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| Kansai Japanese | |
|---|---|
| 関西弁 | |
| Native to | Japan |
| Region | Kansai |
Japonic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | kink1238 |
.png) Kansai-dialect area | |
The Kansai dialect (関西弁, Kansai-ben, also known as Kansai-hōgen (関西方言)) is a group of Japanese dialects in the Kansai region (Kinki region) of Japan. In Japanese, Kansai-ben is the common name and it is called Kinki dialect (近畿方言, Kinki-hōgen) in technical terms. The dialects of Kyoto and Osaka are known as Kamigata dialect (上方言葉, Kamigata kotoba, or Kamigata-go (上方語)), and were particularly referred to as such in the Edo period. The Kansai dialect is typified by the speech of Osaka, the major city of Kansai, which is referred to specifically as Osaka-ben. It is characterized as being both more melodic and harsher by speakers of the standard language.[1]
Background
Since Osaka is the largest city in the region and its speakers received the most media exposure over the last century, non-Kansai-dialect speakers tend to associate the dialect of Osaka with the entire Kansai region. However, technically, Kansai dialect is not a single dialect but a group of related dialects in the region. Each major city and prefecture has a particular dialect, and residents take some pride in their particular dialectal variations.
The common Kansai dialect is spoken in Keihanshin (the metropolitan areas of the cities of Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe) and its surroundings, a radius of about 50 km (31 mi) around the Osaka-Kyoto area (see regional differences).[2] This article mainly discusses variations in Keihanshin during the 20th and 21st centuries.
Even in the Kansai region, away from Keihanshin and its surrounding areas, there are dialects that differ from the characteristics generally considered to be Kansai dialect-like. Tajima and Tango (except Maizuru) dialects in northwest Kansai are too different to be regarded as Kansai dialects and are thus usually included in the Chūgoku dialect. Dialects spoken in Southeastern Kii Peninsula including Totsukawa and Owase are also far different from other Kansai dialects, and considered a language island.
The Shikoku dialect and the Hokuriku dialect share many similarities with the Kansai dialects, but are classified separately.
History
The Kansai dialect has over a thousand years of history. When Kinai cities such as Nara and Kyoto were Imperial capitals, the Kinai dialect, the ancestor of the Kansai dialect, was the de facto standard Japanese. It had an influence on all of the nation including the Edo dialect, the predecessor of modern Tokyo dialect. The literature style developed by the intelligentsia in Heian-kyō became the model of Classical Japanese language.
When the political and military center of Japan was moved to Edo under the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Kantō region grew in prominence, the Edo dialect took the place of the Kansai dialect. With the Meiji Restoration and the transfer of the imperial capital from Kyoto to Tokyo, the Kansai dialect became fixed in position as a provincial dialect. See also Early Modern Japanese.
As the Tokyo dialect was adopted with the advent of a national education/media standard in Japan, some features and intraregional differences of the Kansai dialect have diminished and changed. However, Kansai is the second most populated urban region in Japan after Kantō, with a population of about 20 million, so Kansai dialect is still the most widely spoken, known and influential non-standard Japanese dialect. The Kansai dialect's idioms are sometimes introduced into other dialects and even standard Japanese. Many Kansai people are attached to their own speech and have strong regional rivalry against Tokyo.[3]
Since the Taishō period, the manzai form of Japanese comedy has been developed in Osaka, and a large number of Osaka-based comedians have appeared in Japanese media with Osaka dialect, such as Yoshimoto Kogyo. Because of such associations, Kansai speakers are often viewed as being more "funny" or "talkative" than typical speakers of other dialects. Tokyo people even occasionally imitate Kansai dialect to provoke laughter or inject humor.[4]
Phonology
In phonetic terms, Kansai dialect is characterized by strong vowels and contrasted with Tokyo dialect, characterized by its strong consonants, but the basis of the phonemes is similar. The specific phonetic differences between Kansai and Tokyo are as follows:[5]
Vowels
- /u/ is nearer to [u] than to [ɯ].
- In Standard, vowel reduction frequently occurs, but it is rare in Kansai. For example, the polite copula desu (です) is pronounced nearly as in standard Japanese, but Kansai speakers tend to pronounce it distinctly as /desu/ or even /desuː/.
- In some registers, such as informal Tokyo speech, hiatuses /ai, ae, oi/ often fuse into /eː/, as in うめえ /umeː/ and すげえ /suɡeː/ instead of 旨い /umai/ "yummy" and 凄い /suɡoi/ "great", but /ai, ae, oi/ are usually pronounced distinctly in Kansai dialect. In Wakayama, /ei/ is also pronounced distinctly; it usually fuses into /eː/ in standard Japanese and almost all other dialects.
