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The Sanaa palimpsest (also Ṣanʽā’ 1 or DAM 01-27.1) or Sanaa Quran is one of the oldest Quranic manuscripts in existence.[1] Part of a sizable cache of Quranic and non-Quranic fragments discovered in Yemen during a 1972 restoration of the Great Mosque of Sanaa, the manuscript was identified as a palimpsest Quran in 1981 as it is written on parchment and comprises two layers of text.
- The upper text entirely conforms to the standard Uthmanic Quran in text and in the standard order of surahs or "chapters".
- The lower text, which was erased and written over by the upper text, but can still be read with the help of ultraviolet light and computer processing, contains many variations from the standard text. The sequence of its chapters corresponds to no known Quranic order.
A partial reconstruction of the lower text was published in 2012,[2] and a reconstruction of the legible portions of both lower and upper texts of the 38 folios in the Sana'a House of Manuscripts was published in 2017 utilising post-processed digital images of the lower text.[3] A radiocarbon analysis has dated the parchment of one of the detached leaves sold at auction, and hence its lower text, to between 578 CE (44 BH) and 669 CE (49 AH) with a 95% accuracy.[4] The earliest leaves have been tested at three laboratories and dated to 388-535 CE. Other folios have similar early dates.
History
Discovery
In 1972, construction workers renovating a wall in the attic of the Great Mosque of Sanaa in the Yemen Arab Republic came across large quantities of old manuscripts and parchments, many of which were deteriorated. Not realizing their significance, the workers gathered up the documents, packed them away into some twenty potato sacks, and left them on the staircase of one of the mosque's minarets.[5]
Isma'il al-Akwa' bin Ali, then the president of the Yemeni Antiquities Authority, realized the potential importance of the find. Al-Akwa' sought international assistance in examining and preserving the fragments, and in 1979 managed to interest a visiting German scholar, who in turn persuaded the West German government to organize and fund a restoration project.[5] The preserved fragments comprise Quranic and non-Quranic material.[6]
Restoration project
Restoration of the fragments began in 1980 under the supervision of the Yemeni Department for Antiquities. It was funded by the Cultural Section of the German Foreign Ministry.[2] The find includes 12,000 Quranic parchment fragments. All of them, except 1500–2000 fragments, were assigned to 926 distinct Quranic manuscripts as of 1997. None is complete and many contain only a few folios apiece.[2] Albrecht Noth (University of Hamburg) was the director of the project. Work on the ground began in 1981 and continued through the end of 1989, when the project terminated with the end of funding. Gerd R. Puin (University of Saarland) was the director beginning with 1981. His involvement came to an end in 1985, when Hans-Caspar Graf von Bothmer (University of Saarland) took over as the local director. Bothmer left Ṣan'ā' in the following year, but continued to run the project from Germany, traveling to the site almost every year.
Beginning in 1982, Ursula Dreibholz served as the conservator for this project, and worked full-time in Ṣan'ā' until the end of 1989. She completed the restoration of the manuscripts. She also designed the permanent storage, collated many parchment fragments to identify distinct Quranic manuscripts, and directed the Yemeni staff in the same task. The manuscripts are located in the House of Manuscripts, the Dār al-Makhṭūṭāt (DAM), in Ṣan'ā', Yemen. After 1989, Bothmer would visit the collection periodically. In the winter of 1996–7, he microfilmed all of the parchment fragments that have been assigned to distinct Quranic manuscripts. Of the remaining 1500–2000 fragments, he microfilmed a group of 280. The microfilms are available in Ṣan'ā' in the House of Manuscripts.[2] A selection of 651 images of fragments from the Sana'a cache - including several from DAM 01-27.1, has been issued on a CD-ROM through the UNESCO 'Memory of the World' programme.
