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The Grand Slam in tennis is the achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline in a calendar year. In doubles, a Grand Slam may be achieved as a team or as an individual with different partners. Winning all four major championships consecutively but not within the same calendar year is referred to as a "non-calendar-year Grand Slam", while winning the four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a "Career Grand Slam".[1][2]
The Grand Slam tournaments, also referred to as majors, are the world's four most important annual professional tennis tournaments.They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and the longest matches for men (best of five sets, best of three for the women). The tournaments are overseen by the International Tennis Federation (ITF),[3] rather than the separate men and women's tour organizing bodies, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and Women's Tennis Association (WTA), but both the ATP and WTA award ranking points based on players' performances in them.[4]
The four Grand Slam tournaments are the Australian Open in January, the French Open from late May to early June, Wimbledon in late June to early July, and the US Open in late August to early September, with each played over two weeks. The Australian and the United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest tournament, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891 (major in 1925), and the Australian in 1905, but it was not until 1925 that all four were held as officially sanctioned majors.[5]
History
With the growing popularity of tennis, and with the hopes of unifying the sport's rules internationally,[5] the British and French tennis associations started discussions at their Davis Cup tie, and in October 1912 organized a meeting in Paris, joined by the Australasian, Austrian, Belgian, Spanish, and Swiss associations.[6] They subsequently formed the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), holding their first meeting in 1913, joined by the Danish, German, Dutch, Russian, South African, and Swedish organizations.[7] Voting rights were divided based on the perceived importance of the individual countries, with Great Britain's Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) receiving the maximum six votes.[8] Three tournaments were established, being designated as "World Championships":
- World Grass Court Championships, played on grass courts.
- World Hard Court Championships, played on clay courts.
- World Covered Court Championships, played on an indoor wood surface.[9]
The LTA was given the perpetual right to organize the World Grass Court Championships, to be held at Wimbledon, and France received permission to stage the World Hard Court Championships until 1916.[10] Anthony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of these World Championships in 1913.[11]
The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) expressed disagreement over the power distribution within the ILTF and the designation of "World Championship" status to the British and French tournaments, and thus initially refused to join the Federation, choosing instead to be bystanders to their meetings.[12][7] By the 1920s, with the World Covered Court Championships failing to attract top players and the growing success of American and Australian tennis, the ILTF worked to convince the USNLTA to join them, meeting their demand to drop the designation of "World Championships" from all three tournaments in March 1923, which led to the demise of both the World Covered Court Championships and the World Hard Court Championships.[9][13] A new category of "Official Championships" was created for the national championships of Britain, France, Australia, and the US.[14][15] By the 1930s, these four tournaments had become well defined as the most prestigious in the sport.[16]
In 1933, Jack Crawford won the Australian, French, and Wimbledon Championships, leaving him just needing to win the last major event of the year, the U.S. Championships, to become the reigning champion of all four major tournaments,[17] a feat described as a "Grand Slam" by sports columnist Alan Gould of The Reading Eagle,[18] and later that year by John Kieran of The New York Times.[19][20] The term 'Grand Slam' originates from the card game contract bridge, where it is used for winning all possible tricks, and entered tennis via golf, where it was used for the first time to specifically describe a total of four wins, specifically Bobby Jones' achievement of winning the four major golf tournaments three years earlier in 1930.[20] "Grand Slam" or "Slam" has since also become used to refer to the tournaments individually.[4]
