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National Medal of Technology and Innovation
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| National Medal of Technology and Innovation | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Description | Outstanding contributions to the Nation’s economic, environmental and social well-being through the development and commercialization of technological products, processes and concepts; technological innovation; and development of the Nation’s technological manpower.[1] |
| Location | Washington, D.C. |
| Country |  United States |
| Presented by | President of the United States |
| First awarded | 1985 |
| Website | http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/index.jsp |
 Ribbon of the medal | |
The National Medal of Technology and Innovation (formerly the National Medal of Technology) is an honor granted by the President of the United States to American inventors and innovators who have made significant contributions to the development of new and important technology. The award may be granted to a specific person, to a group of people or to an entire organization or corporation. It is the highest honor the United States can confer to a US citizen for achievements related to technological progress.
History
The National Medal of Technology was created in 1980 by the United States Congress under the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act. It was a bipartisan effort to foster technological innovation and the technological competitiveness of the United States in the international arena. The first National Medals of Technology were issued in 1985 by then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan to 12 individuals and one company.[2] Among the first recipients were Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer. The medal has been awarded annually until 2015.[2]
On August 9, 2007, President George Bush signed the America COMPETES (Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science) Act of 2007. The Act amended Section 16 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, changing the name of the Medal to the "National Medal of Technology and Innovation".[1]
Award process
Each year the Technology Administration under the U.S. Department of Commerce calls for the nomination of new candidates for the National Medal of Technology. Candidates are nominated by their peers who have direct, first-hand knowledge of the candidates achievements. Candidates may be individuals, teams of individuals (up to 4), organizations or corporations. Individuals and all members of teams nominated must be U.S. citizens and organizations and corporations must be U.S.-owned (i.e. 50% of their assets or shares must be currently held by U.S. citizens).
All nominations are referred to the National Medal of Technology Evaluation Committee, which issues recommendations to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce. All nominees selected as finalists through the merit review process will be subject to an FBI security check. Information collected through the security check may be considered in the final selection of winners. The Secretary of Commerce is then able to advise the President of the United States as to which candidates ought to receive the National Medal of Technology. The new National Medal of Technology laureates are then announced by the U.S. president once the final selections have been made.
Laureates
As of 2005[update], there have been more than 135 individuals and 12 companies recognized. Summarized here is a list of notable laureates and a summary of their accomplishments.
| 1985 | Fred Brooks, Erich Bloch and Bob Evans | "For their contributions to the IBM System/360, a computer system and technologies which revolutionized the data processing industry…" |
| 1985 | Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak | "For their development and introduction of the personal computer…" |
| 1985 | Marvin M. Johnson | "For his discovery and development of metal passivating agents for catalytic cracking catalysts…" |
| 1985 | Ralph Landau | "For his technical, leadership and entrepreneurial roles in the development of commercially successful petrochemical processes…" |
| 1985 | John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen | "For their development and successful demonstration of the numerically-controlled machine tool for the production of three-dimensional shapes…" |
| 1985 | Harold Rosen and Allen E. Puckett | "For their technological contributions and leadership in the initiation and development of geostationary communications satellites…" |
| 1985 | Joseph F. Sutter | "For his contributions to the development of the commercial airliner jet, the 747…" |
| 1986 | Bernard M. Gordon | "For his invention and development of D/A and A/D conversion…" |
| 1986 | Reynold B. Johnson | "For his invention and development of magnetic disk storage…" |
| 1986 | William Norris | "For the advancement of micro electronics and computer technology…" |
| 1986 | Frank Piasecki | "For the development of the tandem rotor helicopter (Flying Banana), the compound aircraft (an innovative VTOL design), and other contributions to vertical lift aircraft…" |
| 1986 | S. Donald Stookey | "For the invention of glass-ceramics, photosensitive glass, photochromic glass, and of photo-etchible glass…" |
| 1986 | Francis Versnyder | "For the development and application of directionally solidified and single crystal turbine components which improve fuel efficiencies and maintenance requirements for jet aircraft engines…" |
