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List of massacres in China
...The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in China. The massacres are grouped for different time periods.
Imperial China (before 1912)
| Name | Date (Dynasty) | Location | Deaths | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massacre of the Eunuchs | 189, 22 September | Luoyang | 2,000+ | |
| Yongjia disaster | 304–316 (Jin) | Luoyang | 30,000, exaggerated[1] and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster. | The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians. The deaths of 30,000 was based on the Book of Jin compiled in 648.[1] All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster. |
| Jie genocide in the Ran Wei–Later Zhao War | 350–352 (Later Zhao and Ran Wei) | Northern China | More than 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians" | Ran Min massacred over 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians". Non-Han in general were targeted by Ran Min's forces. |
| Yangzhou merchants massacre | 760 (Tang) | Yangzhou | thousands | Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Arabs, Persians and other foreigners were killed. It coincided with the An Lushan Rebellion.[2][3] |
| Fanyang massacre | 761 (Tang) | Fanyang (Jicheng (Beijing)) | ? | Many foreign Sogdians and other Central Asians (known as "Hu" barbarians) were massacred by Gao Juren, a general of Goguryeo origin. |
| Massacre of Uyghur Manichaeans and Huichang persecution of Buddhism | 13 February 843-845 | Shahu in | 10,000 Uyghurs were killed at Shahu by Tang armies, more Manichaean priests massacred after Shahu and more Uyghurs were killed by the Yenisei Kyrgyz | Tang dynasty general Shi Xiong slaughtered 10,000 Uyghur Manichaeans at Shahu on 13 February 843 and then the Tang dynasty launched the Huichang persecution of Buddhism where Manichaean priests were slaughtered. Another Tang dynasty general Liu Mian massacred the remaining Uyghur troops. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate helped the Tang dynasty massacre Uyghurs on the Mongolia steppe. |
| Guangzhou merchants massacre | 878–879 (Tang) | Guangzhou | Tens of thousands.
(modern estimate) 120-200,000 (primary source)[4] |
Merchants from the Abbasid Caliphate such as Muslim Arabs, Persians, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians were killed. |
| Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty | 1211–1234 (Song) | Northern China | Several million Jurchen people | Genghis Khan and his sons waged war against the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and after Mongol siege of Kaifeng they massacred Jurchens of the imperial family, Wanyan. |
| Mongol conquest of Western Xia | 1225–1227 | now Ningxia and Gansu | Several million Tangut people | Genghis Khan ordered genocidal extermination of the Tangut people in Western Xia after they betrayed him and rebelled. |
| First Sichuan massacre | 1221–1264 (Song) | Sichuan | 2 million est.[5] | Part of Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty. |
| Ispah Quanzhou massacres | 1357–1366 (Yuan) | Quanzhou | ? | Yuan dynasty loyalists led by Chen Youding massacred Hui Semu Muslims who rebelled against Yuan rule. |
| Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre | 1583 (Ming) | Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) | ? | The Jianzhou Jurchens Giocangga and his son Taksi are massacred by Nikan Wailan. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming. |
| Second Sichuan massacre | 1645–1646 (Qing) | Sichuan | 1 million est.[5] | There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 million Sichuanese were massacred mainly by the army of Zhang Xianzhong.[5] |
| Yangzhou massacre | 1645 (Qing) | Yangzhou | 300,000 (modern estimate)[6] | The Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killings of innocent civilians by Manchu and defected Han Chinese soldiers, commanded by the Manchu general Dodo. Defected southern Han Chinese made up the majority in addition to the Eight Banner Han forces. The massacre is described in a contemporary account, A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou, by Wang Xiuchu which is the account that exaggerated the figure to 800,000. |
