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Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). Like natural languages, programming languages follow rules for syntax and semantics.
There are thousands of programming languages[1] and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers may use dozens of languages in a career.
Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as Perl or Standard ML (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include ALGOL, C, C++, JavaScript (under the name ECMAScript), Smalltalk, Prolog, Common Lisp, Scheme (IEEE standard), ISLISP, Ada, Fortran, COBOL, SQL, and XQuery.
General comparison
The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of commonly used programming languages. See the individual languages' articles for further information.
| Language | Original purpose | Imperative | Object-oriented | Functional | Procedural | Generic | Reflective | Other paradigms | Standardized? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1C:Enterprise programming language | Application, RAD, business, general, web, mobile | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Object-based, Prototype-based programming | No |
| ActionScript | Application, client-side, web | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | prototype-based | Yes 1999-2003, ActionScript 1.0 with ES3, ActionScript 2.0 with ES3 and partial ES4 draft, ActionScript 3.0 with ES4 draft, ActionScript 3.0 with E4X |
| Ada | Application, embedded, realtime, system | Yes | Yes[2] | No | Yes[3] | Yes[4] | No | Concurrent,[5] distributed[6] | Yes 1983, 2005, 2012, ANSI, ISO, GOST 27831-88[7] |
| Aldor | Highly domain-specific, symbolic computing | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | |
| ALGOL 58 | Application | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
| ALGOL 60 | Application | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes 1960, IFIP WG 2.1, ISO[8] | |
| ALGOL 68 | Application | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Concurrent | Yes 1968, IFIP WG 2.1, GOST 27974-88,[9] |
| Ateji PX | Parallel application | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | pi calculus | No |
| APL | Application, data processing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Array-oriented, tacit | Yes 1989, ISO |
| Assembly language | General | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Any, syntax is usually highly specific, related to the target processor | Yes 1985 IEEE 694-1985[10] |
| AutoHotkey | GUI automation (macros), highly domain-specific | Yes | Yes [11] |
No | Yes | No | No | No | |
| AutoIt | GUI automation (macros), highly domain-specific | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | |
| Ballerina | Integration, agile, server-side, general | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Concurrent, transactional, statically and strongly typed, diagrammatic–visual | De facto standard via Ballerina Language Specification[12] |
| Bash | Shell, scripting | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Optionally POSIX.2[13] | |
| BASIC | Application, education | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes 1983, ANSI, ISO, ECMA | |
| BeanShell | Application, scripting | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No In progress, JCP[14] | |
| BLISS | System | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | |
| BlitzMax | Application, game | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| Boo | Application, game scripting | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | |
| C | Application, system,[15] general purpose, low-level operations | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes 1989, ANSI C89, ISO/IEC C90, ISO/IEC C95, ISO/IEC C99, ISO/IEC C11, ISO/IEC C17, ISO/IEC C2x[16] | |
| C++ | Application, system | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes 1998, ISO/IEC C++98, ISO/IEC C++03, ISO/IEC C++11, ISO/IEC C++14, ISO/IEC C++17, ISO/IEC C++20, ISO/IEC C++23[17] | |
| C# | Application, RAD, business, client-side, general, server-side, web, game programming | Yes | Yes | Yes[18] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Structured, concurrent | Yes 2000, ECMA, ISO[19] |
| Clarion | General, business, web | Yes | Yes | Yes[20] | No | No | No | Unknown | |
| Clean | General | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | |
| Clojure | General | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Concurrent | No |
| CLU | General | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
| COBOL | Application, business | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes 1968 ANSI X3.23, 1974, 1985; ISO/IEC 1989:1985, 2002, 2014 | |
| Cobra | Application, business, general, web | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | |
| ColdFusion (CFML) | Web | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | |
| Common Lisp | General | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Extensible syntax, Array-oriented, syntactic macros, multiple dispatch, concurrent | Yes 1994, ANSI |
| COMAL 80 | Education | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | |
| Crystal | General purpose | Yes | Yes[21] | Yes | Yes | Yes[22] | No | Concurrent[23] | No |
| Curry | Application | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | lazy evaluation, non-determinism | De facto standard via Curry Language Report |
| Cython | Application, general, numerical computing | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Aspect-oriented | No |
| D | Application, system | Yes | Yes | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Comparison_of_programming_languages