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This list of motion picture film formats catalogues formats developed for shooting or viewing motion pictures, ranging from the Chronophotographe format from 1888, to mid-20th century formats such as the 1953 CinemaScope format, to more recent formats such as the 1992 IMAX HD format.
To be included in this list, the formats must all have been used in the field or for test shooting, and they must all use photochemical images that are formed or projected on a film base, a transparent substrate which supports the photosensitive emulsion. As well, the formats must have been used to make more than just a few test frames. The camera must be fast enough (in frames per second) to create an illusion of motion consistent with the persistence of vision phenomenon. The format must be significantly unique from other listed formats in regard to its image capture or image projection. The format characteristics should be clearly definable in several listed parameters (e. g., film gauge, aspect ratio, etc.).
Legend
- Format is the name of the process; some formats may have multiple names in common usage.
- Creator is the individual or company most directly attributable as the developer of the system.
- Year created usually refers to the earliest date that the system was used to completion (i.e. projection), but may refer to when it was developed if no known film was made.
- First known film is the first film (not including tests) made with the format and intended for release.
- Negative gauge is the film gauge (width) used for the original camera negative.
- Negative aspect ratio is the image ratio determined by the ratio of the gate dimensions multiplied by the anamorphic power of the camera lenses (1× in the case of spherical lenses).[1]
- Gate dimensions are the width and height of the camera gate aperture, and by extension the film negative frame.
- Negative pulldown describes the film perforations per frame, the direction of film transport, and standard frame speed. Film transport is assumed to be vertical unless otherwise noted, and standard frame speed is assumed to be 24 frames per second unless the film is otherwise noted or has no standard. Silent film has no standard speed; many amateur formats have several common speeds, but no standard.
- Negative lenses indicates whether spherical (normal) or anamorphic lenses are used on the original camera negative, and if anamorphic lenses, what anamorphic power is used.
- Projection gauge is the film gauge (width) used for the release print.
- Projection aspect ratio is the image ratio determined by the ratio of the projection dimensions multiplied by the anamorphic power of the projection lenses (1× in the case of spherical lenses). This is also known as the intended theatrical aspect ratio.[1]
- Projection dimensions are the width and height of the projector aperture plate, and by extension the film frame area which is projected. The aperture plate always very slightly crops the frame.
- Projection lenses indicates whether spherical (normal) or anamorphic lenses are used on the projector, and if anamorphic lenses, what anamorphic power is used.
Formats are listed in chronological order and by release date in the case of multiple formats within one year, if this can be determined. Undated formats are listed at the bottom in alphabetical order.
Film formats
- The table does not cover 3-D film systems or color film systems, nor is it well-suited to emphasize the differences between those systems.
| Format | Creator | Est. | First known work |
Negative gauge |
Negative A/R[1] |
Gate dims |
Negative pulldown |
Negative lenses |
Projection gauge |
Projection A/R[1] |
Projection dims |
Projection lenses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronophotographe[2] | Étienne-Jules Marey | 1888 | motion analysis studies | 90 mm | 1.00 | 3.543" × 3.543" | unperforated | spherical | ||||
| Paper film[3] | Louis Le Prince | 1888 | Roundhay Garden Scene | 65 mm | 1.00 | unperforated | spherical | not known | 1.00 | spherical | ||
| Machine Camera | Wm. Friese-Greene | 1889 | Hyde Park Corner & Marble Arch | 65 mm | 1.00 | pin wheel perforation | spherical | |||||