| 1987 | Joseph V. Charyk | "For employment of the concept of the geosynchronous communications satellite systems as the basis for a global telecommunications system,…" |
| 1987 | W. Edwards Deming | "For his forceful promotion of statistical methodology, for his contributions to sampling theory and for his advocacy to corporations and nations of a general management philosophy that has resulted in improved product quality with consequent betterment of products available to users as well as more efficient corporate performance." |
| 1987 | John E. Franz | "For his discovery of the herbicidal properties of glyphosates which have had significant consequences upon the production of agricultural food and fiber as well as upon agricultural practices throughout the world." |
| 1987 | Robert N. Noyce | "For his inventions in the field of semiconductor integrated circuits…" |
| 1988 | John L. Atwood | "For distinguished leadership, technical competence and integrity in the technological advancement of aviation and space travel." |
| 1988 | Arnold O. Beckman | "For exceptional creativity in designing analytical instruments" (spectrophotometry) |
| 1988 | Paul M. Cook | "For his vision and entrepreneurial efforts, his technical accomplishments and his business and technical leadership as the key contributor in creating a worldwide chemically based industry." |
| 1988 | Raymond Damadian and Paul C. Lauterbur | "For their independent contributions in conceiving and developing the application of magnetic resonance technology to medical uses including whole body scanning and diagnostic imaging." |
| 1988 | Robert H. Dennard | "For invention of the basic one-transistor dynamic memory cell used worldwide in virtually all modern computers." |
| 1988 | Harold Eugene Edgerton | "For the invention of the electronic stroboscopic flash and for finding a multitude of applications for it within science, technology and industry." (stroboscope) |
| 1988 | Clarence Johnson | "For his outstanding achievements in the design of a series of commercial, military, and reconnaissance aircraft that incorporated a wide range of technological advancements, and for his innovative management techniques which helped develop and produce these aircraft in record time and at a minimum cost." |
| 1988 | Edwin H. Land | "For the invention, development and marketing of instant photography." |
| 1988 | David Packard | "For extraordinary and unselfish leadership in both industry and government, particularly in widely diversified technological fields…" |
| 1989 | Herbert W. Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen | "For their fundamental invention of gene splicing techniques … and discovery of recombinant DNA technology" |
| 1989 | Jay Wright Forrester and Robert Everett | "For their work in real-time computer technologies and applications." |
| 1989 | Helen T. Edwards, Richard A. Lundy, J. Ritchie Orr and Alvin V. Tollestrup | "For their contributions to the design, construction and initial operation of the Tevatron particle accelerator" |
| 1990 | John Atanasoff | "For his invention of the electronic digital computer…" |
| 1990 | Marvin Camras | "For the development and commercialization of magnetic recording…" |
| 1990 | The DuPont Company | "For pioneering the development and commercialization of high-performance man-made polymers such as nylon, neoprene rubber, "Teflon" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics which have strengthened America's global competitiveness and benefited humankind." |
| 1990 | Donald N. Frey | "For his management of a wide range of commercial applications of new technology while serving as a senior executive in different industries; and for subsequent teaching and research, as a Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, on the principles of technology commercialization." |
| 1990 | Fred W. Garry | "For the design, manufacture and commercialization of high performance jet engines that lead the world in performance, efficiency, life-cycle cost, and minimal environmental impact…" |
| 1990 | Wilson Greatbatch | "For invention, development and introduction into clinical usage of the implantable cardiac pacemaker resulting in saving over two million lives." |
| 1990 | Jack Kilby | "For his invention and contributions to the commercialization of the integrated circuit and the silicon thermal print-head; for his contributions to the development of the first computer using integrated circuits; and for the invention of the hand-held calculator, and gate array." |
| 1990 | John S. Mayo | "For providing the technological foundation for information-age communications, and for overseeing the conversion of the national switched telephone network from analog to a digital-based technology for virtually all long-distance calls both nationwide and between continents." |
| 1990 | Gordon Moore | "For his seminal leadership in … large-scale integrated memory and the microprocessor…" |
| 1990 | David Pall | "For patenting and commercializing over 100 filtration and other fluid clarification products which have contributed significantly to society in safety of flight…" |
| 1990 | Chauncey Starr | "For his original contributions to energy production and policy; for pioneering in nuclear power; for developing risk assessment and risk management concepts; for organizing the Electric Power Research Institute, a consortium; for leadership in engineering education and contributions to a technically trained U.S. work force." |
| 1991 | Stephen Bechtel, Jr. | "For his outstanding leadership in the engineering profession with special recognition for his contributions to the development and application of advanced management techniques to world-class industrial projects." |
