1] |
k~ɡ | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g |
ʁ~ɣ | g (ġ) | ǧ | ǥ | ġ | g | ǧ | ġ | ġ | ġ | ġ | gx |
h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h |
χ | h̔ | ȟ | ħ | ḣ | r | ȟ | ḣ | ḣ | ḣ | ḣ | x |
χʔ~χʼ | h’ (h̔’) | ȟ’ | ħ̦ | ḣ’ | r | ȟʼ | ḣ | ḣ | ḣ’ | ḣ’ | x' |
i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i |
iː | i (í) | í | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | 'i[note 1] |
ĩ | in, in' (iƞ) | iŋ | in̄ | į | in | į | iŋ | iŋ | iŋ | iƞ | in |
k | k (k, k̇) | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
kʰ~kˣ | k | kh | k̔ | k‘ | k | kh | k | k | ḳ | k | kh |
qˣ~kˠ | k (k̔) | kȟ | k̔ | k‘ | k | kh | k | k | ḳ | k̇ | kx |
kʼ | k’ | k’ | ķ | k’ | q | kʼ | ḳ | ḳ | k’ | k’ | k' |
l | l | l | none | l | none | l | l | l | none | l | l |
lː | l´ | none | none | none | none | none | none | none | none | none | none |
m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
ŋ | n | n | n | n | n | ň | n | n | n | n | ng |
o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o |
oː | o (ó) | ó | o | o | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Sioux_language