The Sana'a Palimpsest was given the catalog number DAM 01-27.1, indicating a manuscript with variable lines to the page (hence '01'), written line length of approx. 27 cm (11"), and with a sequence indicator of '1'. By 2015 some 38 folio fragments had been identified as likely to belong to this particular manuscript. From 2007, a joint Italian-French team under Sergio Noja Noseda and Christian Robin undertook to produce new high-resolution digital images of DAM 01-27.1 (and other selected manuscripts in the cache), under both natural and ultra-violet light, which have since been subject to extensive computerised post-processing by Alba Fedeli to separate upper from lower texts. The high resolution images form the basis for the editions of both Sadeghi and Goudarzi, and of Asma Hilali.[7]
Contents of the manuscript
The manuscript is a palimpsest, meaning the parchment was written over once. The original text (the "lower" text) was erased, and written over a second time (the "upper" text) with this process potentially being repeated over time with the same parchment.[citation needed] In the Sana'a palimpsest, both the upper and the lower text are the Qur'an written in the Hijazi script. The upper text appears to present a complete text of the Qur'an, as did the lower text according to a codicological reconstruction by Éléonore Cellard (this had been a question of scholarly debate).[8] In the standard Qur'an, the chapters (suras) are presented in an approximate sequence of decreasing length; hence a fragmentary Qur'an that follows the standard order of suras can generally be assumed to have once presented the complete text, but the contrary is not the case. Cellard's reconstruction has found that despite differences of sura sequence, the lower text too follows this same principle.
The manuscript that was discovered, however, is not complete. About 82 folios have been identified as possible sheets presenting the upper text, of which 38 are in Yemen's Dār al-Makhṭūṭāt (House of Manuscripts)[2] and 4 in private collections (after being auctioned abroad).[9] In addition in 2012, 40 palimpsest folios conserved in the Eastern Library of the Grand Mosque in Sana’a and published in 2004, were recognised as likely being detached folios of the upper text of DAM 01-27.1.[10] Many of the folios in the House of Manuscripts are physically incomplete and in only 28 is the upper writing legible (due to damage),[11] whereas those in private possession[9] or held by the Eastern Library are generally in a better condition.[10] These 82 folios comprise roughly half of the Quran. The parchment is of inferior quality, with many folios having holes around which both upper and lower text have been written. However, when the scale of the writing and the provision of marginal spaces is taken into account, the overall quantity of animal hides implied as being committed to the production of a full manuscript of the Qur'an would not have been less than for such high quality Qur'ans as the Codex Parisino-petropolitanus (BNF Arabe 328(ab)).
Historian Michael Cook, sums up preliminary work on the Sana'a fragments as of 2000 thusly:
First, the range of variants is said to be considerably greater than is attested in our literary sources, though in character the variation does not appear to be very different from the kind of thing these sources record.
Second, the orthography of these -- and -- other early fragments diverges from that with which we are familiar in one rather striking respect, namely the frequent failure to mark the long ā as part of the consonantal skeleton in such words as qāla, 'he said' (the spelling ql which appears in these fragments would in our text be read as qul, meaning 'say!').
Last but not least, those framents which show the end of one Sura and the beginning of another reveal some clear deviations from the standard order of the Sūras; these deviations are comparable to those reported by the literary sources for a couple of the versions superseded by the Uthmanic codex, but they do not regularly coincide with them.[12]
Upper text
The upper text conforms entirely with that underlying the modern Quran in use, and has been dated as probably from sometime between the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 8th century CE.[13] Asma Hilali provides a full transcription of the upper text from the 26 legible folios in the House of Manuscripts, and found 17 non-orthographic variants in these pages, where readings differ from those in the "standard" Qur'an text, as presented in the 1924 Cairo edition. Five of these 17 variants in the upper text correspond to known Qira'at readings in the tradition of quranic variants.
The density of the writing of the upper text varies from page to page and within pages, such that the amount of text transcribed on each page varies from 18.5 lines of the standard Cairo edition to as many as 37 lines. Subsequent to the completion of the text, polychrome decoration has been added in the form of bands separating the suras, and indicators of 10, 50 and 100 verse divisions in a variety of particular forms. Much of these decorations are unfinished. In addition, the upper text formerly included individual verse separators – some contemporary with the text, others inserted later. The counts of verses corresponding to the polychrome verse indicators are not consistent with the counts of individual verse indicators, implying that the former were copied across other Qur'ans.