At the time, only amateur players were allowed to participate in the Grand Slam and other ILTF-sanctioned tournaments.[21] Amateur standing, regulated by the ILTF alongside its associated national federations, forbade players from receiving prize money, earning pay by teaching tennis, being contracted by promoters and playing paid exhibition matches, though expense payments were allowed along with certain monies from sporting goods companies or other benefactors.[21] Amateurs who "defected" to become professional were banned from competing in amateur tournaments and dropped from their national associations. The first professional tour was established in 1926 by promoter C. C. Pyle with a troupe of American and French players, most notably Suzanne Lenglen, playing exhibition matches to paying audiences.[21][22] Over the next decades many other head-to-head tours were run and professional tournaments established,[23] with three, the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, French Pro Championship and Wembley Championships, standing out, and now considered to have been the professional majors and equivalents to the then-amateur Grand Slam tournaments.[24] By the 1950s, largely due to efforts of player/promoter Jack Kramer, this lucrative parallel circuit was luring in most of the star amateurs on the men's side, much to the ire of the ILTF and organizers of the Grand Slam tournaments.[25] It was an open secret that those that remained as amateurs were receiving under-the-table payments from their national associations to dissuade them from joining the pro ranks and secure their availability for the majors and Davis Cup, a practice derisively referred to as 'shamateurism' that was seen as undermining the integrity of the sport.[26]
Tensions over this status quo, which had been building for decades, finally came to a head in 1967. In an experiment, the first tournament open to professional tennis players played on Centre Court at Wimbledon, the Wimbledon Pro, was staged by the All England Lawn Tennis Club in August,[27] offering a prize fund of US$45,000.[28] The tournament was deemed very successful, with packed crowds and the play seen as being of higher quality than the amateur-only Wimbledon final held two weeks earlier.[29][30] This success in combination with large signings of top players to two new professional tours—World Championship Tennis and the National Tennis League—convinced the LTA on the need for open tennis.[26] After a British proposal for this at the annual ILTF meeting was voted down, the LTA revolted, and in its own annual meeting in December it voted overwhelmingly to admit players of all statuses to the 1968 Wimbledon Championships and other future tournaments in Britain, "come hell or high water".[31] The eventual backing of the USNLTA that came after a February 1968 vote forced the ILTF to yield and allow each nation to determine its own legislation regarding amateur and professional players, which it voted for in a special meeting in March 1968.[32] This marked the start of the Open Era of tennis,[26] with its first tournament, the 1968 British Hard Court Championships, beginning three weeks later on 22 April in Bournemouth, England,[33] while the first open Grand Slam tournament, the 1968 French Open, was held in May.[26]
Even after the advent of the Open Era, players including John McEnroe and Chris Evert have pointed out that skipping majors was not unusual before counting major titles became the norm, especially the Australian Open because of the travelling distance involved and the inconvenient dates close to Christmas and New Year.[34][35] There were also the contracted professional players who had to skip some major events like the French Open in the 1970s because they were committed to the more profitable pro circuits.[35][36] In one case, Australian players including Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall and Roy Emerson who had contracts with George MacCall's National Tennis League were prevented from participating in the 1970 Australian Open because the financial guarantees were deemed insufficient.[37]
Although it has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925, it was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon, the Australian and French Championships due to World War II,[38] the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles,[39] 1986 when there was no Australian Open,[39] and 2020 when Wimbledon was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[40]
Tournaments
The Grand Slam of tennis comprises these four major tournaments:
| Event | Editions | Began | Venue | Surface | Draw sizes | Format | Deciding set rule | Date (2 weeks) |
Current champions (singles) | Prize money | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | ||||||||||
| Australian Open[a] | 111 | 1905[b] | Melbourne Park, Melbourne |
Hard[c] |
Men's & women's events
Junior events
|
Best of five sets:
Best of three sets:
|
10-point tiebreaker (from 2022)[41] |
7–28 Jan 2024 |  Jannik Sinner
|
 Aryna Sabalenka
|
A$76,500,000[42] |
| French Open[d] | 93 | 1925[e] | Stade Roland Garros, Paris |
Clay | 28 May− 11 Jun 2023 |
 Novak Djokovic
|
 Iga Świątek
|
€43,900,000[43] | |||
| Wimbledon[f] | 136 | 1877[g] | All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, London |
Grass | 3–16 Jul 2023 |  Carlos Alcaraz
|
 Markéta Vondroušová
|
£44,700,000[44] | |||
| US Open[h] | 143 | 1881[i] | USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, New York City |
Hard[j] | 28 Aug− 10 Sep 2023 |
Novak Djokovic
|
 Coco Gauff
|
US$65,000,020[45] | |||
Australian Open
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The Australian Open is the first Grand Slam tournament of the year, played annually in late January and early February.[k][46] The inaugural edition took place in November 1905 on the grass courts of the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Australia. It was held as the Australasian Championships until 1927 and thereafter as the Australian Championships until the onset of the Open Era in 1969,[47] passing through various venues in Australia and New Zealand before settling at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne between 1972 and 1987.[48] Since 1988, it has been played on the hard courts of the Melbourne Park sports complex, which currently uses GreenSet as its court manufacturer.[49]