- A recurring tendency to lengthen vowels at the end of monomoraic nouns. Common examples are /kiː/ for 木 /ki/ "tree", /kaː/ for 蚊 /ka/ "mosquito" and /meː/ for 目 /me/ "eye".
- Contrarily, long vowels in Standard inflections are sometimes shortened. This is particularly noticeable in the volitional conjugation of verbs. For instance, "行こうか？" /ikoː ka/ meaning "shall we go?" is shortened in Kansai to "行こか？" /iko ka/. The common phrase of agreement, "そうだ" /soː da/ meaning "that's it", is replaced "そや" /so ja/ or even "せや" /se ja/ in Kansai.
- When vowels and semivowel /j/ follow /i, e/, they sometimes palatalize with /N/ or /Q/. For example, "好きやねん" /sukija neN/ "I love you" becomes '好っきゃねん' /suQkja neN/, 日曜日 /nitijoːbi/ "Sunday" becomes にっちょうび /niQtjoːbi/ and 賑やか /niɡijaka/ "lively, busy" becomes にんぎゃか /niNɡjaka/.
Consonants
- The syllable ひ /hi/ is nearer to than to .
- The yotsugana are two distinct syllables, as they are in Tokyo, but Kansai speakers tend to pronounce じ /zi/ and ず /zu/ as and in place of Standard and .
- Intervocalic /ɡ/ is pronounced either or in free variation, but is declining now.
- In a provocative speech, /r/ becomes [r], similar to the Tokyo Shitamachi dialect.
- The use of /h/ in place of /s/. Some debuccalization of /s/ is apparent in most Kansai speakers, but it seems to have progressed more in morphological suffixes and inflections than in core vocabulary. This process has produced はん /-haN/ for さん -san "Mr., Ms.", まへん /-maheN/ for ません /-maseN/ (formal negative form), and まひょ /-mahjo/ for ましょう /-masjoː/ (formal volitional form), ひちや /hiti-ja/ for 質屋 /siti-ja/ "pawnshop", among other examples.
- The change of /m/ and /b/ in some words such as さぶい /sabui/ for 寒い /samui/ "cold".
- Especially in the rural areas, /z, d, r/ are sometimes harmonized or metathesized. For example, でんでん /deNdeN/ for 全然 /zeNzeN/ "never, not at all", かだら /kadara/ or からら /karara/ for 体 /karada/ "body". A play on words around these sound changes goes as follows: 淀川の水飲んれ腹らら下りや /joroɡawa no miru noNre hara rarakurari ja/ for 淀川の水飲んで腹だだ下りや /jodoɡawa no mizu noNde hara dadakudari ja/ "I drank water of Yodo River and have the trots".[6]
- The /r/ + vowel in the verb conjugations is sometimes changed to /N/ as well as colloquial Tokyo speech. For example, 何してるねん？ /nani siteru neN/ "What are you doing?" often changes 何してんねん？ /nani siteN neN/ in fluent Kansai speech.
Pitch accent
The pitch accent in Kansai dialect is very different from the standard Tokyo accent, so non-Kansai Japanese can recognize Kansai people easily from that alone. The Kansai pitch accent is called the Kyoto-Osaka type accent (京阪式アクセント, Keihan-shiki akusento) in technical terms. It is used in most of Kansai, Shikoku and parts of western Chūbu region. The Tokyo accent distinguishes words only by downstep, but the Kansai accent distinguishes words also by initial tones, so Kansai dialect has more pitch patterns than standard Japanese. In the Tokyo accent, the pitch between first and second morae usually changes, but in the Kansai accent, it does not always.
Below is a list of simplified Kansai accent patterns. H represents a high pitch and L represents a low pitch.
- High-initial accent (高起式, kōki-shiki) or Flat-straight accent (平進式, Heishin-shiki)
- The high pitch appears on the first mora and the others are low: H-L, H-L-L, H-L-L-L, etc.
- The high pitch continues for the set mora and the rest are low: H-H-L, H-H-L-L, H-H-H-L, etc.
- The high pitch continues to the last: H-H, H-H-H, H-H-H-H, etc.
- Low-initial accent (低起式, teiki-shiki) or Ascent accent (上昇式, Jōshō-shiki)
- The pitch rises drastically the middle set mora and falls again: L-H-L, L-H-L-L, L-L-H-L, etc.
- The pitch rises drastically the last mora: L-L-H, L-L-L-H, L-L-L-L-H, etc.