Lower text
The surviving lower text from 36 of the folio in the House of Manuscripts, together with the lower text from those auctioned abroad, were published in March 2012 in a long essay by Behnam Sadeghi (Professor of Islamic Studies at Stanford University) and Mohsen Goudarzi (PhD student at Harvard University).[2] Prior to that, in 2010, Sadeghi had published an extensive study of the four folios auctioned abroad, and analyzed their variants using textual critical methods.[9] The German scholar Elizabeth Puin (lecturer at Saarland University), whose husband was the local director of the restoration project until 1985, has also transcribed the lower text of several folios in five successive publications.[14][15][16][17] The lower text of the palimpsest folios in the Eastern Library has not been studied or published yet, and it is not known how many of these folios may witness the same lower text as those in the House of Manuscripts; however, it appears likely that the four auctioned folios (whose lower texts have been studied, and which do appear to witness the same lower text) came from this section of the manuscript, and not from DAM 01-27.1. While transcription from Hamdoun's photographs are a particularly difficult challenge, Hythem Sidky has identified lower textual sequences in most of the Eastern Library folios.[8]
The lower text was erased and written over, but due to the presence of metals in the ink, the lower text has resurfaced, and now appears in a light brown color, the visibility of which can be enhanced in ultra-violet light.[9] Parchment was expensive and durable, and so it was common practice to scrape the writing from disused and damaged texts for potential re-use. But while there are other known instances of disused Qur'ans being reused for other texts, there are only a few known instances of a new Qur'an being written using re-used parchment, and all these examples are believed to have been from the Sana'a cache. The re-use in this case may have been purely for economic reasons. The standardization of the Quranic text around 650 CE by 'Uthmān may have led to a non-standard lower text becoming obsolete, and erased in accordance with authoritative instructions to that effect.[18]
In places, individual readings in the lower text appear to have been corrected in a separate hand to conform better to corresponding readings in the standard Qur'an. Elizabeth Puin has termed this hand the 'lower modifier', and proposes that these corrections were undertaken before the whole lower text was erased or washed off.
Although the suras of the lower text do not follow the canonical order, nevertheless, with only two exceptions, within each sura, the surviving lower text presents the verses in the same order as the standard Qur'an – the exceptions being in sura 20, where Sadeghi and Goudarzi find that verses 31 and 32 are swapped, and in sura 9, where Sadeghi and Goudarzi find that the whole of verse 85 is absent, which he explains as "parablepsis, a form of scribal error in which the eye skips from one text to a similar text".[19] Neither of these passages of the lower text are in folios that Asma Hilali found to be legible. Some of the variants between the lower text and the standard Qur'an are provided by Sadeghi and Goudarzi below.[20] It is noticeable that the Lower text has many variations of words and phrases in comparison to the text of the standard Qur'an, however they never diverge from the fundamental meaning that the text is intending to communicate.