| Three massacres in Jiading | 1645 (Qing) | Jiading District | 100,000[7] | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong |
| Jinhua massacre | 1646 (Qing) | Jinhua | 60,000 | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong[8][9] |
| Massacre of Muslims loyal to the Ming in Gansu | 1649 (Qing) | Gansu | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming dynasty were massacred by Qing Eight banner armies. |
| Sino-Russian border conflicts | 1650–1653 (Qing) | Dauriya | Several thousand Daur people | Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov leads Russian Cossacks to massacre Daur men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing. |
| massacre of Dutch prisoners | 1661–1662 (Southern Ming) | Taiwan | ? | Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners on Taiwan |
| Chahar Mongol rebellion | 1675 (Qing) | Inner Mongolia | Several thousand Chahar Mongols | Manchus massacred Chahar Mongol rebels led by Abunai and his son Borni. Abunei was Ejei Khan's brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them. |
| Tibetan civil war of 1727-1728 | 1727-1728 (Qing) | Tibet | ? | Tibetan rebels were massacred by Manchus |
| Lhasa riot of 1750 | 1750 (Qing) | Tibet | ? | Tibetan rebels massacred Manchu officials and soldiers and Manchus crushed the uprising and executed the Tibetan rebels by torture. |
| Dzungar genocide | 1755–1757 (Qing) | Dzungar Khanate | 480,000[10] | The Qing Dynasty's army slaughtered 80% of the Oirat Mongols. |
| Uqturpan massacre | 1765 (Qing) | Uqturpan County | Several thousand Uyghurs | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Uyghurs. |
| Jahriyya revolt | 1781 (Qing) | Qinghai and Gansu | Several thousand Muslims | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Muslims. |
| Nerbudda incident | 10 August 1842 | Taiwan Prefecture | 197 British and Indian prisoners of war | On 10 August 1842, 187 British and Indian prisoners of war captured by Chinese forces from the troopship Nerbudda and brig Ann were summarily executed on the orders of the Daoguang Emperor in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at the Battle of Ningpo. |
| Taiping massacres of Manchus | December 1850 – August 1864 (Qing) | mid and lower Yangtze valley | tens of thousands of Manchus | Taiping rebels slaughtered Manchus and wiped them out entirely in many garrisons in the Yangtze region. |
| Ningpo massacre | 26 June 1857 | Ningbo | 40 Portuguese pirates | Cantonese pirates led by Ah Pak killed 40 Portuguese pirates. |
| Dungan Revolt | 1862–1873 (Qing) | Provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu | ? | Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague,[11] Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million)[12] of its population while Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million)[11] of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu permanently left China and moved to Russian controlled Central Asia. |
| Suzhou massacre | December 1863 | Suzhou, Jiangsu | 20,000[13]-40,000[14] | Massacre of POWs by Huai Army led by Li Hongzhang[15][16][17][18] |
| Jindandao incident | 1891 (Qing) | Inner Mongolia | 150,000 – 500,000 | Hundreds of thousands of Mongols of Inner Mongolia were slaughtered in the Jindandao incident |
| Port Arthur massacre | 1894, 21 November (Qing) | Lüshunkou, Liaoning | 2600–20,000 | 2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in communist sources.[19] |
| Kucheng massacre | August 1, 1895 | Gutian (at that time known in the west as Kucheng), Fujian | 11 | A Fasting folk religious group attacked British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses. |
| Second Dungan Revolt | 1895–1896 (Qing) | Provinces of Qinghai and Gansu | 100,000 | Second Dungan Revolt (Chinese: 乙未河湟事变) was a rebellion of various Chinese Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu against the Qing dynasty, that originated because of a violent dispute between two Sufi orders of the same sect. The Wahhabi-inspired Yihewani organization then joined in and encouraged the revolt, which was crushed by loyalist Muslims.