| 1991 | Gordon Bell | "For his continuing intellectual and industrial achievements in the field of computer design; and for his leading role in establishing cost-effective, powerful computers which serve as a significant tool for engineering, science and industry." |
| 1991 | Geoffrey Boothroyd and Peter Dewhurst | "For their concept, development and commercialization of Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA)…" |
| 1991 | John Cocke | "For his development and implementation of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture that significantly increased the speed and efficiency of computers, thereby enhancing U.S. technological competitiveness." |
| 1991 | Carl Djerassi | "For his broad technological contributions to solving environmental problems; and for his initiatives in developing novel, practical approaches to insect control products that are biodegradable and harmless." |
| 1991 | James Johnson Duderstadt | "For his excellence in the development and implementation of strategies for engineering education; and for his successes in bringing women and minorities into the Nation's technological work force." |
| 1991 | Bob Galvin | "For advancement of the American electronics industry through continuous technological innovation, establishing Motorola as a world-class electronics manufacturer." |
| 1991 | Rear Admiral Grace Hopper | "For her pioneering accomplishments in the development of computer programming languages that simplified computer technology and opened the door to a significantly larger universe of users." |
| 1991 | F. Kenneth Iverson | "For his concept of producing steel in minimills using revolutionary slabcasting technology that has revitalized the American steel industry." |
| 1991 | Frederick McKinley Jones and Joseph A. Numero | "For … development of refrigeration technology … which revolutionized the preservation and distribution of food and other perishables…" |
| 1991 | David W. Thompson, Antonio L. Elias, David S. Hollingsworth and Robert R. Lovell | "For their invention, development, and production of the Pegasus rocket, the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle, that has opened the door to greater commercial, scientific and defense uses." |
| 1991 | Charles E. Reed | "For his management risk-taking in continuous innovation leading General Electric Company to world-class production of advanced engineering materials." |
| 1991 | John Stapp | "For his research on the effects of mechanical force on living tissues leading to safety developments in crash protection technology for automobiles, aircraft, trains, manned space flight and other modes of transportation." |
| 1992 | Bill Gates | "For his early vision of universal computing at home and in the office…" |
| 1992 | Walter Lincoln Hawkins | "For his invention and contribution to the commercialization of long-lived plastic coatings for communications cable that has saved billions of dollars for telephone companies around the world…" |
| 1992 | Joseph M. Juran | "For his lifetime work of providing the key principles and methods by which enterprises manage the quality of their products and processes, enhancing their ability to compete in the global marketplace." |
| 1992 | Charles Kelman | "For his innovations in cataract surgical technology resulting in reduced rehabilitation time for millions of Americans, significant savings, and the creation of a new industry." |
| 1992 | Merck & Co. | "For sustained innovation focusing on the discovery, development and worldwide commercialization of superior human and animal health products while maintaining proper concern for the environment." |
| 1992 | Delbert H. Meyer | "For his discovery of the process for making purified terephthalic acid (PTA)…" |
| 1992 | Paul B. Weisz | "For his basic discoveries and management in the field of zeolite catalysis…" |
| 1992 | Norman Joseph Woodland | "For his invention and contribution to the commercialization of bar code technology which improved productivity in every industrial sector and gave rise to the bar code industry." |
| 1993 | Amos E. Joel, Jr. | "For his vision, inventiveness and perseverance in introducing technological advances in telecommunications…" |
| 1993 | William H. Joyce | "For his vision and entrepreneurial talents, along with his technology and business leadership, in creating and commercializing a process (UNIPOL) that revolutionized the production of plastics." |
| 1993 | George Kozmetsky | "For his commercialization of various technologies through the establishment and development of over one hundred technology-based companies that employ tens of thousands of people and export over one billion dollars worldwide." |
| 1993 | George Levitt and Marinus Los | "For their independent contribution to the discovery and commercialization of environmentally friendly herbicides to help ensure an abundant food supply for a growing world population." |
| 1993 | Hans W. Liepmann | "For his outstanding research contributions to the field of fluid mechanics and for his devotion for over 40 years to the education of the world's leaders in aeronautical engineering." |
| 1993 | William D. Manly | "For his outstanding success in the development and processing of advanced high-temperature and high-performance materials, and the transfer of this technology to a variety of American industries." |
| 1993 | Kenneth H. Olsen | "For his contributions to the development and use of computer technology." (Digital Equipment Corporation – DEC) |