- If high-initial accent words or particles attach to the end of the word, all moras are low: L-L-L(-H), L-L-L-L(-H), L-L-L-L-L(-H)
- With two-mora words, there are two accent patterns. Both of these tend to be realized in recent years as L-H, L-H(-L).[7]
- The second mora rises and falls quickly. If words or particles attach to the end of the word, the fall is sometimes not realized: L-HL, L-HL(-L) or L-H(-L)
- The second mora does not fall. If high-initial words or particles attach to the end of the word, both moras are low: L-H, L-L(-H)
| Kansai | Tokyo | English | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hashi | 橋 | H-L | L-H(-L) | bridge |
| 箸 | L-H | H-L | chopsticks | |
| 端 | H-H | L-H(-H) | edge | |
| Nihon | 日本 | H-L-L | L-H-L | Japan |
| nihon | 二本 | L-L-H | H-L-L | 2-hon |
| konnichi wa | 今日は | L-H-L-L-H | L-H-H-H-H | good afternoon |
| arigatō | ありがとう | L-L-L-H-L | L-H-L-L-L | thanks |
Grammar
Many words and grammar structures in Kansai dialect are contractions of their classical Japanese equivalents (it is unusual to contract words in such a way in standard Japanese). For example, chigau (to be different or wrong) becomes chau, yoku (well) becomes yō, and omoshiroi (interesting or funny) becomes omoroi. These contractions follow similar inflection rules as their standard forms so chau is politely said chaimasu in the same way as chigau is inflected to chigaimasu.
Verbs
Kansai dialect also has two types of regular verb, 五段 godan verbs (-u verbs) and 一段 ichidan verbs (-ru verbs), and two irregular verbs, 来る /kuru/ ("to come") and する /suru/ ("to do"), but some conjugations are different from standard Japanese.
The geminated consonants found in godan verbs of standard Japanese verbal inflections are usually replaced with long vowels (often shortened in 3 morae verbs) in Kansai dialect (See also Onbin, u-onbin). Thus, for the verb 言う /iu, juː/ ("to say"), the past tense in standard Japanese 言った /iQta/ ("said") becomes 言うた /juːta/ in Kansai dialect. This particular verb is a dead giveaway of a native Kansai speaker, as most will unconsciously say 言うて /juːte/ instead of 言って /iQte/ or /juQte/ even if well-practiced at speaking in standard Japanese. Other examples of geminate replacement are 笑った /waraQta/ ("laughed") becoming 笑うた /waroːta/ or わろた /warota/ and 貰った /moraQta/ ("received") becoming 貰うた /moroːta/, もろた /morota/ or even もうた /moːta/.
An auxiliary verb -てしまう /-te simau/ (to finish something or to do something in unintentional or unfortunate circumstances) is contracted to -ちまう /-timau/ or -ちゃう /-tjau/ in colloquial Tokyo speech but to -てまう /-temau/ in Kansai speech. Thus, しちまう /sitimau/, or しちゃう /sitjau/, becomes してまう /sitemau/. Furthermore, as the verb しまう /simau/ is affected by the same sound changes as in other 五段 godan verbs, the past tense of this form is rendered as -てもうた /-temoːta/ or -てもた /-temota/ rather than -ちまった /-timaQta/ or -ちゃった /-tjaQta/: 忘れちまった /wasuretimaQta/ or 忘れちゃった /wasuretjaQta/ ("I forgot ") in Tokyo is 忘れてもうた /wasuretemoːta/ or 忘れてもた /wasuretemota/ in Kansai.
The long vowel of the volitional form is often shortened; for example, 使おう /tukaoː/ (the volitional form of tsukau) becomes 使お /tukao/, 食べよう /tabejoː/ (the volitional form of 食べる /taberu/) becomes 食べよ /tabejo/. The irregular verb する /suru/ has special volitional form しょ（う） /sjo(ː)/ instead of しよう /sijoː/. The volitional form of another irregular verb 来る /kuru/ is 来よう /kojoː/ as well as the standard Japanese, but when 来る /kuru/ is used as an auxiliary verb -てくる /-te kuru/, -てこよう /-te kojoː/ is sometimes replaced with -てこ（う） /-te ko(ː)/ in Kansai.
The causative verb ending /-aseru/ is usually replaced with /-asu/ in Kansai dialect; for example, させる /saseru/ (causative form of /suru/) changes さす /sasu/, 言わせる /iwaseru/ (causative form of 言う /juː/) changes 言わす /iwasu/. Its -te form /-asete/ and perfective form /-aseta/ change to /-asite/ and /-asita/; they also appear in transitive ichidan verbs such as 見せる /miseru/ ("to show"), e.g. 見して /misite/ for 見せて /misete/.
The potential verb endings /-eru/ for 五段 godan and -られる /-rareru/ for 一段 ichidan, recently often shortened -れる /-reru/ (ra-nuki kotoba), are common between the standard Japanese and Kansai dialect. For making their negative forms, it is only to replace -ない /-nai/ with -ん /-N/ or -へん /-heN/ (See Negative). However, mainly in Osaka, potential negative form of 五段 godan verbs /-enai/ is often replaced with /-areheN/ such as 行かれへん /ikareheN/ instead of 行けない /ikenai/ and 行けへん /ikeheN/ "can't go". This is because /-eheN/ overlaps with Osakan negative conjugation. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, a combination of an adverb よう /joː/ and -ん /-N/ negative form is used as a negative form of the personal impossibility such as よう言わん /joː iwaN/ "I can't say anything (in disgust or diffidence)".