Stanford folio
| recto [21] | Visible Traces | Reconstruction | Standard Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quran 2 (al-Baqarah), verse 191 Line 4 |
ﺣ/ / ٮٯٮـ(ـلو) کم | حَتّی يُقـٰتِلوکُم | حَتَّىٰ يُقَـٰتِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ |
| Quran 2:191 Line 5 |
د لک جز ا ا لکڡر ٮں | ذَٰلِکَ جَزاءُ الکـٰفِرينَ | كـذَٰلِكَ جَزَآءُ ٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ |
| Quran 2:192 Line 5 |
ا نتـ(ﻬ)ـﻮ | إنتَهَو | انتَهَوا |
| Quran 2:193 Line 6 |
حٮا | حَتّا | حَتّی |
| Quran 2:193 Line 7 |
و ٮکو ں ا لد ٮں کله ﻟﻪ | و يَكُونَ الدِّينُ كُلُّهُ لِلَّـهِ | وَيَكُونَ ٱلدِّينُ لِلَّـهِ |
| Quran 2:194 Line 10 |
و من اعٮدی | وَ مَنِ اعتَدَی | فَــمَنِ ٱعْتَدَى |
| Quran 2:194 Line 11 |
ڡا ﻋٮـ/ / و | فاعتدو | فَٱعْتَدُوا |
| Quran 2:194 Line 11 |
ما اعٮد ی علٮكم ٮه | مَا اعتَدَی عَلَيكُم بِه | مَا ٱعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ |
| Quran 2:196 Line 17 |
ڡـﻤ// ٮٮسر مں ا لهد ی | فَما تَيَسَّر مِن الهَدی | فما استَيسَرَ مِنَ ٱلْهَدْىِ |
| Quran 2:196 Line 17 |
و لا تحلٯو ا | وَلَا تَحلِقُوا | وَلَا تَحْلِقُوا رُءُوسَكُمْ |
| Quran 2:196 Line 18 |
ڡا ﮞ كا ﮞ ا حد ﻣٮكم | فَإن كان أحَدٌ مِنكُم | فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم |
| Quran 2:196 Line 19 |
ڡد ٮه | فِديَةٌ | فَـفِديَةٌ |
| Quran 2:196 Line 20 |
مں صٮم او نسک | مِن صِيٰمٍ أَو نُسُكٍ | مِن صِيَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نُسُكٍ |
David 86/2003 folio
| recto | Visible Traces | Reconstruction | Standard Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quran 2:209 Line 5, p. 46 |
مں ﻌﺪ (ما ﺣ)ﺎ کم ا ﻟ(ﻬد) ؛ | مِّن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَكُمُ ٱلْهُدَىٰ | مِّن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَتْكُمُ ٱلْبَيِّنَـٰتُ |
| Quran 2:210 Line 6, p. 46 |
هل ٮـ//ـﻄﺮ (و ﮞ) ا لا ا ﮞ (ٮـ)ﺎ ٮـ(ـٮـ)ﮑﻢ ا ﻟﻠﻪ | هَلْ تَنظُرُونَ إِلَّا أَن يَأْتِيَكُمُ ٱللَّـهُ | هَلْ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَّا أَن يَأْتِيَهُمُ ٱللَّـهُ |
| Quran 2:211 Line 9, p. 46 |
ا لعڡٮ | ٱلْعِقٰبِ | ٱلْعِقَابِ |
| Quran 2:213 Line 12, p. 46 |
ڡﺎ // (ﺳ)ـﻞ ا لـلـه | فَــأَرسَلَ اللهُ | فَـــبَعَثَ ٱللَّـهُ |
| Quran 2:213 Line 13, p. 46 |
ﻟ(ـٮـحکمو ا ٮـ)ـٮں ا لٮا س | لِــيَحْكُمُوا بَيْنَ ٱلنَّاسِ | لِــيَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ ٱلنَّاسِ |
| Quran 2:213 Line 15, p. 46 |
ا ﻟٮـ(ـٮـٮـ)ـٮت | ٱلْبَيِّنَٮٰتُ | ٱلْبَيِّنَـٰتُ بَغْيًا بَيْنَهُمْ |
| Quran 2:214 Line 17, p. 46 |
ا (ﺣﺴ)ـٮٮم | أَ حَسِبْتُمْ | أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ |
| Quran 2:214 Line 17, p. 46 |
ا ﻟ (ﻣ)ـﮟ ـلکم | ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُم | ٱلَّذِينَ خَلَوْا۟ مِن قَبْلِكُم |
| Quran 2:214 Line 18, p. 47 |