Managed by Tennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), the tournament struggled until the mid-1980s to attract the top international players due to its distance from Europe and America and proximity to the Christmas and holiday season,[50][51] but it has since grown to become one of the biggest sporting events in the Southern Hemisphere and the highest attended Grand Slam tournament, with more than 1,020,000 people attending the 2024 edition.[52] Nicknamed the "Happy Slam"[53] and billed as "the Grand Slam of Asia/Pacific",[54] it has become known for its modernity and innovation, being the first Grand Slam tournament to feature indoor play and install retractable roofs on its main courts,[55] the first to schedule night-time men's singles finals,[56] and the first to substitute electronic line calling for line judges, using an expanded version of the Hawk-Eye technology known as "Hawk-Eye Live".[57]
The tournament was designated a major championship by the International Lawn Tennis Federation in 1923.[58] Nowadays, its draws host 256 singles players, 128 doubles teams and 32 mixed doubles teams, with the total prize money for the 2024 tournament being A$86,500,000.[59]
French Open
The French Open, also known as Roland Garros,[60][61] is the second Grand Slam tournament of the year, played annually in late May and early June.[62] It was first held in 1891 on the sand courts of the Societé de Sport de Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux, Île-de-France,[63][l] and repeatedly changed venues over the years before settling on the clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, France, where it has been contested since 1928.[65][66] Both the venue and the tournament are named "Roland Garros" after the pioneering French aviator.[65]
Organized by the Fédération française de tennis (FFT), formerly known as the Fédération Française de Lawn Tennis until 1976,[67] the French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament played on a red clay surface.[68] It is generally considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world.[69][70]
Until 1925, the tournament was known as the Championnats de France (French Championships), and only French players and foreign members of French clubs were eligible to compete in it.[65] Before then, the World Hard Court Championships was considered the premier clay championship in France as it admitted international competitors, and it is therefore often seen as the true precursor to the modern French Open.[13][71] From 1925 onward, the French Championships became open to all international amateurs and was rebranded as Internationaux de France (French Internationals),[65] and it was first held as an International Lawn Tennis Federation–sanctioned major championship in the same year.[citation needed]
Today, it has draws that host 256 singles players, 128 doubles teams and 32 mixed doubles teams, with the total prize money for the 2023 tournament being €43,900,000.[43] The 2018 edition saw a record attendance of 480,575 spectators.[72]
Wimbledon
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The Wimbledon Championships, commonly known as Wimbledon,[73] is the third Grand Slam tournament of the year, played annually in late June and early July.[74] It was first held in 1877 at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, at the time located off Nursery Road in Wimbledon, London, England.[75] The tournament has always been contested at this club, which moved to its present site off Church Road in 1922 in order to increase its attendance capacity.[76]
Wimbledon is organized by a committee of management consisting of nineteen members, with twelve being club members and the remaining seven nominated by the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA).[77][78] As the world's oldest tennis event,[79] it is widely regarded as the most prestigious tennis tournament,[80] and it is known for its commitment to longstanding traditions and guidelines.[81] It is one of few tournaments and the only Grand Slam event that is still played on grass courts,[82] tennis's original surface, and where "lawn tennis" originated in the 1800s.[83] Players are required to wear all-white attire during matches,[84] and they are referred to as "Gentlemen" and "Ladies".[85] There is also a tradition where the players are asked to bow or curtsy towards the Royal Box upon entering or leaving Centre Court when either the Prince of Wales or the monarch are present.[86]
The tournament was given the title "World Grass Court Championships" by the International Lawn Tennis Federation between 1912 and 1923,[87] and was designated a major championship following the abolition of the three ILTF World Championships.[58] Since 1937, the BBC has broadcast the tournament on television in the United Kingdom,[88] with the finals shown live and in full on television in the country each year.[89] The BBC's broadcast of the 1967 edition was among the first colour television broadcasts in the UK.[90]