Existence verbs
In Standard Japanese, the verb iru is used for reference to the existence of an animate object, and iru is replaced with oru in humble language and some written language. In western Japanese, oru is used not only in humble language but also in all other situations instead of iru.
Kansai dialect belongs to western Japanese, but いる /iru/ and its variation, いてる /iteru/ (mainly Osaka), are used in Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga and so on. People in these areas, especially Kyoto women, tend to consider おる /oru/ an outspoken or contempt word. They usually use it for mates, inferiors and animals; avoid using for elders (exception: respectful expression orareru and humble expression orimasu). In other areas such as Hyogo and Mie, いる /iru/ is hardly used and おる /oru/ does not have the negative usage. In parts of Wakayama, いる /iru/ is replaced with ある /aru/, which is used for inanimate objects in most other dialects.
The verb おる /oru/ is also used as a suffix and usually pronounced /-joru/ in that case. In Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga, northern Nara and parts of Mie, mainly in masculine speech, -よる /-joru/ shows annoying or contempt feelings for a third party, usually milder than -やがる /-jaɡaru/. In Hyogo, southern Nara and parts of Wakayama, -よる /-joru/ is used for progressive aspect (See Aspect).
Negative
In informal speech, the negative verb ending, which is -ない /-nai/ in standard Japanese, is expressed with -ん /-N/ or -へん /-heN/, as in 行かん /ikaN/ and 行かへん /ikaheN/ "not going", which is 行かない /ikanai/ in standard Japanese. -ん /-N/ is a transformation of the classical Japanese negative form -ぬ /-nu/ and is also used for some idioms in standard Japanese. -へん /-heN/ is the result of contraction and phonological change of はせん /-wa seN/, the emphatic form of /-N/. -やへん /-jaheN/, a transitional form between はせん /-wa seN/ and へん /-heN/, is sometimes still used for 一段 ichidan verbs. The godan verbs conjugation before -hen has two varieties: the more common conjugation is /-aheN/ like 行かへん /ikaheN/, but -ehen like 行けへん /ikeheN/ is also used in Osaka. When the vowel before -へん /-heN/ is /-i/, -へん /-heN/ often changes to -ひん /-hiN/, especially in Kyoto. The past negative form is -んかった /-NkaQta/ and /-heNkaQta/, a mixture of -ん /-N/ or -へん /-heN/ and the standard past negative form -なかった /-nakaQta/. In traditional Kansai dialect, -なんだ /-naNda/ and -へなんだ /-henaNda/ is used in the past negative form.
- 五段 godan verbs: 使う /tukau/ ("to use") becomes 使わん /tukawaN/ and 使わへん /tukawaheN/, 使えへん /tukaeheN/
- 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる /okiru/ ("to wake up") becomes 起きん /okiN/ and 起きやへん /okijaheN/, 起きへん /okiheN/, 起きひん /okihiN/
- one mora verbs: 見る /miru/ ("to see") becomes 見ん /miN/ and 見やへん /mijaheN/, 見えへん /meːheN/, 見いひん /miːhiN/
- 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる /taberu/ ("to eat") becomes 食べん /tabeN/ and 食べやへん /tabejaheN/, 食べへん /tabeheN/
- one mora verbs: 寝る /neru/ ("to sleep") becomes 寝ん /neN/ and 寝やへん /nejaheN/, 寝えへん /neːheN/
- s-irregular verb: する /suru/ becomes せん /seN/ and しやへん /sijaheN/, せえへん /seːheN/, しいひん /siːhiN/
- k-irregular verb: 来る /kuru/ becomes 来ん /koN/ and きやへん /kijaheN/, けえへん /keːheN/, きいひん /kiːhiN/
- 来おへん /koːheN/, a mixture けえへん /keːheN/ with standard 来ない /konai/, is also used lately by young people, especially in Kobe.
Generally speaking, -へん /-heN/ is used in almost negative sentences and -ん /-N/ is used in strong negative sentences and idiomatic expressions. For example, -んといて /-N toite/ or -んとって /-N toQte/ instead of standard -ないで /-nai de/ means "please do not to do"; -んでもええ /-N demo eː/ instead of standard -なくてもいい /-nakutemo iː/ means "need not do";-んと（あかん） /-N to (akaN)/ instead of standard -なくちゃ（いけない） /-nakutja (ikenai)/ or -なければならない /-nakereba (naranai)/ means "must do". The last expression can be replaced by -な（あかん）/-na (akaN)/ or -んならん /-N naraN/.
