Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Coat of arms of the Grand Vizier
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Style	His Excellency
Residence	Bab-ı Ali
Appointer	The sultan
Formation	1328
First holder	Alaeddin Pasha
Final holder	Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Abolished	1 November 1922
Succession	Prime Minister of Turkey

The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Vezir-i Azam or Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam); Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم) was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.

History

State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
House of Osman
Classic period
Divan Porte Grand Vizier
Constitutional period
Imperial Government General Assembly Senate Chamber of Deputies
Millets Administrative divisions Vassal and tributary states
v t e

During the emerging phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "grand vizier" was Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (also known as Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder). The purpose in instituting the title "grand vizier" was to differentiate the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more regularly used title of vezir-i âzam was slowly replaced by sadrazam, both meaning grand vizier in practice. Throughout Ottoman history, the grand viziers have also been called sadr-ı âlî ('high vizier'), vekil-i mutlak ('absolute attorney'), sâhib-i devlet ('holder of the state'), serdar-ı ekrem ('gracious general'), serdar-ı azam ('grand general') and zât-ı âsafî ('vizieral person') and başnazır,^[1] literally "prime minister" in Ottoman Turkish.

In the late periods of the Ottoman Empire, especially during and after the 19th century, the grand vizier began to hold a position almost identical to that of a prime minister in other European states.^[2] Reforms seen during and after the Tanzimat (1838), the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878), and the Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920) further brought the office of the grand vizier in line with the European standard, making the incumbent the head of a Cabinet of other ministers. During the two constitutional eras, the grand vizier also served as the speaker of the Senate, the upper house of the bicameral Ottoman Parliament. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Prime Minister of Turkey took on the roles of the former office.

Grand viziers were often replaced or resigned in rapid succession, frequently leading to political instability. In the final 10 years of the Empire alone, the office of the grand vizier changed hands 13 times between 12 men; some, such as Ahmed Izzet Pasha and Salih Hulusi Pasha, held office for less than a month.

List of grand viziers

Absolute monarchy (1320–1839)

This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (June 2022)

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Ottoman_Vizier
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