ا لٮسا | ٱلْبَٔسَاءُ | ٱلْبَأْسَاءُ |
| Quran 2:215 Line 20, p. 47 |
ٮـ(ـسا) لو ٮک | يَسْأَلُونَكَ | يَسْـَٔلُونَكَ |
| Quran 2:217 Line 25, p. 47 |
عں ا ﻟ(ﺴ)ﻬﺮ ا لحر (م) ﻋ(ـں) ٯٮل ڡـﻪ | عَنِ ٱلشَّهْرِ ٱلْحَرٰمِ وَعَنْ قِتٰلٍ فِيهِ | عَنِ ٱلشَّهْرِ ٱلْحَرَامِ قِتَالٍ فِيهِ |
| Quran 2:217 Line 26, p. 47 |
؛/--/ (ﺻ) عں /------/؛ | وَصَدٌّ عَن سَبِيلِهِ[22] | وَصَدٌّ عَن سَبِيلِ ٱللَّـهِ وَكُفْرٌۢ بِهِ |
Folio 4
| recto / verso | Visible Traces | Reconstruction | Standard Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quran 11 (Hūd), verse 105 Folio 4, recto, l. 1, p. 51 |
ا (لا) مں ا {------}؛ | إلّا مَن أَذِنَ لَه | إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ |
| Quran 11:122 Folio 4, verso, l. 4, p. 52 |
ا / / (ﻣﻌ)/ / {--------}؛ | إِنَّا مَعَكُم مُنتَظِرُونَ | إِنَّا مُنتَظِرُونَ |
| Quran 8 (al-Anfāl), verse 2 Folio 4, verso, l. 12, p. 52 |
ڡـ(ﺮ) ٯـٮ | ْفَرِقَت | ْوَجِلَت |
| Quran 8:.2 Folio 4, verso, l. 13, p. 52 |
ا ٮـ(ـٮٮـ)ﺎ | ءَايَـٰتُنا | ءَايَـٰتُهُ |
Folio 22
| recto / verso | Visible Traces | Reconstruction | Standard Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quran 9 (al-Tawbah), Verse 122 Folio 22, recto, l. 3, p. 62 |
ما ﺎ ﮞ | مَا كَانَ | وَمَا كَانَ |
| Quran 9:122 Folio 22, recto, l. 4, p. 62 |
مں كل ا ﻣﻪ | مِن كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ | مِن كُلِّ فِرْقَةٍ |
| Quran 9:124 Folio 22, recto, l. 9, p. 62 |
و ا د ا ا ٮر لٮ | وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ | وَإِذَا مَا أُنزِلَتْ |
| Quran 9:125 Folio 22, recto, l. 12, p. 62 |
ڡی ٯلو ٮهم ر حس | فِى قُلُوبِهِم رِجْسٌ | فِى قُلُوبِهِم مَرَضٌ |
| Quran 9:125 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 |
ر حر ا ا لی ر ﺣﺴـﻢ | رِجزاً إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ | رِجساً إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ |
| Quran 9:125 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 |
و ما ٮو ا و هم ڡـ(ـﺴٯـ) ﮞ | وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ فَـٰسِقُونَ | وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ كَـٰفِرُونَ |
| Quran 9:126 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62 |
ا و / / ٮر و | أَوَلَا يَرَوْ | أَوَلَا يَرَوْنَ |
| Quran 9:126 Folio 22, recto, l. 15, p. 62 |
و لا ٮـ(ـٮـ)ـﺪ كر و ﮞ | وَلَا يَتَذَكَّرُونَ | وَلَا هُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ |
| Quran 9:127 Folio 22, recto, l. 15, p. 62 |
و ا د ا ا ٮــﺮ (ﻟ)ـٮ | وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ | وَإِذَا مَا أُنزِلَتْ |
| Quran 9:127 Folio 22, recto, l. 16, p. 62 |
هل ٮر ٮٮا | هَلْ يَرَىٰنَا | هَلْ يَرَىٰكُم |
| Quran 9:127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 |
ڡا ٮــﺼ(ـﺮ) ڡـ(ـﻮ) ا | فَـﭑنصَرَفُوا | ثُمَّ انصَرَفُوا |
| Quran 9:127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 |
ڡصر ڡ ا ﻟـﻠـﻪ | فَــصَرَفَ اللهُ | صَرَفَ ٱللَّـهُ |
| Quran 9:127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62 |
د لک ٮـ(ﺎ ٮـ)//ـﻢ (ٯـ)ـﻮ م لا ٮڡٯهو ﮞ | ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ | بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ |
| Quran 9:128 Folio 22, recto, l. 18, p. 62 |