Imperative
Kansai dialect has two imperative forms. One is the normal imperative form, inherited from Late Middle Japanese. The -ろ /-ro/ form for ichidan verbs in standard Japanese is much rarer and replaced by /-i/ or /-e/ in Kansai. The normal imperative form is often followed by よ /jo/ or や /ja/. The other is a soft and somewhat feminine form which uses the adverbial (連用形, ren'yōkei) (ます /-masu/ stem), an abbreviation of adverbial (連用形, ren'yōkei) + /nasai/. The end of the soft imperative form is often elongated and is generally followed by や /ja/ or な /na/. In Kyoto, women often add よし /-josi/ to the soft imperative form.
- godan verbs: 使う /tukau/ becomes 使え /tukae/ in the normal form, 使い（い） /tukai(ː)/ in the soft one.
- 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる /okiru/ becomes 起きい /okiː/ (L-H-L) in the normal form, 起き（い） /oki(ː)/ (L-L-H) in the soft one.
- 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる /taberu/ becomes 食べえ /tabeː/ (L-H-L) in the normal form, 食べ（え） /tabe(ː)/ (L-L-H) in the soft one.
- s-irregular verb: する /suru/ becomes せえ /seː/ in the normal form, し（い） /si(ː)/ in the soft one.
- k-irregular verb: 来る /kuru/ becomes こい /koi/ in the normal form, き（い） /ki(ː)/ in the soft one.
In the negative imperative mood, Kansai dialect also has the somewhat soft form which uses the ren'yōkei + な /na/, an abbreviation of the ren'yōkei + なさるな /nasaruna/. な /na/ sometimes changes to なや /naja/ or ないな /naina/. This soft negative imperative form is the same as the soft imperative and な /na/, Kansai speakers can recognize the difference by accent, but Tokyo speakers are sometimes confused by a command not to do something, which they interpret as an order to do it. Accent on the soft imperative form is flat, and the accent on the soft negative imperative form has a downstep before na.
- 五段 godan verbs: 使う /tukau/ becomes 使うな /tukauna/ in the normal form, 使いな /tukaina/ in the soft one.
- 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる /okiru/ becomes 起きるな /okiruna/ in the normal form, 起きな /okina/ in the soft one.
- 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる /taberu/ becomes 食べるな /taberuna/ in the normal form, 食べな /tabena/ in the soft one.
- s-irregular verb: する /suru/ becomes するな /suruna/ or すな /suna/ in the normal form, しな /sina/ in the soft one.
- k-irregular verb: 来る /kuru/ becomes 来るな /kuruna/ in the normal form, きな /kina/ in the soft one.
Adjectives
The stem of adjective forms in Kansai dialect is generally the same as in standard Japanese, except for regional vocabulary differences. The same process that reduced the Classical Japanese terminal and attributive endings (し /-si/ and き /-ki/, respectively) to /-i/ has reduced also the ren'yōkei ending く /-ku/ to /-u/, yielding such forms as 早う /hajoː/ (contraction of 早う /hajau/) for 早く /hajaku/ ("quickly"). Dropping the consonant from the final mora in all forms of adjective endings has been a frequent occurrence in Japanese over the centuries (and is the origin of such forms as ありがとう /ariɡatoː/ and おめでとう /omedetoː/), but the Kantō speech preserved く /-ku/ while reducing し /-si/ and き /-ki/ to /-i/, thus accounting for the discrepancy in the standard language (see also Onbin)
The /-i/ ending can be dropped and the last vowel of the adjective's stem can be stretched out for a second mora, sometimes with a tonal change for emphasis. By this process, omoroi "interesting, funny" becomes omorō and atsui "hot" becomes atsū or attsū. This use of the adjective's stem, often as an exclamation, is seen in classical literature and many dialects of modern Japanese, but is more often used in modern Kansai dialect.
There is not a special conjugated form for presumptive of adjectives in Kansai dialect, it is just addition of やろ /jaro/ to the plain form. For example, 安かろう /jasukaroː/ (the presumptive form of 安い /jasui/ "cheap") is hardly used and is usually replaced with the plain form + やろ /jaro/ likes 安いやろ /jasui jaro/. Polite suffixes です/だす/どす /desu, dasu, dosu/ and ます /-masu/ are also added やろ /jaro/ for presumptive form instead of でしょう /desjoː/ in standard Japanese. For example, 今日は晴れでしょう /kjoː wa hare desjoː/ ("It may be fine weather today") is replaced with 今日は晴れですやろ /kjoː wa hare desu jaro/.