| 1993 | Walter L. Robb | "For his leadership in the development and commercialization of new medical imaging technologies and related manufacturing initiatives…" |
| 1994 | AMGEN | "For its leadership in developing innovative and important commercial therapeutics based on advances in cellular and molecular biology for delivery to critically ill patients throughout the world." |
| 1994 | Corning Inc. | "For a series of technological innovations yielding a wide range of extraordinary products, from pollution control materials to space shuttle windows. For life changing and life enhancing inventions which made possible entire new industries – lighting, television and optical communications." |
| 1994 | Joel S. Engel and Richard H. Frenkiel | "For their fundamental contributions to the theory, design and development of cellular mobile communications systems." |
| 1994 | Joseph Gerber | "For his past and continuing technical leadership in the invention, development and commercialization of manufacturing automation systems for a wide variety of industries…" |
| 1994 | Irwin M. Jacobs | "For his development of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) as a commercial technology adopted as a U.S. digital cellular standard." |
| 1995 | Edward R. McCracken | "For his groundbreaking work in the areas of affordable 3D visual computing and super computing technologies; and for his technical and leadership skills in building Silicon Graphics, Inc., into a global advanced technology company."[3] |
| 1995 | Praveen Chaudhari, Jerome J. Cuomo, and Richard J. Gambino | "For the discovery and development of a new class of materials-the amorphous magnetic materials-that are the basis of erasable, read-write, optical storage technology, now the foundation of the worldwide magnetic-optic disk industry."[3] |
| 1995 | The Procter & Gamble Company | "For creating, developing and applying advanced technologies to consumer products which have strengthened the American economy while helping to improve the quality of life for millions of consumers worldwide."[3] |
| 1995 | 3M | "For its many innovations over decades, producing thousands of successfully commercialized products…"[3] |
| 1995 | Sam B. Williams | "For his unequaled achievements as a gifted inventor, tenacious entrepreneur, risk-taker and engineering genius in making the USA number one in small gas turbine engine technology and competitiveness, and for his leadership and vision in revitalizing the U.S. general aviation business jet and trainer jet aircraft industry." |
| 1995 | Alejandro Zaffaroni | "For his contributions to time released medicine and serial entrepreneurship in the field of biotechnology."[3] |
| 1996 | Ronald H. Brown | "For his vision of American global technological leadership, his tireless advocacy of research and development for economic growth and higher living standards for all, and his energetic efforts to champion the innovative spirit of the American people." |
| 1996 | Johnson & Johnson | "For a century of continuous innovation in research, development and commercialization of products that are critical in the management of disease, improvement of quality of life, reduction of health care costs and fostering of U.S. global competitiveness." |
| 1996 | Charles Kaman | "For his pioneering work in the field of rotary-wing flight, his unique capacity for successful technology transfer from defense to commercial use, and for fostering a corporate environment in which diverse technological achievements flourish and new businesses are created." |
| 1996 | Stephanie Kwolek | "For her contributions to the discovery, development and liquid crystal processing of high-performance aramid fibers (Kevlar)." |
| 1996 | James C. Morgan | "For his leadership of 20 years developing the U.S. semiconductor manufacturing equipment industry, and for his vision in building Applied Materials, Inc. into the leading equipment company in the world, a major exporter and a global technology pioneer which helps enable Information Age technologies for the benefit of society." |
| 1996 | Peter H. Rose | "For his vision and outstanding leadership in the development and commercialization of ion implantation products that make possible the manufacture of modern semiconductors; and for his success in establishing and maintaining U.S. global leadership in the implantation equipment industry." |
| 1997 | Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn | "For creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols." |
| 1997 | Norman Ralph Augustine | "For visionary leadership of the aerospace industry, for championing technical and managerial solutions to the many challenges in civil and defense systems, and for contributions to the United States world preeminence in aerospace." |
| 1997 | Ray Dolby | "For his inventions and for fostering their adoption worldwide through the products and programs of his company." |
| 1997 | Robert Ledley | "For pioneering contributions to biomedical computing and engineering, including inventing the whole-body CT scanner which revolutionized the practice of radiology, and for his role in developing automated chromosome analysis for prenatal diagnosis of birth defects." |
| 1998 | Denton Cooley | "For his inspirational skill, leadership, and technical accomplishments during six decades practicing cardiovascular surgery, including performing the first successful human heart transplant in the United States and the world's first implantation of an artificial heart…" |
