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 | This article possibly contains original research. (June 2015) |
 | |
| Ministry of Education Ministry of Primary and Mass Education | |
|---|---|
| Minister for Education State Minister for Primary and Mass Education | Mohibul Hasan Chowdhury Rumana Ali |
| National education budget (2020) | |
| Budget | US$ 7.832 billion (6,640 crore Taka)[1] |
| General details | |
| Primary languages | Bengali, English |
| System type | National |
| Established compulsory education | 4 November 1972 |
| Literacy (2022[2]) | |
| Total | 74.66% (including 53.65% hijra) |
| Male | 76.56% |
| Female | 72.82% |
| Enrollment | |
| Total | 23,907,151 [3] (2019) |
| Primary | 16,230,000 |
| Secondary | 7,400,000 |
| Post secondary | 277,151 |
| Attainment | |
| Secondary diploma | 335,454 |
| Post-secondary diploma | 86,948 |
| "Bangladesh Education Stats". NationMaster. Retrieved 12 September 2016. "Statistical Pocket Book-2006" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2016. | |
Education in Bangladesh is administered by the country's Ministry of Education.[4] The Ministry of Primary and Mass Education implements policies for primary education and state-funded schools at a local level.[5] Education in Bangladesh is compulsory for all citizens until the end of grade eight.[6] Primary and Secondary education is funded by the state and free of charge in public schools.[7]
Bangladesh conforms fully to the UN's Education For All (EFA) objectives[8] and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)[9] as well as other education-related international declarations. Now, the government of Bangladesh tends to align the curriculum that meets the "Goal: SDG-4" that is the "Quality Education" characterized in the charter of “Sustainable Development Goal 4”.[10] Article 17 of the Bangladesh Constitution provides that all children receive free and compulsory education.[11]
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)[12] finds that Bangladesh is fulfilling only 82.5% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.[13] HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Bangladesh's income level, the nation is achieving 88.7% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 76.3% for secondary education.[13] Again, the budgetary allocation is too inadequate that the following source reiterates "Out of the total budget of taka 678,064 crore (approximately 62.6 billion dollars) for FY23, the allocation for the education sector is taka 81,449 crore (approximately 7.5 billion dollars) or 12 percent of the total, compared to 11.9 percent in FY22. In terms of GDP ratio, it is 1.83 percent, lower than the outgoing fiscal year's allocation. This is one of the lowest in the world – far below the recommended minimum of 4–6% of GDP and 20% of the national budget."[14] Over the course of the past five decades, Bangladesh has achieved commendable advancements in the domain of education. As education stands as an indispensable human right, dedicated efforts are being exerted to guarantee its accessibility for every individual. Looking ahead to the next decade, it is conceivable that Bangladesh will attain a full literacy rate of 100 percent.[15]
A noteworthy facet in Bangladesh is the near-universal enrollment of children in schools, evident through a primary school net enrollment rate of 98%. Additionally, an increasing number of women are joining the ranks of school attendees, subsequently entering the workforce and making substantial contributions to the expansion of various economic sectors.[16] The government in recent years has made notable efforts at improving women's educational condition in the country.[17][18]
Education system
The main education system is divided into three levels:
- Primary level (class 1–5)[19]
- Secondary level (class 6–12)[20]
- Tertiary level[21]
At all levels of schooling, students can choose to receive their education either in English or Bangla.[22]
Bangladesh has allocated 60 percent of primary school teaching positions specifically for women.[23]
There is no middle school in Bangladesh.[24]
National curriculum
The National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) (Bengali: জাতীয় শিক্ষাক্রম ও পাঠ্যপুস্তক বোর্ড) provides textbooks, takes standardized tests via one of two languages: English[25] and Bengali. Bengali and English are mandatory subjects for all students following the national curriculum despite their chosen languages or versions.[26] The Bengali version of the national curriculum is called "Bangla version" and the English version of the national curriculum is called "English version".[26] Those who follow these individual curriculums are called "Bangla version students" and "English version students" respectively. Bangla version of alternate curriculums are called "Bangla Medium" and English version of alternate curriculums are called "English medium". Those who follow these individual alternate curriculums are called "Bangla medium students" and "English medium students" respectively.[25]
A student is expected to complete 12 years of education up to class 12. The curriculum does not include pre-school.
There is no choice of subjects offered to students under this curriculum until class 9 and again at class 11 when a student is expected to choose between 3 streams of education. The 3 streams of education are as following:
In class 9–10 and 11–12, each has its own pre-selected set of subjects with one optional subject which can be changed. For instance, a student studying in science group can't replace Chemistry, Bangla or Religion for Accounting or History. But he can replace Higher Math or Biology for Arts & Crafts. In other words, a student of this curriculum has to study a pre-set group of subjects with having only one choice of replacing an elective subject to another elective subject. Science is the most sought-after stream of education in urban areas.