Copulae
The standard Japanese copula da is replaced by the Kansai dialect copula ya. The inflected forms maintain this difference, resulting in yaro for darō (presumptive), yatta for datta (past); darō is often considered to be a masculine expression, but yaro is used by both men and women. The negative copula de wa nai or ja nai is replaced by ya nai or ya arahen/arehen in Kansai dialect. Ya originated from ja (a variation of dearu) in late Edo period and is still commonly used in other parts of western Japan like Hiroshima, and is also used stereotypically by old men in fiction.
Ya and ja are used only informally, analogically to the standard da, while the standard desu is by and large used for the polite (teineigo) copula. For polite speech, -masu, desu and gozaimasu are used in Kansai as well as in Tokyo, but traditional Kansai dialect has its own polite forms. Desu is replaced by dasu in Osaka and dosu in Kyoto. There is another unique polite form omasu and it is often replaced by osu in Kyoto. The usage of omasu/osu is same as gozaimasu, the polite form of the verb aru and also be used for polite form of adjectives, but it is more informal than gozaimasu. In Osaka, dasu and omasu are sometimes shortened to da and oma. Omasu and osu have their negative forms omahen and ohen.
| impolite | informal | polite1 | polite2 | polite formal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osaka | ja | ya | dasu | de omasu | de gozaimasu |
| Kyoto | dosu | ||||
When some sentence-final particles and a presumptive inflection yaro follow -su ending polite forms, su is often combined especially in Osaka. Today, this feature is usually considered to be dated or exaggerated Kansai dialect.
- -n'na (-su + na), emphasis. e.g. Bochi-bochi den'na. ("So-so, you know.")
- -n'nen (-su + nen), emphasis. e.g. Chaiman'nen. ("It is wrong")
- -ngana (-su + gana), emphasis. e.g. Yoroshū tanomimangana. ("Nice to meet you")
- -kka (-su + ka), question. e.g. Mōkarimakka? ("How's business?")
- -n'no (-su + no), question. e.g. Nani yūteman'no? ("What are you talking about?")
- -sse (-su + e, a variety of yo), explain, advise. e.g. Ee toko oshiemasse! ("I'll show you a nice place!")
- -ssharo (-su + yaro), surmise, make sure. e.g. Kyō wa hare dessharo. ("It may be fine weather today")
Aspectedit
In common Kansai dialect, there are two forms for the continuous and progressive aspects -teru and -toru; the former is a shortened form of -te iru just as does standard Japanese, the latter is a shortened form of -te oru which is common to other western Japanese. The proper use between -teru and -toru is same as iru and oru.
In the expression to the condition of inanimate objects, -taru or -taaru form, a shortened form of -te aru. In standard Japanese, -te aru is only used with transitive verbs, but Kansai -taru or -taaru is also used with intransitive verbs. One should note that -te yaru, "to do for someone," is also contracted to -taru (-charu in Senshu and Wakayama), so as not to confuse the two.
Other Western Japanese as Chūgoku and Shikoku dialects has the discrimination of grammatical aspect, -yoru in progressive and -toru in perfect. In Kansai, some dialects of southern Hyogo and Kii Peninsula have these discrimination, too. In parts of Wakayama, -yoru and -toru are replaced with -yaru and -taaru/chaaru.
Politenessedit
Historically, extensive use of keigo (honorific speech) was a feature of the Kansai dialect, especially in Kyōto, while the Kantō dialect, from which standard Japanese developed, formerly lacked it. Keigo in standard Japanese was originally borrowed from the medieval Kansai dialect. However, keigo is no longer considered a feature of the dialect since Standard Japanese now also has it. Even today, keigo is used more often in Kansai than in the other dialects except for the standard Japanese, to which people switch in formal situations.
In modern Kansai dialect, -haru (sometimes -yaharu except godan verbs, mainly Kyōto) is used for showing reasonable respect without formality especially in Kyōto. The conjugation before -haru has two varieties between Kyōto and Ōsaka (see the table below). In Southern Hyōgo, including Kōbe, -te ya is used instead of -haru. In formal speech, -naharu and -haru connect with -masu and -te ya changes -te desu.
-Haru was originally a shortened form of -naharu, a transformation of -nasaru. -Naharu has been dying out due to the spread of -haru but its imperative form -nahare (mainly Ōsaka) or -nahai (mainly Kyōto, also -nai) and negative imperative form -nasan'na or -nahan'na has comparatively survived because -haru lacks an imperative form. In more honorific speech, o- yasu, a transformation of o- asobasu, is used especially in Kyōto and its original form is same to its imperative form, showing polite invitation or order. Oide yasu and okoshi yasu (more respectful), meaning "welcome", are the common phrases of sightseeing areas in Kyōto. -Te okun nahare (also -tokun nahare, -toku nahare) and -te okure yasu (also -tokure yasu, -tokuryasu) are used instead of -te kudasai in standard Japanese.