| Kinetoscope cylinder | Wm. Dickson & T. Edison | 1889 or 1890 | Monkeyshines, No. 1 | strip rolled around a cylinder | unperforated | spherical | spherical | |||||
| Kinesigraph | Wordsworth Donisthorpe | 1890 or 1891 | view of Trafalgar Square | 70 mm | 1.00 | unperforated | spherical | |||||
| Friese-Greene | Wm. Friese-Greene | 1891 | King's Road, Chelsea, London | 60 mm | 1.325 | 8 round perfs, 2 sides | spherical | |||||
| Kinetoscope horizontal | Wm. Dickson & William Heise | 1891 | Dickson Greeting | 19 mm | 6 perf, 1 side, horizontal | spherical | spherical | |||||
| Silent film standard | Wm. Dickson & T. Edison | 1892 | Blacksmith Scene | 35 mm | 1.33 | 0.980" × 0.735" | 4 perf, 2 sides | spherical | 35 mm | 1.33 | 0.931" × 0.698" | spherical |
| Bioscop | Max Skladanowsky | 1892 | footage of Emil Skladanowsky | 54 mm | unperforated (camera); 4 perf, 2 sides (projection) | spherical | 54 mm (two strips interleaved) | spherical | ||||
| Eidoloscope[4] | Woodville Latham | 1895 | Griffo-Barnett Prize Fight | 51 mm | 1.85 | 1.457" × 0.787" | 4 perf, 2 sides | spherical | 51 mm | 1.85 | spherical | |
| Cinematographe | Lumière Brothers | 1895 | La Sortie des Usines Lumiere | 35 mm | 1.33 | 0.980" × 0.735" | 1 perf, 2 sides (rounded) | spherical | 35 mm | 1.33 | spherical | |
| Biograph | Wm. Dickson & Herman Casler | 1895 | Sparring Contest at Canastota | 68 mm | 1.35 | 2.625" × 1.938" | 1 perf, 2 sides (punched in-camera) | spherical | 68 mm | spherical | ||
| Joly-Normandin | Henri Joly | 1895 | 60 mm | 5 perf, 2 sides | spherical | 60 mm | spherical | |||||
| Biographe | Demeny-Gaumont | 1896 | 60 mm | 1.40 | 1.750" × 1.250" | unperforated | spherical | 60 mm | 1.40 | spherical | ||
| Chronophotographe | Demeny-Gaumont | 1896 | 60 mm | 1.40 | 1.750" × 1.250" | 4 perf, 2 sides | spherical | 60 mm | 1.40 | spherical | ||
| Sivan-Dalphin | Casimir Sivan and E. Dalphin | 1896 | 38 mm | 2 perf, 2 sides | spherical | 38 mm | spherical | |||||
| Veriscope | Enoch Rector | 1897 | The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight | 63 mm | 1.66 | 1.875" × 1.125" | 5 perf, 2 sides | spherical | 63 mm | spherical | ||
| Viventoscope | Thomas Henry Blair | 1897 | 48 mm | 1.50 | 1.500" × 1.000" | 1 perf? | spherical | 48 mm | spherical | |||
| Birtac | Birt Acres | 1898 | unknown (amateur format) | 17.5 mm | 2 perf, 1 side | spherical | 17.5 mm | spherical | ||||
| Biokam | T. C. Hepworth | 1899 | unknown (amateur format) | 17.5 mm | 1.60 | 0.630" × 0.394" | 1 perf, center | spherical | 17.5 mm | spherical | ||
| Prestwich 13 mm | John Alfred Prestwich | 1899 | unknown (amateur format) | 13 mm | spherical | 13 mm | spherical | |||||
| Mirograph | Reulos, Goudeau & Co | 1900 | unknown (amateur format) | 21 mm | 1 notch, 2 sides | spherical | 21 mm | spherical | ||||
| Lumiere Wide | Lumière Brothers | 1900 | 75 mm | 1.33 | 2.362" × 1.772" | 8 perf, 2 sides | spherical | 75 mm | 1.33 | spherical | ||
| Cinéorama | R. Grimoin-Sanson | 1900 | Cinéorama | 70 mm × 10 cameras (360°) | 4 perf? | spherical | 70 mm × 10 projectors (360°) | spherical | ||||
| La Petite (Hughes) | W.C. Hughes | 1900 | unknown (amateur format) | 17.5 mm | 1.60 | 0.630" × 0.394" | 1 perf, center (smaller and less rectangular than Biokam) | spherical | 17.5 mm | spherical | ||
| Pocket Chrono | Gaumont Demeny | 1900 | unknown (amateur format) | 15 mm | 1 perf, center | spherical | 15 mm | spherical | ||||
| Vitak | William Wardell | 1902 | unknown (amateur format) | no standard | no standard | no standard | 1 perf, center | spherical | 11 mm | spherical | ||
| Home Kinetoscope | Edison | 1912 | unknown (amateur format) | no standard | no standard | no standard | no standard | spherical | 22 mm, 2 perf (on frameline between frame rows) | 1.5 | 0.236" × 0.157" (three frames across width) | spherical |
| Pathe Kok | Pathé | 1912 | unknown (amateur format) | 28 mm | 1.36 | 0.748" × 0.551" | 3 perf on one side, 1 perf on the other | spherical | 28 mm | spherical | ||
| Duoscope | Alexander F. Victor | 1912 | unknown (amateur format) | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_motion_picture_film_formats