A standardized exam is held in class 8 called Junior School Certificate examination; schools often restrict students getting less than their set Grade Point Average (GPA) from pursuing Science stream of education.
100% of the mark obtained in certificates of PSC (class 5), JSC (class 8), SSC (class 10), and HSC (class 12) examinations is obtained from standardized written tests, multiple choice questions, practical part, and viva-voice involved with practical part. Classroom performance, homework and assignments play no part in a student's certificate. Standardized written tests (Creative part) and multiple-choice questions (MCQ) are taken in a single sitting without breaks. A student is given a blank answer script separate from the question paper to answer the creative part, and a separate Optical Mark Reader (OMR) sheet to mark answers to Multiple Choice Questions. Time allocation for MCQ and CQ (Creative Questions) parts are separate and strictly enforced, OMR sheet is taken away after the allocated time, and CQ question is provided. Practical part is taken in another sitting on a separate day, viva-voice is taken during practical exam simultaneously.
Concerning lesser than expected outcome of this curriculum, the ministry of education along with NCTB is about to implement a completely reformed curriculum starting from 2023 and completely implemented in 2027. The new curriculum is approved by Ministry of Education and is currently under use for classes 6-7.[27]
Upcoming national curriculum
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The approved major overhaul of the current curriculum is about to be implemented nationwide for classes 1–12 starting from classes 6 and 7 in 2023,[28] classes 8 and 9 in 2024, class 10 in 2025, class 11 in 2026, and class 12 in 2027. The new curriculum is expected to reduce the need of school coaching centers[29] as there will be various activities involved in the learning process[30] offering students a better understanding of each topic. It is expected to shift our curriculum from an outcome-centric one to a competency-based one with 10 selected competencies a student is supposed to possess at completion of class 12 with emphasis on character building. Education minister Dr. Dipu Moni believes "Role of teachers will change under the new curriculum".[31]
Under the initiative, newly written books will be provided to all students of the national curriculum. Number of subjects will decrease, there will be topics covering mental and physical health under a subject called "Wellbeing" or "Bhalo Thaka / ভালো থাকা (Staying well)". Separate streams of education (Arts, Commerce, Science) will be eliminated for only 10 uniform subjects for classes 6–10 and SSC candidates, but such streams will remain for classes 11–12 or HSC candidates. Standardized board exams PEC (class 5) and JSC (class 8) will be abolished to reduce exam centric teaching and learning.[32]
A significant part of the evaluation will come from class performance. There will be no standardized tests at schools or board up to class 3, students of classes one to three will be evaluated on the basis of their classroom performance alone. Besides a significant percentage of marks will come from classroom performance and continuous evaluation in their own schools to further reduce exam centric learning, however the percentage keeps reducing as a student is promoted to a higher class.
The question pattern is also expected to be changed under the new curriculum in accordance with international standards, but official declaration has not come yet detailing the new question pattern. The new question pattern is expected to replace current creative type questions as it could not fill up its purpose of introduction completely in current curriculum.
New curriculum criticism
A few educationists have critically acclaimed the new education curriculum for classes VI and VII as modern and something that will not put excessive exam pressure on students. However, the curriculum has mostly faced backlash from parents, teachers and students all over the country.[33][34] A handful of conferences and non-violent protests have been held, with an aim to partially change the latest curriculum or return to the older one. The latest development in the assessment system fosters the idea that the total assessment system will be divided into two portions where a greater part will be done through written tests and the other (40%) part of the assessment will be done around the year. https://bdnews24.com/education/i4enzd6hnm
Schools
