A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
London Borough of Newham | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms  Council logo | |
| Motto: Progress with the People | |
 Newham shown within Greater London | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | Inner London |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Created | 1 April 1965 |
| Admin HQ | East Ham |
| Government | |
| • Type | London borough council |
| • Body | Newham London Borough Council |
| • Leadership | Mayor and Cabinet (Labour) |
| • Executive mayor | Rokhsana Fiaz (Labour) |
| • London Assembly | Unmesh Desai (Labour) AM for City and East |
| • MPs | Lyn Brown (Labour) Stephen Timms (Labour) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 13.98 sq mi (36.22 km2) |
| • Rank | 268th (of 296) |
| • | 15,662 sq mi (40,560 km2) |
| Population (2022) | |
| • Total | 358,645 |
| • Rank | 25th (of 296) |
| • Density | 26,000/sq mi (9,900/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC (GMT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| Postcodes | |
| Area code | 020 |
| ONS code | 00BB |
| GSS code | E09000025 |
| Police | Metropolitan Police |
| Website | www |
The London Borough of Newham (/ˈnjuːəm/ ⓘ) is a London borough created in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. It covers an area previously administered by the Essex county boroughs of West Ham and East Ham, authorities that were both abolished by the same act. The name Newham reflects its creation and combines the compass points of the old borough names. Situated in the Inner London part of East London, Newham has a population of 387,576, which is the fourth highest of the London boroughs and also makes it the 26th most populous district in England. The local authority is Newham London Borough Council.
It is 5 miles (8 km) east of the City of London, north of the River Thames (the Woolwich Ferry and Woolwich foot tunnel providing the only crossings to the south), bounded by the River Lea to its west and the North Circular Road to its east. Newham was one of the six host boroughs for the 2012 Summer Olympics and contains most of the Olympic Park including the London Stadium, and also contains the London City Airport. Major districts include East Ham, West Ham, Stratford, Plaistow, Forest Gate, Beckton and Canning Town.
History
The borough was formed on 1 April 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, as a borough of the newly formed Greater London. It broadly covered the areas of the county borough of East Ham and the county borough of West Ham that were abolished by the same act. These in turn were successors to the ancient civil and ecclesiastical parishes of East Ham and West Ham. Green Street and Boundary Road mark the former boundary between the two. North Woolwich also became part of the borough (previously being part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich, south of the river Thames in the County of London) along with a small area west of the River Roding which had previously been part of the Municipal Borough of Barking. Newham was devised for the borough as an entirely new name.[1]
Manor of Ham
The area of the modern borough was at one time occupied by a manor (an estate or landholding with certain legal responsibilities) called 'Ham'. The name comes from Old English 'hamm' and means 'a dry area of land between rivers or marshland', referring to the location of the settlement within boundaries formed by the rivers Lea, Thames and Roding and their marshes.[2]
The first known written use of the term, as 'Hamme', is in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 958, in which King Edgar granted the area to Ealdorman Athelstan. The territory was undivided at that time. A subsequent charter of 1037 describes a transfer of land which has been identified with East Ham, indicating that the division of the territory occurred between 958 and 1037.[3]
The Domesday Book shows landholdings divided further, and by the end of the 12th century these manors were being served, singly or in groups of manors, by the familiar ancient parishes of West Ham, East Ham and Little Ilford (now also known as Manor Park), with some areas by the Roding a part of Barking, and the area now known as North Woolwich attached to Woolwich. The earliest recorded use of the name West Ham, Westhamma, comes in 1186, and East Ham, Estham, is recorded in 1204.[4]
The boundary between West and East Ham was drawn from the now lost Hamfrith Waste and Hamfrith Wood in the north (then the southernmost parts of Epping Forest which extended as far south as the Romford Road at that time), along Green Street down to the small, also lost, natural harbour known as Ham Creek. Ham Creek was filled-in in the nineteenth century,[5] but the small residual head of the creek still formed the boundary between the two areas into the late 20th century, when what remained was also filled in.