---



---

www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk

---

Grand Vizier		Term of office			Sultan
Portrait	Epithet Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Alaeddin Pasha (d. 1331)	1320	1331	11 years	Osman I (1299–1326)
					Orhan (1326–1362)
	Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1281–1380)	1331	1348	17 years
	Mehmet Hacı Pasha (?)	1348	1349	1 year
	Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (d. 1364)	1349	September 1364 † (Died in office)	15 years
					Murad I (1362–1389)
	Kara Çandarlızade Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1330–1387)	1364	22 January 1387 † (Died in office)	23 years, 21 days
	Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (d. 1406)	1387	1406 † (Died in office)	19 years
					Bayezid I (1389–1402)
					Süleyman Çelebi (1402–1406)
	Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (?)	1406	1413	7 years	Mehmed I (1413–1421)
	Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (d. 1421)	1413	July 1421 † (Fell in battle)	8 years
					Murad II (1421–1444)
	Çandarlızade Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (d. 1429)	1421	1429 † (Died in office)	8 years
	Koca Amasyalı Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (d. 1439)	1429	1439	10 years
	Çandarlızade Halil Pasha the Younger (d. 1453)	1439	1 June 1453 † (Imprisoned, executed)	14 years, 151 days
					Mehmed II (1444–1446)
					Murad II (1446–1451)
					Mehmed II (1451–1481)
	Zaganos Pasha (d. 1469)	1453	1456	3 years
	Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1420–1474) First term	1456	1468	12 years
	Rum Mehmed Pasha (d. 1470)	1468	1469	1 year
	İshak Pasha (d. 1487) First term	1469	1472	3 years
	Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1420–1474) Second term	1472	1474 † (Executed)	2 years
	Gedik Ahmed Pasha (d. 1482)	1474	1477	3 years
	Karamani Mehmed Pasha (d. 1481)	1477	4 May 1481 † (Executed)	4 years
	İshak Pasha (d. 1487) Second term	1481	1482	1 year	Bayezid II (1481–1512)
	Koca Davud Pasha (1446–1498)	1482	1497	15 years
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) First term	1497	1498	1 year
	Çandarlızade Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1429–1499)	1498	1499 † (Died in office)	1 year
	Mesih Pasha Palaiologos (d. 1501)	1499	November 1501 † (Died in office)	2 years
	Hadım Ali Pasha (d. 1511) First term	1501	1503	2 years
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Second term	1503	1506	3 years
	Hadım Ali Pasha (d. 1511) Second term	1506	July 1511 † (Fell in battle)	5 years
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Third term	1511	1511	59 days
	Koca Mustafa Pasha (d. 1512)	1511	1512 † (Executed)	1 year
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Fourth term	1512	28 November 1514	2 years, 331 days	Selim I (1512–1520)
	Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (d. 1515)	18 December 1514	8 September 1515 † (Executed)	264 days
	Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Fifth term	8 September 1515	26 April 1516	231 days
	Hadım Sinan Pasha Borovinić (1459–1517)	26 April 1516	22 January 1517 † (Fell in battle)	271 days
	Yunus Pasha (d. 1517)	22 January 1517	13 September 1517 † (Executed)	234 days
	Piri Mehmed Pasha (1465–1532)	25 January 1518	27 June 1523	5 years, 153 days
					Suleiman I (1520–1566)
	Pargalı İbrahim Pasha (1495–1536)	27 June 1523	14 March 1536 † (Executed)	12 years, 261 days
	Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1483–1539)	14 March 1536	13 July 1539 † (Died in office)	3 years, 121 days
	Çelebi Lütfi Pasha (1488–1564)	13 July 1539	April 1541	1 year, 262 days
	Hadım Süleyman Pasha (1467–1547)	April 1541	28 November 1544	3 years, 241 days
	Damat Rüstem Pasha (1500–1561) First term	28 November 1544	6 October 1553	8 years, 312 days
	Kara Ahmed Pasha (d. 1555)	6 October 1553	29 September 1555 † (Executed)	1 year, 358 days
	Damat Rüstem Pasha (1500–1561) Second term	29 September 1555	10 July 1561 † (Died in office)	5 years, 284 days
	Semiz Ali Pasha (d. 1565)	10 July 1561	28 June 1565 † (Died in office)	3 years, 353 days
	Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1506–1579)	28 June 1565	12 October 1579 † (Assassinated)	14 years, 106 days
					Selim II (1566–1574)
					Murad III (1574–1595)
	Semiz Ahmed Pasha (1492–1580)	12 October 1579	27 April 1580 † (Died in office)	199 days
	Kara Lala Mustafa Pasha (1500–1580)	28 April 1580	7 August 1580 † (Died in office)	101 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) First term	7 August 1580	6 December 1582	2 years, 121 days
	Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) First term	24 December 1582	25 July 1584	1 year, 214 days
	Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1526–1585)	28 July 1584	29 October 1585 † (Died in office)	1 year, 93 days
	Hadım Mesih Pasha (d. 1589)	1 November 1585	14 April 1586	164 days
	Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) Second term	14 April 1586	2 April 1589 (Deposed)	2 years, 353 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Second term	14 April 1589	1 August 1591	2 years, 109 days
	Serdar Ferhad Pasha (d. 1595) First term	1 August 1591	4 April 1592	247 days
	Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) Third term	4 April 1592	28 January 1593	299 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Third term	28 January 1593	16 February 1595	2 years, 19 days
					Mehmed III (1595–1603)
	Serdar Ferhad Pasha (d. 1595) Second term	16 February 1595	7 July 1595	141 days
	Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Fourth term	7 July 1595	19 November 1595	135 days
	Lala Tekeli Mehmed Pasha (d. 1595)