Genital tubercle

Genital tubercle
Genital tubercle
	Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female.
Details
Precursor	Somatopleure
Gives rise to	Clitoris or penis
System	Reproductive system
Identifiers
Latin	tuberculum phallicum; tuberculum genitale
TE	tubercle_by_E5.7.4.0.1.0.1 E5.7.4.0.1.0.1
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata

A genital tubercle, phallic tubercle, or clitorophallic structure^[2] is a body of tissue present in the development of the reproductive system of amniotes.^[3] It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a primordial phallus. In the human fetus, the genital tubercle develops around week four of gestation, and by week nine, becomes recognizably either a clitoris or penis. This should not be confused with the sinus tubercle which is a proliferation of endoderm induced by paramesonephric ducts. Even after the phallus is developed (either a penile shaft or clitoral shaft),^[4] the term genital tubercle remains, but only as the terminal end of it,^[5] which develops into either the glans penis or the glans clitoridis.

In the development of the male fetus, the two sides of the tubercle approach ventrally forming a hollow tube that encloses the male urethra. The two glans wings merge in the midline forming the septum glandis.^[6] In the female fetus, the tubercle is attached to the vestibular folds that remain unfused forming the labia minora and the vaginal vestibule in between.^[7] The genital tubercle is sensitive to dihydrotestosterone and rich in 5-alpha-reductase, so that the amount of fetal testosterone present after the second month is a major determinant of phallus size at birth.

References

^ Netter, Frank H.; Cochard, Larry R. (2002). Netter's Atlas of human embryology. Teterboro, N.J: Icon Learning Systems. p. 159. ISBN 0-914168-99-1.
^ Skinner, Michael K. (2018). Encyclopedia of Reproduction: Volume 1. Elsevier Science. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-12815-145-7.
^ Prum, Richard O. (2023). Performance All the Way Down: Genes, Development, and Sexual Difference. University of Chicago Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-22682-978-4.
^ Netter, Frank (2022). Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy: Classic Regional Approach - Ebook. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-32379-375-9. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ "Urogenital Development - External Genitalia 24 of 28". Units of Embryo Images. UNC School of Medicine. Archived from the original on Apr 11, 2011.
^ Joseph, Diya B.; Vezina, Chad M. (2018), "Male Reproductive Tract: Development Overview", Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Elsevier, pp. 248–255, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64366-0, ISBN 9780128151457, retrieved 2023-01-04
^ Baskin, Laurence; Shen, Joel; Sinclair, Adriane; Cao, Mei; Liu, Xin; Liu, Ge; Isaacson, Dylan; Overland, Maya; Li, Yi; Cunha, Gerald R. (2018). "Development of the human penis and clitoris". Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity. 103: 74–85. doi:10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.001. ISSN 1432-0436. PMC 6234061. PMID 30249413.

External links

Swiss embryology (from UL, UB, and UF) ugenital/genitexterne01
Overview at mcgill.ca

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Genital_tubercle
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

[isbn0-914168-99-1-1] Netter, Frank H.; Cochard, Larry R. (2002). Netter's Atlas of human embryology. Teterboro, N.J: Icon Learning Systems. p. 159. ISBN 0-914168-99-1.

[2] Skinner, Michael K. (2018). Encyclopedia of Reproduction: Volume 1. Elsevier Science. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-12815-145-7.

[3] Prum, Richard O. (2023). Performance All the Way Down: Genes, Development, and Sexual Difference. University of Chicago Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-22682-978-4.

[4] Netter, Frank (2022). Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy: Classic Regional Approach - Ebook. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-32379-375-9. Retrieved October 9, 2023.

[e024-5] "Urogenital Development - External Genitalia 24 of 28". Units of Embryo Images. UNC School of Medicine. Archived from the original on Apr 11, 2011.

[6] Joseph, Diya B.; Vezina, Chad M. (2018), "Male Reproductive Tract: Development Overview", Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Elsevier, pp. 248–255, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64366-0, ISBN 9780128151457, retrieved 2023-01-04

[7] Baskin, Laurence; Shen, Joel; Sinclair, Adriane; Cao, Mei; Liu, Xin; Liu, Ge; Isaacson, Dylan; Overland, Maya; Li, Yi; Cunha, Gerald R. (2018). "Development of the human penis and clitoris". Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity. 103: 74–85. doi:10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.001. ISSN 1432-0436. PMC 6234061. PMID 30249413.

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v t e Development of the reproductive system
Precursors	Mesoderm intermediate lateral plate Endoderm Cloaca Urogenital sinus Ectoderm Cloacal membrane
Internal	Development of the gonads Gonadal ridge Pronephric duct Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Vaginal plate Definitive urogenital sinus
External	Genital tubercle Primordial phallus Labioscrotal swelling Urogenital fold Gubernaculum Peritoneum Vaginal process Canal of Nuck
See also	List of related male and female reproductive organs Prenatal development Embryogenesis

See also

References

External links