The formation of the modern borough in 1965 saw the merger of West and East Ham, together with North Woolwich and Barking west of the River Roding. Little Ilford had become part of East Ham as part of earlier local government reorganisations.
Medieval period
The prosperity of the area increased due to the construction of Bow Bridge, the only bridge over the Lea, and the creation of Stratford Langthorne Abbey.
Governance
Unlike most English districts, its council is led by a directly elected mayor of Newham. From 2002 to 2009 one of the councillors had been appointed as the "civic ambassador" and performed the civic and ceremonial role previously carried out by the mayor. The post has been discontinued.[6]
At the borough elections held in 2014, the Labour Party won all 60 of the seats on the council. Sir Robin Wales was re-elected as the borough's Executive Mayor with 61% of the first preference votes cast.
In 2018, Robin Wales was deselected as the Labour Party mayoral candidate. Rokhsana Fiaz was elected in the position of Executive Mayor, also for the Labour party.[7]
Coat of arms
The borough adopted West Ham's coat of arms, but with a motto adapted from that of East Ham.[8]
The arms include the following elements:
- The crosier signified the Cistercian Stratford Langthorne Abbey.
- The sword and the red and yellow chevronells are taken from the arms of William de Montfitchet, a major local landowner and founder of the abbey.
- The crossed hammers represent the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, once a major local employer.
- The ship in full sail represents the maritime trades and the area's links to the sea.
- The arms also include a sun rising in the east.
The borough's motto, "Progress with the People" is an English translation of East Ham's Latin "Progressio cum Populo".
Greater London representation
For elections to the Greater London Council, the borough formed the Newham electoral division, electing three members. In 1973 it was divided into the single-member Newham North East, Newham North West and Newham South electoral divisions.[9] The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986.
Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the City and East constituency.
Demography
Population figures
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 8,875 | — |
| 1811 | 11,166 | +25.8% |
| 1821 | 13,005 | +16.5% |
| 1831 | 15,553 | +19.6% |
| 1841 | 17,758 | +14.2% |
| 1851 | 24,875 | +40.1% |
| 1861 | 69,355 | +178.8% |
| 1871 | 113,835 | +64.1% |
| 1881 | 158,314 | +39.1% |
| 1891 | 259,155 | +63.7% |
| 1901 | 338,506 | +30.6% |
| 1911 | 442,158 | +30.6% |
| 1921 | 448,081 | +1.3% |
| 1931 | 454,096 | +1.3% |
| 1941 | 377,508 | −16.9% |
| 1951 | 313,837 | −16.9% |
| 1961 | 271,858 | −13.4% |
| 1971 | 235,496 | −13.4% |
| 1981 | 209,131 | −11.2% |
| 1991 | 221,146 | +5.7% |
| 2001 | 243,737 | +10.2% |
| 2011 | 307,984 | +26.4% |
| 2021 | 351,030 | +14.0% |
| Source: A Vision of Britain through time, citing Census population | ||
Newham has, after Barnet and Croydon, the third highest population of the London boroughs, with a population numbering 382,984 as of 2021. Despite growing since the 1980s, it is still drastically lower than its pre-war peak. In the period between 1951 and 1981, Newham's population shrunk by 28.87% owing to factors such as the war bombings and the increasingly high unemployment. The redevelopment of the Docklands as well as development related to the 2012 Olympics have contributed to reversing its declining trend.[10]
Ethnicities
Newham has the youngest overall population and one of the lowest White British populations in the country according to the 2011 UK Census. The borough has the second-highest percentage of Muslims in the UK, after the neighbouring London Borough of Tower Hamlets, at 32%. A 2017 report from Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that 36% of local employees in Newham are in low paid work; the highest percentage of any London borough. Newham also has a 37% poverty rate, which is the second-highest rate in London.[11]
Newham is very ethnically diverse. When using Simpson's Diversity Index on 10 aggregated ethnic groups, the 2001 UK Census identified Newham as the most ethnically diverse district in England and Wales, with 9 wards in the top 15.[12] However, when using the 16 ethnic categories in the Census so that White Irish and White Other ethnic minorities are also included in the analysis, Newham becomes the second-most ethnically diverse borough[13] with six out of the top 15 wards, behind Brent with 7 out of the top 15 wards.