Today, the event has draws that host 256 singles players, 128 doubles teams and 32 mixed doubles teams, with the total prize money for the 2021 tournament being £35,016,000,[44] and 500,397 people attending the 2019 edition.[91] The tournament has some of the longest running sponsorships in sports history, having been associated with Slazenger since 1902,[92] and with the Robinsons fruit drink brand since 1935.[93]
US Open
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The US Open is the fourth and final Grand Slam tournament of the year, played annually in late August and early September. It was first held in August 1881 on grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island, United States.[94] The tournament constantly changed venues in its early years,[95] with each discipline continuing to be held separately at various venues until 1923, when the tournament settled at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City.[95] In 1978, it moved to the hardcourts of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, where it has been contested ever since.[95][96]
Organized by the United States Tennis Association (USTA),[97] previously known as the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) until 1920,[98] and as United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) until 1975,[99] it is the only Grand Slam tournament to have been played every year since its inception.[100] In 1997, Arthur Ashe Stadium, the largest tennis stadium in the world with a capacity of 23,771 spectators,[101][102] was opened.[103] It is named after Arthur Ashe, the winner of the 1968 tournament—the first in which professionals were allowed to compete.[104]
Over the years, the tournament has pioneered changes and promoted ideas that other tournaments later implemented for themselves, including the introduction of a tiebreak system to decide the outcome of sets tied at 6–6 in 1970,[7] being the first Grand Slam tournament to award equal prize money to the men's and women's events in 1975,[7] the installation of floodlights in 1975 in order to allow matches to be played at night,[105] and the introduction of instant replay reviews of line calls using the Hawk-Eye computer system in 2006, the first Grand Slam tournament to do so.[106]
The ILTF officially designated it as a major tournament in 1923.[9] Today, the event has draws that host 256 singles players, 128 doubles teams and 32 mixed doubles teams, with the total prize money for the 2020 tournament being US$53,400,000,[107] and a US television viewership of 700,000.[108][109] Since 2004, the tournament has been preceded by the US Open Series, composed of North American hardcourt professional tournaments that lead up to and culminate with the US Open itself.[110] The season is organized by the USTA as a way to focus more attention on American tennis tournaments by getting more of them on domestic television.[45]
Grand Slam
The first player to win all four majors in a calendar year and thus complete the Grand Slam was Don Budge in 1938.[111] To date, five singles players (two men, three women), nine doubles players (four men, five women) and one junior (boy) have completed the Grand Slam. In wheelchair disciplines, two singles players (one quad, one woman) and twelve doubles players (four men, eight women) have achieved it. Margaret Court is the only player to complete the Grand Slam in two disciplines, singles and mixed doubles (twice), while wheelchair players Diede de Groot and Dylan Alcott have completed one in both the singles and doubles disciplines of their respective classes.[1]
Instances
-
Don Budge, men's singles in 1938. -
Maureen Connolly, women's singles in 1953. -
Rod Laver, men's singles in 1962 and 1969. -
Margaret Court, women's singles in 1970. -
Steffi Graf, women's singles in 1988.
| Key | AU | FR | WB | US |
| Australian Open | French Open | Wimbledon | US Open |
| # | Year | Player | Discipline | Major | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
| 1 | 1938 |  Don Budge
|
Men's singles | AU | FR | WB | US | Part of 6 consecutive titles. |
| 2 | 1951 |  Ken McGregor
|
Men's doubles | AU | FR | WB | US | Part of 7 consecutive titles for the team. |
| Frank Sedgman
|
Part of 8 consecutive titles for Sedgman with Bromwich and McGregor. | |||||||
| 3 | 1953 | Maureen Connolly
|
Women's singles | AU | FR | WB | US | Part of 6 consecutive titles. |
| 4 | 1960 |  Maria Bueno
|
Women's doubles | AU | FR | WB | US | Partnered with Truman and Hard. |
| 5 | 1962 | Rod Laver
|
Men's singles | AU | FR | WB | US | |
| 6 | 1963 | Margaret Court
|
Mixed doubles | AU | FR | WB | US | Part of 7 consecutive titles for Court with Stolle and Fletcher. |
| Ken Fletcher
|
Part of 6 consecutive titles for the team. | |||||||
| 7 | 1965 | Margaret Court (2)
|
Mixed doubles | AU | FR | WB | US | Part of 5 consecutive titles with Newcombe, Fletcher and Stolle. |
| 8 | 1967 | Owen Davidson
|
Mixed doubles | AU | FR | WB | US | Part of 5 consecutive titles with Floyd, Turner and King. |
| 9 | 1969 | Rod Laver (2)
|
Men's singles | AU | FR | WB | US | |
| 10 | 1970 | Margaret Court (3)
|
Women's singles | AU | FR | WB | US | Part of 6 consecutive titles. |
| 11 | 1983 |  Stefan Edberg
|
Boys' singles | FR | WB | US | AU | |
| 12 | 1984 | Martina Navratilova
|
Women's doubles | FR | WB | US | AU | Part of 8 consecutive titles. |
| Pam Shriver
| ||||||||
| 13 | 1988 |  Steffi Graf
|
Women's singles | AU | FR | WB | US | Part of 5 consecutive titles. |
| 14 | 1998 |  Martina Hingis
|
Women's doubles | AU | FR | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Grand_Slam_(tennis)|||