و لٯد حا کم | وَلَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ | لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ |
| Quran 9:128 Folio 22, recto, l. 18, p. 62 |
ر سو ل ﻣٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻢ | رَسولٌ مِنْكُمْ | رَسُولٌ مِنْ أَنْفُسِکُمْ |
| Quran 9:128 Folio 22, recto, l. 19, p. 63 |
عر ٮر (ﻋ)ﻠـٮـ(ﻪ) ما عٮٮکم | عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا عَنَّتَكُمْ | عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا عَنِتُّمْ |
| Quran 9:129 Folio 22, recto, l. 20, p. 63 |
ڡا / / (ٮـ)ـﻮ لو ا ﻋ(ـٮـ)ـﮏ | فَإن تَوَلَّوْا عَنْكَ | فَإن تَوَلَّوْا |
| Quran 9:129 Folio 22, recto, l. 21, p. 63 |
ا لد ی لا ا ﻟﻪ ا لا ﻫﻮ | الَّذي لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ | لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ |
| Quran 19 (Maryam), verse 2 Folio 22, recto, l. 24, p. 63 |
ر ﺣـﻤﻪ | رَحْمَةِ | رَحْمَتِ |
| Quran 19:3 Folio 22, recto, l. 25, p. 63 |
ا د ٮا د ی ر ٮک ر ﻛـر ٮا | إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّــكَ زَكَرِيَّا | إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّــهُ |
| Quran 19:4 Folio 22, recto, l. 25, p. 63 |
و ٯل ر ٮی | وَقٰلَ رَبِّــي | قالَ رَبِّ |
| Quran 19:4 Folio 22, recto, l. 26, p. 63 |
و ٯل ر ٮی ا سٮعل ا لر ا س سٮٮا | وَقٰلَ رَبِّي ٱشْتَعَلَ ٱلرَّأْسُ شَيْباً | قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي وَهَنَ ٱلْعَظْمُ مِنِّي وَٱشْتَعَلَ ٱلرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا |
| Quran 19:4 Folio 22, recto, l. 26, p. 63 |
و لم ا کں ر ٮ ٮـ(ـد) عا ک | وَلَمْ أَکُنْ رَبِّ بِدُعَاءِكَ | وَلَمْ أَكُن بِدُعَائِكَ رَبِّ |
| Quran 19:5 Folio 22, recto, l. 27, p. 63 |
و ﺣ(ڡـ)ـٮ ا لمو ل مں و ر ا ی | وَ خِفْتُ ٱلْمَوَٰل مِن وَرٰاءِى | وَإِنِّى خِفْتُ ٱلْمَوَٰلِىَ مِن وَرٰاءِى |
| Quran 19:7 Folio 22, verso, l. 2-3, p. 63 |
؛{-----------------} (ٯد) و هٮٮا لک علما ر کٮا و ٮسر ٮه {----------------}(ﻪ) مں ٯـٮـ(ـﻞ) ﺳ//ـﻤٮـﺎ | ؛{يَـٰزَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا} قَد وَهَبْنَا لَكَ غُلٰماً زَكِيَّاً وَبَشَّرْنٰهُ {بِيَحْيیٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل ﻟَّ}ﻪُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا[23] | يَـٰزَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا نُبَشِّرُكَ بِغُلَـٰمٍ ٱسْمُهُ يَحْيَىٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل لَّهُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا |
| Quran 19:8 Folio 22, verso, l. 3-4, p. 63 |
ا //ﻰ ٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻮ ﮞ لی (ﻋ)ـلم {---------------} ﻟﮑـٮر عٮٮا | أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ {وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ ٱ} لْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا | أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ وَكَانَتِ ٱمْرَأَتِى عَاقِرًا وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ ٱلْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا |
| Quran 19:9 Folio 22, verso, l. 5, p. 63 |
و لم ٮک سا ی | وَلَمْ تَكُ شَاي | وَلَمْ تَكُ شَيْئًا |
| Quran 19:11 Folio 22, verso, l. 7, p. 64 |
؛{-}ـم حرح | ؛{ثُـ}ـمَّ خَرَجَ | فَــخَرَجَ |