Newham has the lowest percentage of both total White and White British residents of all of London's boroughs.[14][15] The joint-lowest wards with White British population are Green Street East and Green Street West, each having 4.8% – the third-lowest behind Southall Broadway and Southall Green in Ealing. East Ham North follows closely, at 4.9%.[16]
As of the 2021 UK census, people of "Bangladeshi" ethnicity are the largest single group in the borough at 15.9%. "White British" are the second largest group at 14.8%, with "White Other" third largest at 14.6%, "African" fourth largest at 11.6%, "Indian" next largest at 11% and then "Pakistani" at 8.9%. Newham has had a large Asian community for many decades; more than half of Newham's Upton and Kensington wards were of ethnic minority origin in 1981.[17] The nationality to increase the most in number since 1991 is the Bangladeshi community.[18] Newham has the largest total population of Asian origin in London; it is notably a borough with high populations of all three largest British Asian nationalities, having the 5th highest Indian population in London and the 2nd highest each for both Pakistani and Bangladeshi.[19]
Newham has 1,340 residents who were born in Ukraine, the highest population of Ukrainians in the UK.[20]
| Ethnic Group | 1981 estimations[21] | 1991[22] | 2001[23] | 2011[24] | 2021[25] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | 152,641 | 73.4% | 122,403 | 57.69% | 96,130 | 39.42% | 89,216 | 28.97% | 107,947 | 30.8% |
| White: British | – | – | – | – | 82,390 | 33.78% | 51,516 | 16.73% | 51,819 | 14.8% |
| White: Irish | – | – | – | – | 3,231 | 1.32% | 2,172 | 0.71% | 2,039 | 0.6% |
| White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | – | – | 462 | 0.15% | 353 | 0.1% |
| White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,342 | 0.7% |
| White: Other | – | – | – | – | 10,509 | 4.31% | 35,066 | 11.39% | 51,394 | 14.6% |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | 56,331 | 26.5% | 81,651 | 33.48% | 133,895 | 43.47% | 148,187 | 42.3% |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | 27,656 | 13.03% | 29,597 | 12.14% | 42,484 | 13.79% | 38,642 | 11.0% |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | 12,504 | 5.89% | 20,644 | 8.46% | 30,307 | 9.84% | 31,216 | 8.9% |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | 8,152 | 3.84% | 21,458 | 8.80% | 37,262 | 12.10% | 55,677 | 15.9% |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese | – | – | 1,712 | 2,349 | 0.96% | 3,930 | 1.28% | 6,213 | 1.8% | |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | 6,307 | 7,603 | 3.12% | 19,912 | 6.47% | 16,439 | 4.7% | |
| Black or Black British: Total | – | – | 30,471 | 14.4% | 52,653 | 21.59% | 60,256 | 19.56% | 61,302 | 17.4% |
| Black or Black British: African | – | – | 15,252 | 7.1% | 31,982 | 13.11% | 37,811 | 12.28% | 40,874 | 11.6% |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | 11,861 | 5.59% | 17,931 | 7.35% | 15,050 | 4.89% | 13,586 | 3.9% |
| Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | 3,358 | 2,740 | 1.12% | 7,395 | 2.40% | 6,842 | 1.9% | |
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | 8,248 | 3.38% | 13,945 | 4.53% | 16,419 | 4.6% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 2,986 | 1.22% | 3,957 | 1.28% | 4,253 | 1.2% |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | 1,657 | 0.68% | 3,319 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Newham_(London_Borough)|||