There are schools in Bangladesh that educates people of different backgrounds. This include International Schools with English or French as a medium of instruction, religiously affiliated schools, and schools teaching the national curriculum using Bengali or English as a medium of instruction. French International School of Dhaka (Ecole Française Internationale de Dacca) is a bilingual international school that offers 60% of its courses in French.[35] The Aga Khan Academy, Dhaka is an international school by Aga Khan Development Network which is an English only school with Bangla and French courses. Cadet Colleges are important schools in the education system of Bangladesh which follows the national curriculum. A cadet college is a room and board collegiate administered by the Bangladesh Military. Discipline is compulsory at all cadet colleges. Faujdarhat Cadet College is the first cadet college in Bangladesh, established in 1958 over an area of 185 acres (0.75 km2) at Faujdarhat in the district of Chittagong. At present, there are 12 cadet colleges in Bangladesh, including three for girls. Four Cadet Colleges were established before 1971. Other cadet colleges were built after the Liberation War of Bangladesh.[36]
Govt of Bangladesh plans to build 1,000 primary schools in char areas. [37]
As of September 2019, tertiary education in Bangladesh takes place at 44 government, 101 private and 3 international universities. Students can choose to further their studies in chartered accountancy, engineering, technology, agriculture and medicine at a variety of universities and colleges.[38][39]
Table: Number of Primary Education Institutions, Teachers and Students, 2018
{An updated data chart January 2020 on the Primary Education can be retrieved from the following link} [40]
| School type | No. of school | Total teachers | Total students | ||||
| Total | Female | % of female | Total | Girls | % of girls | ||
| Govt. Primary School | 38033 | 222652 | 144434 | 64.9 | 10188129 | 5252022 | 51.6 |
| New Nationalized PS | 25008 | 96460 | 47396 | 49.1 | 4483785 | 2278239 | 50.8 |
| Total government school | 63041 | 319112 | 191830 | 60.11 | 14671914 | 7530261 | 51.32 |
| Regd. NGPS | 193 | 771 | 464 | 60.2 | 38282 | 19611 | 51.2 |
| Non-regd. NGPS | 1744 | 6649 | 4716 | 70.9 | 256268 | 127112 | 49.6 |
| School for Autistic | 33 | 282 | 246 | 89.2 | 10652 | 5250 | 49.3 |
| Ebtadaee Madrasah | 2673 | 11673 | 2300 | 19.7 | 372277 | 181341 | 48.7 |
| Kindergarten | 16170 | 93799 | 54813 | 58.4 | 1988365 | 914016 | 46.0 |
| NGO School | 2512 | 5454 | 3764 | 69.0 | 210170 | 107898 | 51.3 |
| Community School | 120 | 405 | 322 | 79.5 | 16747 | 8679 | 51.8 |
| Attached to High Madrasah | 5526 | 19764 | 2812 | 14.2 | 871047 | 427341 | 49.1 |
| Primary Sections of High School | 1511 | 8301 | 4450 | 53.6 | 572751 | 295659 | 51.6 |
| BRAC | 7779 | 7798 | 7277 | 93.3 | 324438 | 185873 | 57.3 |
| ROSC School | 3818 | 3591 | 2867 | 79.8 | 106884 | 53751 | 50.3 |
| Sishu Kollyan Primary School | 133 | 410 | 277 | 67.6 | 15665 | 8284 | 52.9 |
| Other Schools | 3262 | 4875 | 2967 | 60.9 | 97519 | 48808 | 50.0 |
| Total: | 108515 | 482884 | 279105 | 57.8 | 19552979 | 9913884 | 50.7 |
| Non-English medium school | 108515 |
| English medium school | 196 |
| Age | Grade | Educational Board | Qawmi
Education Board |
Alia Education Board | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3+ | Nursery | Pre-Primary Education | Tahfeez ul Quran | ||||||||||||
| 4+ | |||||||||||||||
| 5+ | KG | ||||||||||||||
| 6+ | I | Primary Education | Ibtedayi | Ebtedayee | |||||||||||
| 7+ | II | ||||||||||||||
| 8+ | III | ||||||||||||||
| 9+ | IV | ||||||||||||||
| 10+ | V | ||||||||||||||
| 11+ | VI | Secondary Education | Junior Secondary Education | Mutawassitah | Dakhil | ||||||||||
| 12+ | VII | ||||||||||||||
| 13+ | VIII | ||||||||||||||
| 14+ | IX | Secondary Education | Trade Certificate/SSC Vocational | Artisan Course | Sanaria ammah | ||||||||||
| 15+ | X | ||||||||||||||
| 16+ | XI | Higher Secondary Education | Diploma
(Engineering) |
HSC
Vocational |
C in Edu | C in Agri | Diploma in Comm |
Diploma in Nursing | Alim | ||||||
| 17+ | XII | ||||||||||||||
| 18+ | XIII | Masters (Prel) | Bachelor
(Pass) |
LLB (Hons) |
BSc (Agri.) BSc (Text.) BSc (Leat.) |
BBA | Fazilat | Fazil | |||||||
| 19+ | XIV | ||||||||||||||
| 20+ | XV | BSc
(Engr.) |
BSc
(Tech Edu.) |
Takmil | Kamil | ||||||||||
| 21+ | XVI | Masters (Prel) | BEd & Dip.Ed | B.P. Ed | Dip (Lsc) | ||||||||||
| 22+ | XVII | MA/MSc/Mcom/MSS | LLM | MBBS BDS | MSc (Engr.) | MSc (Agri.) | MBA | MEd & MA (Ed) |
MA (Lsc) | ||||||
| 23+ | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Education_in_Bangladesh|||||||||||||||