| use | see | exist | eat | do | come | -te form | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| original | tsukau | miru | iru, oru | taberu | suru | kuru | -teru |
| o- yasu | otsukaiyasu | omiyasu | oiyasu | otabeyasu | oshiyasu | okoshiyasu, oideyasu | -toiyasu |
| -naharu | tsukainaharu | minaharu | inaharu | tabenaharu | shinaharu | kinaharu | -tenaharu |
| -haru in Kyōto | tsukawaharu | miharu | iharu iteharu (mainly Ōsaka) |
tabeharu | shiharu | kiharu | -taharu |
| -haru in Ōsaka | tsukaiharu | -teharu | |||||
| -yaharu | miyaharu | iyaharu yaharu |
tabeyaharu | shiyaharu shaharu |
kiyaharu kyaharu |
-teyaharu | |
| -te ya | tsukōte ya | mite ya | otte ya | tabete ya | shite ya | kite ya | -totte ya |
Particlesedit
There is some difference in the particles between Kansai dialect and standard Japanese. In colloquial Kansai dialect, case markers (格助詞, kaku-joshi) are often left out especially the accusative case o and the quotation particles to and te (equivalent to tte in standard). The ellipsis of to and te happens only before two verbs: yū (to say) and omou (to think). For example, Tanaka-san to yū hito ("a man called Mr. Tanaka") can change to Tanaka-san yū hito. And to yū is sometimes contracted to chū or tchū instead of te, tsū or ttsū in Tokyo. For example, nanto yū koto da! or nante kotta! ("My goodness!") becomes nanchū kotcha! in Kansai.
The interjectory particle (間投助詞, kantō-joshi) na or naa is used very often in Kansai dialect instead of ne or nee in standard Japanese. In standard Japanese, naa is considered rough masculine style in some context, but in Kansai dialect naa is used by both men and women in many familiar situations. It is not only used as interjectory particle (as emphasis for the imperative form, expression an admiration, and address to listeners, for example), and the meaning varies depending on context and voice intonation, so much so that naa is called the world's third most difficult word to translate.[8] Besides naa and nee, noo is also used in some areas, but noo is usually considered too harsh a masculine particle in modern Keihanshin.
Kara and node, the conjunctive particles (接続助詞, setsuzoku-joshi) meaning "because," are replaced by sakai or yotte; ni is sometimes added to the end of both, and sakai changes to sake in some areas. Sakai was so famous as the characteristic particle of Kansai dialect that a special saying was made out of it: "Sakai in Osaka and Berabō in Edo" (大阪さかいに江戸べらぼう, Ōsaka sakai ni Edo berabō)". However, in recent years, the standard kara and node have become dominant.
Kate or katte is also characteristic particle of Kansai dialect, transformation of ka tote. Kate has two usages. When kate is used with conjugative words, mainly in the past form and the negative form, it is the equivalent of the English "even if" or "even though", such as Kaze hiita kate, watashi wa ryokō e iku ("Even if I catch a cold, I will go on the trip"). When kate is used with nouns, it means something like "even", "too," or "either", such as Ore kate shiran ("I don't know, either"), and is similar to the particle mo and datte.
Sentence final particlesedit
The sentence-final particles (終助詞, shū-joshi) used in Kansai differ widely from those used in Tokyo. The most prominent to Tokyo speakers is the heavy use of wa by men. In standard Japanese, it is used exclusively by women and so is said to sound softer. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, however, it is used equally by both men and women in many different levels of conversation. It is noted that the feminine usage of wa in Tokyo is pronounced with a rising intonation and the Kansai usage of wa is pronounced with a falling intonation.
Another difference in sentence final particles that strikes the ear of the Tokyo speaker is the nen particle such as nande ya nen!, "you gotta be kidding!" or "why/what the hell?!", a stereotype tsukkomi phrase in the manzai. It comes from no ya (particle no + copula ya, also n ya) and much the same as the standard Japanese no da (also n da). Nen has some variation, such as neya (intermediate form between no ya and nen), ne (shortened form), and nya (softer form of neya). When a copula precedes these particles, da + no da changes to na no da (na n da) and ya + no ya changes to na no ya (na n ya), but ya + nen does not change to na nen. No da is never used with polite form, but no ya and nen can be used with formal form such as nande desu nen, a formal form of nande ya nen. In past tense, nen changes to -ten; for example, "I love you" would be suki ya nen or sukkya nen, and "I loved you" would be suki yatten.