| Quran 19:11 Folio 22, verso, l. 7, p. 64 |
ا (و) ﺣ(ﻰ) ا ﻟ(ـٮـ)ﻬﻢ | أَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ | فَــأَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ |
| Quran 19:12 Folio 22, verso, l. 8, p. 64 |
و علمٮه ا ﻟ(ـﺤ)ﮑﻢ | وَعَلَّمْنٰهُ الْحُكْمَ | وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّا |
| Quran 19:13 Folio 22, verso, l. 9, p. 64 |
حننا | حَنٰناً | وَحَنَاناً |
| Quran 19:14 Folio 22, verso, l. 10, p. 64 |
و لم ٮک | وَلَمْ يَكُ | وَلَمْ يَكُنْ |
| Quran 19:15 Folio 22, verso, l. 10, p. 64 |
و علٮه ا لسلم | وَعَلَيْهِ السَّلٰمُ | وَسَلَـٰمٌ عَلَيْهِ |
| Quran 19:19 Folio 22, verso, l. 15, p. 64 |
لنهب | لِنَهَبَ | لِأَهَبَ |
| Quran 19:21 Folio 22, verso, l. 17, p. 64 |
و هو ﻋﻠ//(ﻪ) ﻫ(ـٮـ)ـﮟ | وَهُوَ عَلَيْهِ هَيِّنٌ | هُوَ عَلَىَّ هَيِّنٌ |
| Quran 19:21 Folio 22, verso, l. 18, p. 64 |
و ا مر ا مٯصٮا | وَأَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا | وَكَانَ أَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا |
| Quran 19:22 Folio 22, verso, l. 18, p. 64 |
ڡحملٮ | فَحَمَلَتْ | فَحَمَلَتْــهُ |
| Quran 19:23 Folio 22, verso, l. 19, p. 64 |
ڡـﻠﻤ// ا حا ها ا لمحص | فَــلَمَّا أَجَاءَهَا ٱلْمَخٰضُ | فَأَجَاءَهَا ٱلْمَخَاضُ |
| Quran 19:23 Folio 22, verso, l. 20, p. 65 |
ٯٮل هد ا ا ﻟ(ـٮـ)ـو م | قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا الْيَوْمِ | قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا |
| Quran 19:24 Folio 22, verso, l. 20-21, p. 65 |
ڡٮــد ٮها مں ٮـﺤٮـﻬ/----------/ ا لا ٮحر ٮی | فَنٰدٮٰهَا مِن تَحْتِهَـ/ـا مَلَكٌ/ أَلَّا تَحْزَنِى [24] | فَنَادَىٰهَا مِن تَحْتِهَا أَلَّا تَحْزَنِى |
| Quran 19:26 Folio 22, verso, l. 23, p. 65 |
و ٯـ// ی ﻋ(ـٮٮـ)ﺎ | وَقَرِّى عَيْنًا | وَقَرِّى عَيْنًا |
| Quran 19:26 Folio 22, verso, l. 24, p. 65 |
ﺻـﻮ (ما) و ﺻﻤـٮا | صَوْماً وَصُمْتاً | صَوْماً |
| Quran 19:26 Folio 22, verso, l. 24, p. 65 |
ﻟﮟ ا کلم | لَنْ أُکَلِّمَ | فَــلَنْ أُكَلِّمَ |
| Quran 19:27 Folio 22, verso, l. 25, p. 65 |
؛//ﺎ ٮـ(ـت ٯو) ﻣﻬ ﺎ | فَأَتَتْ قَوْمَهَا | فَأَتَتْ بِهِ قَوْمَهَا |
| Quran 19:27 Folio 22, verso, l. 25, p. 65 |
لٯد ا ﺗٮت | لَقَدْ أَتَيْتِ | لَقَدْ جِئْتِ |
| Quran 19:28 Folio 22, verso, l. 26, p. 65 |
ما کا (ﮞ) ا ٮو ک (ا ٮا) //ﻮ ا | مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ أَباً سُوءاً | مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ ٱمْرَأَ سَوْءٍ |
Folio 31edit
| recto / verso | Visible Traces | Reconstruction | Standard Text |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quran 12 (Yūsuf), verse 19 Folio 31, recto, l. 4-5, p. 71 |
ْو {------} (ﻋﻠٮـ)// ٮـﻌﺺ (ا) ﻟﺴ/ /؛ | و {جَاءَت} عَلَيْهِ بَعْضُ السَّيَّارَةِ | وَجَاءَتْ سَيَّارَةٌ |
| Quran 12:19 Folio 31, recto, l. 6, p. 71 |
و ٯل | وَقٰلَ | قَالَ |
| Quran 12:19 Folio 31, recto, l. 7, p. 71 |
و (ا) ﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠ//ـﻢ ٮـﻤ(ﺎ) ٮڡعلو{}ﮞ | وَٱللَّـهُ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا يَفْعَلُونَ | وَٱللَّـهُ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ |
| Quran 12:28 Folio 31, verso, l. 4, p. 72 |
ٯل ا //ﻪ (ﻛ)ـٮد ﻛﮟ | قٰلَ إِنَّهُ كَيْدَكُنَّ | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Sana'a_manuscript