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Augusta (Classical Latin: [au̯ˈɡʊsta]; plural Augustae; Greek: αὐγούστα)[1] was a Roman imperial honorific title given to empresses and honoured women of the imperial families. It was the feminine form of Augustus. In the third century, Augustae could also receive the titles of Mater Senatus ("Mother of the Senate") and Mater Castrorum ("Mother of the Camp") and Mater Patriae ("Mother of the Fatherland").
The title implied the greatest prestige. Augustae could issue their own coinage, wear imperial regalia, and rule their own courts.[1]
Wife of Claudius, Agrippina was the first wife of the emperor in Roman history to receive the throne of Augusta, a position she held for the rest of her life, ruling with her husband and son.
In the third century, Julia Domna was the first empress to receive the title combination "Pia Felix Augusta" after the death of her husband Septimius Severus, which may have implied greater powers being vested in her than was usual for a Roman empress mother and in this innumerable[clarification needed] official position and honor, she accompanied his son on an extensive military campaign and provincial tour.[2]
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Principate period
Julio-Claudian dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Date of naming | Description | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Livia Livia Drvsilla Ivlia Avgvsta |
30 January 58 BC | AD 14 | Wife of Emperor Augustus and mother of Emperor Tiberius. | 28 September AD 29 |
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Antonia Minor Antonia Minor |
31 January 36 BC Athens |
AD 41 (posthumous) |
Mother of Emperor Claudius. | AD 37 Rome |
|
Agrippina the Younger Ivlia Avgvsta Agrippina |
7 November AD 15 Oppidum Ubiorum |
AD 50 | Wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero | 23 March AD 59 Misenum |
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Poppaea Sabina Poppaea Avgvsta Sabina |
AD 30 Pompeii |
AD 63 | Wife of Emperor Nero. | AD 65 Rome |
|
Claudia Augusta Clavdia Avgvsta |
21 January AD 63 Antium |
AD 63 | Daughter of Emperor Nero. | April AD 63 |
Flavian dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Date of naming | Description | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Domitilla the Younger Flavia Domitilla Avgvsta |
45 | Before 80 | Daughter of Emperor Vespasian. | 66 |
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Domitia Longina Domitia Longina Avgvsta |
50 | 80 | Wife of Emperor Domitian. | After 120 |
Nerva–Antonine dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Date of naming | Description | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pompeia Plotina Pompeia Plotina Avgvsta |
54–68 | 105 | Wife of Emperor Trajan. | 123 |
|
Ulpia Marciana Vlpia Marciana Avgvsta |
48 | 105 | Sister of Emperor Trajan. | 112–114 |
|
Salonia Matidia Salonia Matidia Avgvsta |
4 July 68 | 112 | Niece of Emperor Trajan. | 23 December 119 |
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Vibia Sabina Vibia Sabina Avgvsta |
13 August 83 | 128 | Wife of Emperor Hadrian. | 136–137 |
|
Faustina the Elder Annia Galeria Favstina Avgvsta |
21 September 100 | 138 | Wife of Emperor Antoninus Pius. | 140 |
|
Faustina the Younger Annia Galeria Favstina Avgvsta Minor |
125–130 | 1 December 147[3] | Daughter of Emperor Antoninus Pius; wife of Emperor Marcus Aurelius; mother of Emperor Commodus. | 175 |
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Lucilla Annia Avrelia Galeria Lvcilla Avgvsta |
148–150 | 164 | Daughter of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and wife of Emperor Lucius Verus. | 182 |
|
Bruttia Crispina Brvttia Crispina Avgvsta |
164 Rome |
177 | Wife of Emperor Commodus. | 191 Capri |
Year of the Five Emperors
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Date of naming | Description | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Manlia Scantilla Manlia Scantilla |
193 | Wife of Emperor Didius Julianus. | 193 | |
|
Didia Clara Didia Clara |
153 Rome |
193 | Daughter of Emperor Didius Julianus. | Unknown |
Severan dynasty
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Date of naming | Description | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Julia Domna |
c. 160 | Wife of Emperor Septimius Severus. | 217 | |
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Fulvia Plautilla Pvblia Fvlvia Plavtilla Avgvsta |
185—189 | 210s | Wife of Emperor Caracalla. | 212 |
|
Julia Cornelia Paula Jvlia Cornelia Pavla |
219 | First wife of Emperor Elagabalus. | ||
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Aquilia Severa Ivlia Aqvilia Severa Avgvsta |
220 | Second and fourth wife of Emperor Elagabalus. As a Vestal Virgin her marriage to the Emperor was very controversial. | ||
|
Julia Avita Mamaea Ivlia Avita Mamaea Avgvsta |
180 | 222 | Mother of Emperor Alexander Severus and co-regent, in his name, during his adolescence. | 235 |
|
Sallustia Orbiana Seia Herennia Sallvstia Barbia Orbiana Avgvsta |
225 | Wife of Emperor Alexander Severus. |
Crisis of the Third Century
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Date of naming | Description | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Tranquillina Fvria Sabinia Tranqvillina Avgvsta |
c. 225 | 241 | Wife of Emperor Gordian III. | After 244 |
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Marcia Otacilia Severa Marcia Otacilia Severa Avgvsta |
240s | Wife of the Emperor Philip the Arab. | ||
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Herennia Etruscilla Annia Cvpressenia Herennia Etrvscilla Avgvsta |
Unknown | September 249 | Wife of Emperor Trajan Decius; mother of Emperor Herennius Etruscus and Emperor Hostilian. | c. 253 |
|
Cornelia Supera Caia Cornelia Svpera Avgvsta |
253 | Wife of Aemilianus. | ||
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Cornelia Salonina Ivlia Cornelia Salonina Avgvsta |
Unknown | 253 | Wife of Emperor Gallienus. | 268 |
|
Sulpicia Dryantilla Svlpicia Dryantilla |
c. 260 | Wife of usurper Emperor Regalianus, who named her avgvsta as part of legitimizing his claim. | 260 | |
|
Victoria | 271 | Mother of Victorinus | 271 | |
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Zenobia Ivlia Avrelia Zenobia |
240 | 272 | Queen of the Palmyrene Empire, a short lived splinter empire that revolted during the Crisis. She proclaimed herself avgvsta and annexed the Eastern Mediterranean from Rome. | c. 275 |
|
Ulpia Severina Vlpia Severina Avgvsta |
274 | Wife of Emperor Aurelian; possibly reigned in her own right after the death of her husband in 275. | ||
|
Magnia Urbica Magnia Vrbica Avgvsta |
283 | Wife of Emperor Carinus. |
Dominate period
Tetrarchy
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Date of naming | Description | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Galeria Valeria Galeria Valeria Avgvsta |
308 | Daughter of Emperor Diocletian and wife of Emperor Galerius. | 315 |