In the interrogative sentence, the use of nen and no ya is restricted to emphatic questions and involves interrogative words. For simple questions, (no) ka is usually used and ka is often omitted as well as standard Japanese, but no is often changed n or non (somewhat feminine) in Kansai dialect. In standard Japanese, kai is generally used as a masculine variation of ka, but in Kansai dialect, kai is used as an emotional question and is mainly used for rhetorical question rather than simple question and is often used in the forms as kaina (softer) and kaiya (harsher). When kai follows the negative verb ending -n, it means strong imperative sentence. In some areas such as Kawachi and Banshu, ke is used instead of ka, but it is considered a harsh masculine particle in common Kansai dialect.
The emphatic particle ze, heard often from Tokyo men, is rarely heard in Kansai. Instead, the particle de is used, arising from the replacement of z with d in words. However, despite the similarity with ze, the Kansai de does not carry nearly as heavy or rude a connotation, as it is influenced by the lesser stress on formality and distance in Kansai. In Kyoto, especially feminine speech, de is sometimes replaced with e. The particle zo is also replaced to do by some Kansai speakers, but do carries a rude masculine impression unlike de.
The emphasis or tag question particle jan ka in the casual speech of Kanto changes to yan ka in Kansai. Yan ka has some variations, such as a masculine variation yan ke (in some areas, but yan ke is also used by women) and a shortened variation yan, just like jan in Kanto. Jan ka and jan are used only in informal speech, but yan ka and yan can be used with formal forms like sugoi desu yan! ("It is great!"). Youngsters often use yan naa, the combination of yan and naa for tag question.
Vocabularyedit
In some cases, Kansai dialect uses entirely different words. The verb hokasu corresponds to standard Japanese suteru "to throw away", and metcha corresponds to the standard Japanese slang chō "very". Chō, in Kansai dialect, means "a little" and is a contracted form of chotto. Thus the phrase chō matte "wait a minute" by a Kansai person sounds strange to a Tokyo person.
Some Japanese words gain entirely different meanings or are used in different ways when used in Kansai dialect. One such usage is of the word naosu (usually used to mean "correct" or "repair" in the standard language) in the sense of "put away" or "put back." For example, kono jitensha naoshite means "please put back this bicycle" in Kansai, but many standard speakers are bewildered since in standard Japanese it would mean "please repair this bicycle".
Another widely recognized Kansai-specific usage is of aho. Basically equivalent to the standard baka "idiot, fool", aho is both a term of reproach and a term of endearment to the Kansai speaker, somewhat like English twit or silly. Baka, which is used as "idiot" in most regions, becomes "complete moron" and a stronger insult than aho. Where a Tokyo citizen would almost certainly object to being called baka, being called aho by a Kansai person is not necessarily much of an insult. Being called baka by a Kansai speaker is however a much more severe criticism than it would be by a Tokyo speaker. Most Kansai speakers cannot stand being called baka but don't mind being called aho.
Well-known wordsedit
Here are some words and phrases famous as part of the Kansai dialect:
| Kansai dialect | accent | Standard Japanese | English | Note | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| akan or akahen | H-H-H, H-L-L-L | dame, ikemasen, shimatta | wrong, no good, must, oh no! | abbreviation of "rachi ga akanu"; akimasen or akimahen (H-H-H-H-H) for polite speech; -ta(ra) akan means "must not ..."; -na akan and -nto akan means "must ...". | Tabetara akan. = "You must not eat." : Tabena/Tabento akan = "You must eat." |
| aho, ahō | L-HL, L-H-L | baka | silly, idiot, fool | sometimes used friendly with a joke; this accompanies a stereotype that baka is considered a much more serious insult in Kansai; Ahondara (L-L-L-H-L) is strong abusive form; Ahokusai (L-L-H-L-L) and Ahorashii(L-L-H-L-L) are adjective form; originally ahau and said to derive from a Chinese word 阿呆; ā dāi in Muromachi period.[9] | Honma aho ya naa. = "You are really silly." |
| beppin | H-H-H | bijin | beautiful woman | Originally written 別品, meaning a product of exceptional quality; extrapolated to apply to women of exceptional beauty, rewritten as 別嬪. Often appended with -san. | Beppin-san ya na. = "You are a pretty woman." |
| charinko, chari | jitensha | bicycle | said to derive either from onomatopoeia of the bell, or corrupted from jajeongeo, a Korean word for "bicycle" used by Osaka-born Koreans. Has spread out to most of Japan in recent decades. | Eki made aruite ikun? Uun, chari de iku wa. ("Are you walking to the station?" "No, I'm going by bike.") | |
| chau | H-H | chigau, de wa nai, janai | that isn't it, that isn't good, nope, wrong | reduplication chau chau is often used for informal negative phrase | Are, chauchau chau? Chau chau, chauchau chau n chau? = "It is a Chow Chow, isn't it?" "No, it isn't a Chow Chow, is it?" (a famous pun with Kansai dialect) |
| dabo | L-HL | baka | silly, idiot, fool | used in Kobe and Banshu; harsher than aho | |