Hundred Years' War
Part of the Crisis of the late Middle Ages and the Anglo-French Wars
Clockwise, from top left: the Battle of La Rochelle, the Battle of Agincourt, the Battle of Patay, and Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans
Date 24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453 (intermittent)[d] (116 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) Location France, the Low Countries, Great Britain, the Iberian Peninsula Result French victory Full results House of Valois retains the French throne Strengthening of the French monarchy Agnatic primogeniture confirmed as the law of French royal succession Decline of the House of Plantagenet, leading to the Wars of the Roses English claims to the French throne persist Rise of nationalistic identities in England and France Territorial changes England loses all continental possessions except for the Pale of Calais.
Belligerents
Kingdom of France loyal to the House of Valois Supported by: Burgundian State (1337–1419; 1435–1453) Duchy of Brittany Crown of Castile Kingdom of Scotland Welsh rebels Republic of Genoa Kingdom of Bohemia Crown of Aragon Avignon Papacy[a]	Kingdom of England Kingdom of France loyal to the House of Plantagenet Supported by: Burgundian State (1419–1435) Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Duchy of Gascony Ghent rebels[b] Papal States[c]
Commanders and leaders
Philip VI # John II  Charles V # Charles VI # Charles VII Louis, Dauphin Joan of Arc  Bertrand du Guesclin Jean de Vienne Hugues Quiéret † Charles d'Orléans  Rudolph of Lorraine † Philip the Bold John the Fearless Owain Glyndŵr Philip the Good Charles of Blois † David II  John Stewart † Archibald Douglas † John of Darnley † Henry of Trastámara John I Ambrosio Boccanegra Fernando Sánchez de Tovar Pedro Álvares Pereira † Antonio Doria John the Blind † Peter IV of Aragon Antipope Clement VII	Edward III # Richard II # Henry IV # Henry V # Henry VI The Black Prince John of Gaunt Edmund of Langley Richard of York John of Lancaster Henry of Lancaster Jean III de Grailly  Thomas Dagworth † Thomas Montacute † Henry le Despenser John Talbot † John Fastolf Robert d'Artois Edward Balliol Jean of Luxembourg Philip the Good John of Montfort Joanna of Flanders John IV of Brittany John I Nuno Álvares Pereira Peter of Castile † Pope Urban VI Jacob van Artevelde X Philip van Artevelde  † Frans Ackerman X Juan Vélaz de Medrano IV

The Hundred Years' War (French: Guerre de Cent Ans; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts fought between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from English claims to the French throne initially made by Edward III of England. The war grew into a broader military, economic, and political struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fueled by emerging nationalism on both sides. The periodization of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the Black Death, and several years of truces.

The Hundred Years' War was a significant conflict in the Middle Ages. During the war, five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of France, which was then the dominant kingdom in Western Europe. The war had a lasting effect on European history: both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed European warfare; chivalry, which reached its height during the conflict, subsequently declined. Stronger national identities took root in both kingdoms, which became more centralized and gradually emerged as global powers.^[1]

The term "Hundred Years' War" was adopted by later historians as a historiographical periodisation to encompass dynastically related conflicts, constructing the longest military conflict in European history. The war is commonly divided into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Each side drew many allies into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing; however, the French forces under the House of Valois ultimately retained control over the Kingdom of France. The French and English monarchies thereafter remained separate, despite the monarchs of England (later Britain) styling themselves as sovereigns of France until 1802.

Overview

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Origins

The root causes of the conflict can be traced to the crisis of 14th-century Europe. The outbreak of war was motivated by a gradual rise in tension between the kings of France and England over territory; the official pretext was the interruption of the direct male line of the Capetian dynasty.

Tensions between the French and English crowns had gone back centuries to the origins of the English royal family, which was French (Norman, and later, Angevin) in origin through William the Conqueror, the Norman duke who became King of England in 1066. English monarchs had, therefore, historically held titles and lands within France, which made them vassals to the kings of France. The status of the English king's French fiefs was a significant source of conflict between the two monarchies throughout the Middle Ages. French monarchs systematically sought to check the growth of English power, stripping away lands as the opportunity arose, mainly whenever England was at war with Scotland, an ally of France. English holdings in France had varied in size, at some points dwarfing even the French royal domain; by 1337, however, only Gascony was English.

