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Maldives was turned into a Sultanate in 1153 when the Buddhist King Dhovemi converted to Islam. Prior to that the Maldives was a Buddhist Kingdom, a Hindu Kingdom and before that a matriarchal society with each atoll ruled by a chief queen according to some accounts or by others, several theocratic societies ruled by priests known as Sawamias of heliolatric, selenolatric and astrolatric religions. All the rulers before King Koimala only ruled over parts of the Maldives or Deeva Maari (and Dheeva Mahal) as it was known then. Koimala was the first king to rule over all the islands of the Maldives as we know today and the island of Maliku.
The formal title of the Sultan up to 1965 was, Sultan of Land and Sea, Lord of the twelve-thousand islands and Sultan of the Maldives which came with the style Highness. After independence in 1965 the Sultan assumed the title King with the style Majesty. This style was used until 1968, when the Maldives became a republic for the second time. The main official Royal residence of the Sultan was the Etherekoilu, a palace in Malé.
The reigns of Sultans are from three sources. Taarikh (also known as the Tarikh lslam Diba Mahal) by Maldivian chronicler Hasan Taj Al-Din (died in 1727) written in Arabic which covers 670 years of Maldives history, the loamaafaanu copper plates and the third source called Raadhavalhi which was written in 1757 using both Dhives Akuru and Thaana.
The 7 dynasties of Maldives 1. Theemugu dynasty 2. Umaru veeru dynasty 3. Hilai dynasty 4. Utheem dynasty 5. Isdhoo dynasty 6. Dhiyamili dynasty 7. Hura dynasty
Kingdom of Adeetta Vansa to Theemuge dynasty
Solar dynasty (Aditta Vansa)
| Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Soodasarunaditya | ~4th cent. BCE | unknown | Exiled prince and son of King Sri Brahmaditya of the Kalinga kingdom of India.[1] Founder of the kingdom of Dheeva Mari |
| Unknown number of rulers | The Mapanansa,[2] the copper plates on which the history of the Kings of Solar Dynasty was written were lost quite early on.
A 4th century notice written by Ammianus Marcellinus (362 CE) speaks of gifts sent to the Roman emperor Julian by a deputation from the nation of "Divi". The name "Divi" is very similar to "Dheyvi" who were the first settlers of Maldives.[2] | ||
| Srimati Damahara | mid-tenth cent. | mid-tenth cent. | Last ruler of the Solar Dynasty. It is unclear from the records how many other rulers ruled between the reigns of King Sri Srudasarunaditya and Queen Damahara. Married Prince Sri Baladitya from the Kalinga kingdom who later became the first king of the Lunar Dynasty. Al-Jawaliqi, writing in 1135 CE looking at earlier records,[3] describes a queen of Maldives named "Danhara" ruling on an island called "Abannba".[4] |
Lunar dynasty (Soma Vansa)
| Name | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Baladitya | around 990 | unknown | Prince from Kalinga kingdom of India. Married Queen Damahara of the Solar dynasty to become the ruler of Dheeva Maari. Early during his reign King Rajaraja I of Chola captured the northern atolls Minicoy and Thiladhummathi. Although some sources indicate the start of the reign as when Rajaraja I invaded Maldives, a Chinese document from the Tang dynasty, records the visits of people from Mo-lai (Maldives) to China bringing with them gifts from their king, Che-p'o-lo-ti-to (Sri Balāditya) in 658 CE and also in 662 CE.[5] The king mentioned must have been a king of the Solar dynasty. |
| Sri Laukabarana | 11th cent. | 11th cent. | King of the Lunar dynasty. He is son or grandson of Queen Damahara. His name is alternatively written as Sri Loaka Abaaruna. |
| Sri Maha Sandura | ~11th cent. | unknown | Son of King Laukabarana. He had a daughter Princess Kamanhaar (also known as Kamanaar or Rehendihaar), who was banished to the island then called Is-Midu (Addu Meedhoo today). With her she took the Mapanansa, the copper plates in which the history of the kings of Solar dynasty was written. The Mapanansa were later buried by a certain Al-Muhaddith Hassan, and this is why such little information survived about the Solar dynasty.[2] |
| Sri Bovana Ananda | unknown | before 1117 | Son of King Laukabarana and brother of King Maha Sandura. He is the father of King Koimala. |
Lunar or Homa or Theemuge Dynasty[6] (1117-1388, 271 years)6 (1117-1388, 271 years)">edit
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (Koimala)[3] | Suvasthi Shri Theemuge Rasfireyru Mini Abaaruna Mahaaradhun[7] | 24 years | 1117 | 1141 | The first king to rule over the whole of Maldives. |
| King Dhovemi Later Sultan Muhammad al-Adil[8] |
Siri Bavanditta Maha Radun | 24 years | 1141 | 1165 | Reigned as a Buddhist until 1153. Son of Henevi Maava Kilege, sister of Koimala. A member of the Soma or Homa (Lunar) dynasty. Converted to Islam in 1153, assumed the title Sultan and founded the Theemuge dynasty. He was the famous Dharumavantha Radun[2] or the Benevolent King. |
| Sultan Muthey[8] | Bavana Abaruna Maha Radun | 19 years | 1165 | 1184 | Mother's sister's son of Dhovemi |
| Sultan Ali b. Reke Hiriya[8] | Dammara-nanda Maha Radun | 8 years | 1184 | 1192 | |
| Sultan Dinei[8] | Fanaditta Maha Radun | 6 years | 1192 | 1198 | The Lōmāfānu was written during Sultan Dhinei's reign. |
| Sultan Dihei[8] | Dagata Abaruna Maha Radun | 15 years | 1198 | 1213 | Brother of Sultan Dhinei I |
| Sultan Wadi[8] | Dagata Suvara Maha Radun | 19 years | 1213 | 1232 | Brother of Sultans Dhinei I and Dhinei II |
| Sultan Valla Dio[8][9] | Rada-rada Suvara Maha Radun | 25 years | 1232 | 1257 | Brother of Sultans Dhinei I, Dhinei II and Wadi |
| Sultan Hudei[8] | Vira Abaruna Maha Radun | 6 years | 1257 | 1263 | |
| Sultan Aima[8] | Loka Suvara Maha Radun | 2 years | 1263 | 1265 | |
| Sultan Hiley (Ali)[8] | Sinja Abaruna Maha Radun | 2 years | 1265 | 1267 | |
| Sultan Kalaminja b. Aydage[8] | Madini Survara Maha Radun | 1 year | 1267 | 1268 | |
| Sultan Uda (Auda)[8] | Arida Suvara Maha Radun | 9 years | 1268 | 1277 | Son of Sultan Wadi |
| Sultan Ali II[8] | Arida Suvara Maha Radun | 10 years | 1277 | 1287 | Son of Sultan Audha |
| Sultan Yoosuf[8] | Bavana Aditta Maha Radun | 6 years | 1287 | 1293 | Brother of Sultan Hali II |
| Sultan Salah al-Din b. Yusuf[8] | Some Sivara Maha Radun | 8 years | 1293 | 1301 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf I |
| Sultan Da'ud b. Yusuf[8] | Sundura Bavana Maha Radun | 5 years | 1301 | 1306 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf I |
| Sultan Umar Vira (Abu Fath Jalal al-Din)[8] | Loka Abaruna Maha Radun | 34 years | 1306 | 1340 | Son of Sultan Salis |
| Sultan Shihab al-Din Ahmad[8] | Loka Aditta Maha Radun | 7 years | 1340 | 1347
Deposed and assassinated |
Son of Sultan Omar I, deposed, banished and assassinated by sister Khadijah.[10] |
| Sultana Rehindi Kabadi Kilege (Khadija)[8] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 15 years | 1347 | 1362
Deposed |
Deposed by her first husband Mohamed el-Jameel. |
| Sultan Mohamed el-Jamil[8] | Bavana Suja Maha Radun | 1 year | 1362 | 1363
Deposed and assassinated |
First Husband of Sultana Khadijah. Assassinated by estranged wife Khadijah. He was nicknamed Handsome Mohamed. |
| Sultana Rehendi (Khadijah)[8] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 10 years | 1363 | 1373
Deposed |
Second reign on assassination of first husband Sultan Mohamed el-Jameel. Deposed for a second time by her second husband Abdullah. |
| Sultan Abdullah Kilege[8] | Dammaru Aaditta Maha Radun | 3 years | 1373 | 1376
Deposed and assassinated |
Second husband of Sultana Khadijah. Assassinated by wife Khadijah. |
| Sultana Rehendi (Khadijah)[8] | Rada Abaruna Maha Radun | 3 years | 1376 | 1379 | Third reign |
| Sultana Radafati (Adafate) Kabadi Kilege[8] | Soma Aburana Maha Radun | 1 year | 1379 | 1380
Deposed |
Daughter of Sultan Omar I, half sister of Sultana Khadijah. Deposed by husband Mohamed. |
| Sultan Mohamed I[3][8] | Sundura Abaruna Maha Radun | 4 years | 1380 | 1384 | Husband of Sultana Raadhafathi. Son of Kaeumani Kaulhanna Kilege.[3] He is from the island of Maakurathu in Raa Atoll hence he is also known as Maakurathu Mohamed Rasgefaan. |
| Sultana Da'inu Kabadi Kilege[8] | Natta Abaruna Maha Radun | 3 years | 1385 | 1388
Deposed |
Daughter of Sultan Mohamed I. Deposed by husband Abdullah. |
| Sultan Abdullah[8] | Soma Abaruna Maha Radun | less than 1 year | 1388 | 1388 | Husband of Sultana Dhaain. Some records call him a regent (Henevi-rasge). |
| Sultan Uthman al-Fahandavi[8] | Sundura Aditta Maha Radun | less than 1 year | 1388 | 1388 | Former Imam to Raadhafathi and Dhaain
Last of the Lunar dynasty |
Hilaalee dynasty (1388-1632, 244 years)edit
| Name | Regnal Name | Duration of Reign | Monarch from | Monarch until | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan Hasan I[8] | Bavana | 10 years | 1388 | 1398 | First of the Hilaaly dynasty
Son of Golhaavahi Kambulo (Kalavahi Kabulo) and Kulhiveri Hilaalu Kaeulhanna Kaloge son of Muslim Abbas of Hulhule |
| Sultan Ibrahim I[8] | Dhammaru Veeru | less than 1 year | 1398 | 1398
Deposed |
Son of Sultan Hassan I
Deposed by his uncle Hussain. |
| Sultan Husayn I[8] | Loka Veeru | 11 years | 1398 | 1409 | Brother of Sultan Hassan I
Assumed the throne after deposing his nephew Sultan Ibrahim I. |
| Sultan Nasir al-Din al-Gulavihi[8] | Veeru Abaarana | 2 years | 1409 | 1411 | Introduced the Islamic penal code. Possibly a member of the Lunar dynasty |
| Sultan Hasan Hilali[8] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | less than 1 year | 1411 | 1411
Accidental death |
Drowned in a tank. |
| Sultan Isa[8] | Bavana Sundhura | less than 1 year | 1411 | 1411 | Brother of Sultan Hassan II |
| Sultan Ibrahim I[8] | Dhammaru Veeru | 10 years | 1411 | 1421 | Second reign, first reigned in 1398. |
| Sultan Uthman II[8] | Dhammaru Loaka | less than 1 year | 1421 | 1421 | Son of Sultan Osman I |
| Sultan Muhammad[8] | Raadha Bavana | less than 1 year | 1421 | 1421 | Uncle of Sultans Hassan I and Hussain I
Prime Minister to Osman I |
| Sultan Yusuf II[8] | Loka Aananadha | 22 years | 1421 | 1443 | Son of Sultan Hassan I |
| Sultan Abu Bakr I[8] | Bavana Sooja | less than 1 year | 1443 | 1443
Killed in battle |
Son of Sultan Hassan I
Half brother of Sultan Yoosuf II Killed in battle with the Portuguese who came to summon the Council of Ministers of the Maldives to Cochin. |
| Sultan Hasan III[8] | Raadha Veeru | 24 years | 1443 | 1467 | Son of Sultan Aboobakuru I Deposed by Sayyid Mohamed while abroad. |
| Sultan al-Sayyid Muhammad[8] | Keerithi Maha Radun (no coronation) | less than 1 year | 1467 | 1467
Deposed |
Possible descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. Deposed by Sultan Hassan III upon returning to Maldives. |
| Sultan Hasan III[8] | Raadha Veeru | 1 year | 1467 | 1468 | Second reign |
| Sultan Muhammadh II[8] | Bavana Abaarana | 12 years | 1468 | 1480 | Son of Sultan Hasan III |
| Sultan Hasan IV[8] | Raadha Loka | less than 1 year | 1480 | 1480
Deposed |
Son of Sultan Mohamed IIDeposed by Omar II. |
| Sultan Umar II[8] | Loka Sundhura | 4 years | 1480 | 1484 | Son of Sultan Yoosuf II |
| Sultan Hasan V[8] | Raadha Aanandha | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_Sultans_of_the_Maldives