In Xunhua, Qinghai, masses of Hui, Dongxiang, Bao'an, and Salars were incited to revolt against the Qing by the Multicoloured Mosque leader Ma Yonglin. Soldiers were ordered to destroy the rebels by Brigadier General Tang Yanhe. Ma Dahan arranged a deal with the fellow Dongxiang Ma Wanfu when rebelling against the Qing dynasty. In Hezhou, Didao, and Xunhua they directed their adherents to join the rebellion. |
| Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion and Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre | 1900 (Qing) | Beijing, Aigun, Blagoveshchensk | Tens of thousands of Manchus and Daur people | Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreign Eight Nation Alliance massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus and Daur people in Blagoveshchensk during the Russian invasion of Manchuria |
| Shaanxi Uprising | 1911–1912 (Qing) | Wuhan in Hubei, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, Taiyuan in Shanxi and Xi'an in Shaanxi | Tens of thousands of Manchus | Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands. |
Republic of China (since 1912)
1912–1937
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longjing Manse Movement | March 13, 1919 | Longjing, Jilin, Republic of China | 17 or 19 | Unarmed Korean peaceful protestors were fired on by Chinese soldiers under warlord Zhang Zuolin, which caused 17 or 19 deaths and around 30 injuries |
| Gando massacre | October 1920 – April 1921 | Jiandao, Eastern Manchuria | 5,000 | During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape. |
| Shakee Massacre | 23 June 1925 | Shaji, Guangzhou | 50 | 50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang (today, the Guangdong Provincial People's Stadium), announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am when the protest had moved to the west bridge, the conflict began. British and French soldiers, perceiving gunshots being fired at them, began to fire on the protesters. In addition, British warships fired on the north coast of Shamian (then spelled Shameen). Over 50 were killed and more than 170 people were seriously injured. |
| March 18 Massacre | 18 March 1926 | Beijing | 47 | 47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured. |
| Shanghai massacre of 1927 | 1927, 12 April | Shanghai | 1200 | 300–400 direct deaths. Five thousand missing |
| Autumn Harvest Uprising | September 7, 1927 | Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei | 390,000 | |
| Kuomintang anti-communist massacre | 1928 | Nationwide in China | 40,643~310,000[20] | |
| Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe | 1928 | Jonê County and Xiahe County Gansu | ? | Tibetans in Labrang Monastery were massacred by Muslim Hui and Salar soldiers. |
| Golok massacres | 1917–1949 | Qinghai and Gansu | ? | Tibetan Goloks and Hui Muslims repeatedly fought each other for decades with huge massacres of Goloks occurring several times |
| Anti-Bolshevik League incident | May 1930 - 1931 | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 5000 | 5000 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers. |
| Futian incident | December 1930 - December 1931 | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 200 | 200 direct deaths conducted by Mao Zedong. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied against Mao Zedong's purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to the Anti-Bolshevik League and ties to Trotskyism. |
| Communist purge in Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 1931–1935 | Provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian | <700,000[21][better source needed] | According to census, 700,000 died in the 15 counties under the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet. Some scholars attribute all the deaths to the regime.[21] |
| Pingdingshan massacre | 1932, 16 September | Pingdingshan | 800-1200 | 800–1200 direct deaths conducted by Japanese military. |
| Kizil massacre | 1933, June | near Kashgar, Xinjiang | 800 | An estimated 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians were killed by Turkic Muslim fighters. |
| Minsaengdan incident | 1933 to 1936 | Manchuria | 500 | The Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Minsaengdan. The CCP arrested and expelled over 1,000 of its Korean members and killed 500 during the purges. |
| Kashgar massacre | 1934 | Kashgar, Xinjiang | 2,000–8,000 | Estimates are that 2,000 to 8,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge by Hui Muslims for the Kizil massacre. |
1937–1945 (Second Sino-Japanese War)
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongzhou mutiny | 29 July 1937 | Tongzhou District, Beijing | ? | Chinese collaborationist troops of the East Hebei Army turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese. |
| 1938 Changsha fire | 13 November 1938 | Changsha | 30,000[22] | Kuomintang officials ordered the city be set on fire to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture.[23] |
| Datong Mass Grave | 1937–1945 | Datong, Shanxi | 155,000+ | Japanese military caused deaths of between 60,000 to over 155,000 laborers working in coal mines around Datong. |
| Nanjing Massacre | 13 December 1937 to 1938 | Nanjing, Jiangsu | 100,000~200,000 | 40,000 were massacred within Nanjing City Walls, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000".[24][25] |
| Three Alls Policy | 1940–1942 | North China | 2.7 million | Scorched earth policy conducted by Japanese military. |
| Panjiayu Massacre | 1941, 25 January | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_massacres_in_China