In 1328, Charles IV of France died without any sons or brothers, and a new principle, Salic law, disallowed female succession. Charles's closest male relative was his nephew Edward III of England, whose mother, Isabella, was Charles's sister. Isabella claimed the throne of France for her son by the rule of proximity of blood, but the French nobility rejected this, maintaining that Isabella could not transmit a right she did not possess. An assembly of French barons decided that a native Frenchman should receive the crown, rather than Edward.^[2]

The throne passed to Charles's patrilineal cousin instead, Philip, Count of Valois. Edward protested but ultimately submitted and did homage for Gascony. Further French disagreements with Edward induced Philip, during May 1337, to meet with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that Gascony should be taken back into Philip's hands, which prompted Edward to renew his claim for the French throne, this time by force of arms. ^[3]

Edwardian Phase

In the early years of the war, the English, led by their king and his son Edward, the Black Prince, saw resounding successes, notably at Crécy (1346) and at Poitiers (1356), where King John II of France was taken prisoner.

Caroline Phase and Black Death

By 1378, under King Charles V the Wise and the leadership of Bertrand du Guesclin, the French had reconquered most of the lands ceded to King Edward in the Treaty of Brétigny (signed in 1360), leaving the English with only a few cities on the continent.

In the following decades, the weakening of royal authority, combined with the devastation caused by the Black Death of 1347–1351 (which killed nearly half of France^[4] and 20–33% of England^[5]) and the significant economic crisis that followed, led to a period of civil unrest in both countries. These crises were resolved in England earlier than in France.

Lancastrian Phase and after

The newly crowned Henry V of England seized the opportunity presented by the mental illness of Charles VI of France and the French civil war between Armagnacs and Burgundians to revive the conflict. Overwhelming victories at Agincourt (1415) and Verneuil (1424), as well as an alliance with the Burgundians raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph and persuaded the English to continue the war over many decades. A variety of factors prevented this, however. Notable influences include the deaths of both Henry and Charles in 1422, the emergence of Joan of Arc (which boosted French morale), and the loss of Burgundy as an ally (concluding the French civil war).

The Siege of Orléans (1429) made English aspirations for conquest all but infeasible. Despite Joan's capture by the Burgundians and her subsequent execution (1431), a series of crushing French victories concluded the siege, favoring the Valois dynasty. Notably, Patay (1429), Formigny (1450), and Castillon (1453) proved decisive in ending the war. England permanently lost most of its continental possessions, with only the Pale of Calais remaining under its control on the continent until the Siege of Calais (1558).

Related conflicts and after-effects

Local conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were contemporarily related to the war, including the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1364), the Castilian Civil War (1366–1369), the War of the Two Peters (1356–1369) in Aragon, and the 1383–85 crisis in Portugal, were used by the parties to advance their agendas.

By the War's end, feudal armies had mainly been replaced by professional troops, and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratization of the manpower and weapons of armies. Although primarily a dynastic conflict, the war inspired French and English nationalism. The broader introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the feudal armies where heavy cavalry had dominated, and artillery became important. The war precipitated the creation of the first standing armies in Western Europe since the Western Roman Empire and helped change their role in warfare.

Civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines, and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically in France. But at the end of the war, the French had the upper hand due to their better supply, such as small hand-held cannons, weapons, etc. In England, political forces over time came to oppose the costly venture. After the war, England was left insolvent, leaving the conquering French in complete control of all of France except Calais. The dissatisfaction of English nobles, resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings, as well as the general shock at losing a war in which investment had been so significant, helped lead to the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). The economic consequences of the Hundred Years' War not only produced a decline in trade but also led to a high collection of taxes from both countries, which played a significant role in civil disorder.

Causes and prelude

Dynastic turmoil in France: 1316–1328

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Hundred_Years'_War
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

---