| 1998 | Robert Fraley, Robert Horsch, Ernest Jaworski, and Stephen G. Rogers | "For their pioneering achievements in plant biology and agricultural biotechnology, and for global leadership in the development and commercialization of genetically modified crops to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability." |
| 1998 | Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie | "For co-inventing the UNIX operating system and the C programming language which together have led to enormous advance to computer hardware, software and networking systems. And assimilated the growth of an entire industry thereby enhancing American leadership in the information age." |
| 1998 | Biogen, Inc. | "For its leadership in applying breakthroughs in biology to the development of lifesaving and life-enhancing pharmaceutical products designed to treat large, previously underserved patient populations throughout the world, including development of hepatitis B vaccines, the first vaccines using recombinant DNA technology." |
| 1998 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | "For extending and enhancing human life through innovative pharmaceutical research and development, and for redefining the science of clinical study through groundbreaking and hugely complex clinical trials that are recognized models in the industry." |
| 1999 | Glen Culler | "For pioneering innovations in multiple branches of computing, including early efforts in digital speech processing, invention of the first on-line system for interactive graphical mathematics computing and pioneering work on the ARPAnet." |
| 1999 | Ray Kurzweil | "For pioneering and innovative achievements in computer science such as voice recognition, which have overcome many barriers and enriched the lives of disabled persons and all Americans." |
| 1999 | Robert A. Swanson | "For his foresight and leadership in recognizing the commercial promise of recombinant DNA technology and his seminal role in the establishment and development of the biotechnology industry." |
| 1999 | Robert W. Taylor | "For visionary leadership in the development of modern computing technology, including computer networks, the personal computer and the graphical user interface." |
| 2000 | Douglas Engelbart | "For creating the foundations of personal computing including continuous, real-time interaction based on cathode-ray tube displays and the mouse, hypertext linking, text editing, on-line journals, shared-screen teleconferencing, and remote collaborative work. More than any other person, he created the personal computing component of the computer revolution." |
| 2000 | Dean Kamen | "For inventions that have advanced medical care worldwide, and for … awakening America to the excitement of science and technology." |
| 2000 | Donald Keck, Robert D. Maurer, and Peter C. Schultz | "For teaming up at the Corning Glass Corporation to co-invent low-loss fiber optic cable." |
| 2000 | IBM | "For… the world's leader in basic data storage technologies." |
| 2001 | John A. Ewen | "For his basic discoveries and inventions in the field of metallocene catalysis which have revolutionized the production of polyethylene and polypropylene plastics, thereby enhancing American leadership and stimulating the growth of the entire industry." |
| 2001 | Arun Netravali | "For pioneering contributions that transformed TV from analog to digital, enabling numerous integrated circuits, systems and services in broadcast TV, CATV, DBS, HDTV, and multimedia over the Internet; and for technical expertise and leadership, which have kept Bell Labs at the forefront in communications technology." |
| 2001 | Sidney Pestka | "For pioneering achievements that led to the development of the biotechnology industry." |
| 2001 | Jerry Woodall | "For his pioneeriong role in the research and development of compound semiconductor materials and devices; for the invention and development of technologically and commercially important compound semiconductor heterojunction materials, processes, and related devices, such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, ultra-fast transistors, and solar cells." |
| 2001 | Dow Chemical Company | "For leadership in science and technology, for the vision to create great science and innovative technology in the chemical industry, and for the positive impact that commercialization of this technology has had on society." |
| 2002 | Calvin H. Carter | "For his exceptional contributions to the development of silicon carbide wafers." |
| 2002 | Carver Mead | "For his pioneering contributions to microelectronics that include spearheading the development of tools and techniques for modern integrated-circuit design, laying the foundation for fabless semiconductor companies, catalyzing the electronic-design automation field…" |
| 2002 | Carl D. Keith and John J. Mooney | "For the invention, application to automobiles, and commercialization of the three-way catalytic converter." |
| 2002 | M. George Craford, Russell Dean Dupuis, Nick Holonyak | "For contributions to the development and commercialization of light-emitting diode (LED) technology, with applications to digital displays, consumer electronics, automotive lighting, traffic signals, and general illumination." |
| 2002 | Haren S. Gandhi | "For his research, development, and commercialization of automotive exhaust catalyst technology, shaping the industry from its very beginning and continually pushing to improve the quality of the air we breathe." |
| 2003 | DuPont | "For policy and technology leadership in the phaseout and replacement of chlorofluorocarbons."[4] |
| 2003 | Jan D. Achenbach | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation