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This article lists the metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow, spiritual heads of the Russian Orthodox Church. Since 1308, there have been 59.
Historyedit
The Russian Orthodox Church traces its beginnings to the Christianization of Kievan Rusʹ at Kiev in 988 AD. In 1316 the Metropolitan of Kiev changed his see to the city of Vladimir, and in 1322 moved again to Moscow. In 1589, the see was elevated to a Patriarchate. The Patriarchate was abolished by the Church reform of Peter the Great in 1721 and replaced by the Most Holy Governing Synod, and the Bishop of Moscow came to be called a Metropolitan again. The Patriarchate was restored by the 1917–18 Local Council and suspended by the Soviet government in 1925. It was reintroduced for the last time by the 1943 Bishops' Council, during World War II by the initiative of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. To this date, 19 of the Metropolitans have been glorified in the Russian Orthodox Church.
Metropolitans of Kiev and all Rus' (permanent residence in Moscow, 1325–1441)edit
For a list of metropolitans before the seat of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' was moved to Moscow, see List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv.
| No. | Primate | Portrait | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | St. Peter | 
|
1308–1326 | |
| Seat vacant 1326–1328 | ||||
| 2 | St. Theognostus | 
|
1328–1353 | |
| 3 | St. Alexius | 
|
1354–1378 | |
| Mikhail (Mityay) (ru) | 
|
1378–1379 | Locum tenens | |
| Seat vacant 1379–1381 | ||||
| 4 | St. Cyprian | 
|
1381–1382 | First tenure |
| 5 | Pimen |
|
1382–1384 | In opposition |
| 6 | St. Dionysius I | 
|
1384–1385 | In opposition |
| Seat vacant 1385–1390 | ||||
| St. Cyprian |
|
1390–1406 | Second tenure | |
| Seat vacant 1406–1408 | ||||
| 7 | St. Photius | 
|
1408–1431 | |
| Seat vacant 1431–1433 | ||||
| 8 | Gerasim (ru) |
|
1433–1435 | |
| 9 | Isidore of Kiev | 
|
1436–1441 | Deposed by the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II, over his acceptance of the Council of Florence. The deposition was not recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. |
| Seat vacant 1441–1448 (according to the Grand Duke of Moscow) | ||||
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Isidore of Kiev, who was of Greek origin, submitted to the articles of the Bull of Union with the Greeks which united the Orthodox Church in Russia with the Latin Church. Following his acceptance of the Council of Florence, Isidore returned to Moscow in 1441 as a Ruthenian cardinal. He was arrested by the Grand Prince of Moscow — Vasily II, and accused of apostasy. The Grand Duke deposed Isidore and in 1448 installed his own candidate as Metropolitan of Kiev — Jonah. This was carried out without the approval of Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople. When Isidore died in 1458, the Orthodox dioceses within the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including Kiev, were reorganized. The metropolitan see was moved to Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A parallel succession to the title ensued between Moscow and Vilnius.
Metropolitans of Moscow and all Rus' (1448–1589)edit
The Grand Prince of Moscow voided the Union of Florence and imprisoned Metropolitan Isidore for some time. Following that incident, the Grand Prince removed Isidore from office and appointed his own man — Jonah. These decisions were not recognised by Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople who continued to recognise Isidore as the canonical metropolitan. As a result, in 1448, Jonah unilaterally changed his title to "Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' " which was tantamount to a declaration of independence of the Church in eastern Rus' from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. All sixteen successive hierarchs of the Metropolis of Moscow and all Rus' were selected by the civil power and installed without the approval of Patriarchate of Constantinople. Successive patriarchs continued to recognize Isidore and his successors as hierarchs of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'.
| No. | Primate | Portrait | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | St. Jonah | 
|
1448 | 1461 | Installed without the approval of Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople who continued to recognize Isidore until his death in 1458. |
| 2 | Theodosius |
|
3 May 1461 | 13 September 1464 | Became the second Metropolitan to be appointed by the Grand Duke of Moscow. He was not recognised by the Patriarch of Constantinople. |
| 3 | St. Philip I | 
|
11 November 1464 | 5 April 1473 | |
| 4 | St. Gerontius | 
|
29 June 1473 | 28 May 1489 | |
| 5 | Zosimus |
|
26 September 1490 | 17 May 1494 | Removed from the metropolitan throne on charges of heresy |
| 6 | Simon | 
|
22 September 1495 | 30 April 1511 | |
| 7 | Varlaam |
|
3 August 1511 | 18 December 1521 | |
| 8 | Daniel 1492–1547 |
|
27 February 1522 | 2 February 1539 | Deposed by the Shuyskys after the death of de facto regent Elena Glinskaya and the fall of her favorite Ivan Ovchina-Telepnev. |
| 9 | St. Joasaphus Skripitsyn died 1555 |
|
6 February 1539 | January 1542 | Deposed by the Shuysky |
| 10 | St. Macarius | 
|
19 March 1542 | 31 December 1563 | |
| 11 | Athanasius died 1575 |
|
5 March 1564 | 16 May 1566 | |
| 12 | St. Herman Grigory Sadyrev-Polyev |
|
July 1566 | Metropolitan-elect. Expelled from Moscow after a dispute with Ivan IV | |
| 13 | St. Philip II Feodor Kolychyov 1507–1569 |
|
25 July 1566 | 4 November 1568 | Deposed and believed to have been later killed by Ivan IV's officials |
| 14 | Cyril III (IV) 1492–1572 |
|
11 November 1568 | 8 February 1572 | |
| 15 | Anthony |
|
May 1572 | 1581 | |
| 16 | Dionysius II died 1591 |
|
1581 | 13 October 1587 | Deposed |
| 17 | St. Job | 
|
11 December 1587 | 23 January 1589 | Elevated to "Patriarch of Moscow" |
Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' (1589–1721)edit
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