A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada | |
|---|---|
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | Nevada, U.S. |
| Index case | Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. |
| Arrival date | March 5, 2020 |
| Confirmed cases | 925,881[1] |
Deaths | 12,513[1] |
| Vaccinations | 1,825,077[1] |
| Government website | |
| dpbh | |
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the U.S. state of Nevada on March 5, 2020. Because of concerns about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Nevada governor Steve Sisolak declared a state of emergency on March 12, 2020. Four days later, Nevada reported its first death. On March 17, 2020, Sisolak ordered the closure of non-essential businesses in the state, to help prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Grocery stores were among the businesses considered essential, and restaurants were allowed to provide drive-thru, takeout, and delivery services. At the end of March 2020, Sisolak announced a 90-day moratorium on evictions and foreclosures for commercial and residential tenants. The moratorium would be extended several times over the next year.
Various protests were held against Sisolak's shutdown order beginning in April 2020. Las Vegas mayor Carolyn Goodman was also critical of the shutdown and its length, urging Sisolak to reopen the state. Goodman was widely criticized after suggesting that Las Vegas become a control group to test the effectiveness of social distancing. Nevada launched the first phase of its reopening on May 9, 2020. Restaurants and retailers were among the businesses allowed to reopen, but with precautions in place, such as limiting occupancy to 50 percent. A second phase went into effect on May 29, 2020. It allowed for the reopening of state parks and businesses such as bars, gyms, and movie theaters. Casinos began reopening on June 4, 2020.
COVID-19 cases increased following the reopenings, and facial masks were mandated for residents at the end of June 2020. Bars in certain counties were closed the following month to help stop the rise in cases, and they gradually reopened over the next few months. In September 2020, Sisolak announced that live shows and conventions could resume with reduced attendance. Cases began to rise again in October 2020, following a decline in the months prior. COVID-19 vaccinations began at the end of 2020, and Sisolak reduced capacity for gatherings and various businesses to help stop the surge in cases. His latest measures were gradually eased starting in February 2021.
Control over COVID-19 restrictions was transferred from the state to individual counties on May 1, 2021, and the mask mandate was briefly eased that month for fully vaccinated residents. Cases and hospitalizations increased during mid-2021, due to vaccine hesitancy and the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, which was more transmissible. The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant resulted in another surge beginning in December 2021. It subsided within a few months, and Sisolak ended the mask mandate in February 2022, amid a decrease in cases and hospitalizations.
The majority of cases and deaths have occurred in Clark County, which includes the Las Vegas Valley.[2] Washoe County, which includes the Reno-Sparks area, is the second most-impacted county.[3] As of November 1, 2023[update], there have been 904,681 cases and 12,176 deaths reported in Nevada, and the state has fully vaccinated 1,818,779 residents.[1]
Timeline
2020
On March 5, 2020, Nevada reported its first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19):[4] a Las Vegas resident in his 50s who had recently traveled to Washington, the first state infected by the virus.[5][6] Nevada governor Steve Sisolak declared a state of emergency one week later, because of concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic.[7] He also formed a medical advisory team.[8] Nevada reported its first COVID-19 death on March 16, 2020.[9] A day later, Sisolak ordered non-essential businesses in the state to close for 30 days, to prevent the spread of the virus. Casinos were among businesses ordered to shut down.[10] Las Vegas mayor Carolyn Goodman opposed the length of his shutdown order,[11] and would become a critic of his actions during the pandemic, urging him to reopen the state.[12]
The business closures went into effect on March 18, 2020, and were later extended.[13] Grocery stores, hardware stores, pharmacies, banks, and gas stations were among businesses considered essential. Police, fire, and healthcare services continued operations as well,[10] along with construction sites.[14] Sisolak also banned gatherings of 10 people or more, in an effort to further prevent the spread of coronavirus.[15] On April 1, 2020, he extended the closure of non-essential businesses through the end of the month, in accordance with new federal guidelines issued by the White House Coronavirus Task Force.[13] He also issued a statewide directive urging residents to stay home, except for essential reasons such as healthcare visits and buying food.[16] The Federal Emergency Management Agency approved a major disaster declaration for Nevada.[17]
In mid-April 2020, Mayor Goodman called Sisolak's shutdown "total insanity" and urged him to reopen the state.[18] Over the next several weeks, conservatives and supporters of Donald Trump's presidency held protests in several cities, also urging Sisolak to reopen the state.[19] However, Sisolak said various conditions had to be met first.[20]
In an interview on April 23, 2020, Goodman again said the closure should be ended, and received wide criticism after suggesting that Las Vegas become a control group to test the effectiveness of social distancing.[21] Shortly thereafter, former professional poker player Doug Polk launched a recall effort against Goodman, stating that she "failed to responsibly represent her constituency" and demonstrated a "clear disregard" for public health.[22][23] The effort was ultimately unsuccessful, due to a rise in COVID-19 cases and the fact that in-person signatures are required.[24]
At the end of April 2020, Nevada joined the Western States Pact, a group of neighboring states working together on how to proceed with reopening.[25] Meanwhile, cases and deaths had leveled out in the state.[26] Phase one of Nevada's reopening began on May 9, 2020. It included restaurants and retailers, which could operate with precautions in place, such as 50-percent occupancy.[27] Phase two went into effect on May 29, 2020. It included the reopening of bars, bowling alleys, gyms, movie theaters, pools, spas, state parks, and tattoo shops. Sisolak also increased public gathering limits to 50 people.[28][29]
Casinos were allowed to reopen on June 4, 2020.[30][31] Increased COVID-19 testing and the reopening of businesses contributed to a rise in cases later that month.[32] Sisolak postponed plans for a phase three of reopening,[33] and he instituted a face mask mandate at the end of the month.[34] In August 2020, Sisolak unveiled a new plan for dealing with outbreaks, such as determining their cause and shutting down facilities where they originate.[35] He said the plan would move away from the system of phased openings: "While phases made sense at the time, we've got to remain flexible and responsive to what we're seeing now."[36]
The number of hospitalizations and new daily cases dropped beginning in August 2020,[37][38][39] but saw a resurgence two months later.[40][41] The spike was attributed to residents who had grown tired of following COVID-19 precautions.[42] In November 2020, Sisolak strongly urged residents to stay home as much as possible with a 14-day proposal called Stay at Home 2.0, saying severe business lockdowns would occur if cases did not decline.[43] Non-residents were still welcome to visit the state because of its tourism dependency.[44] A few days after the proposal was made, Sisolak tested positive for the virus.[45]
Cases continued a dramatic rise, prompting a three-week "pause" from Sisolak just before Thanksgiving. He noted that 10 percent of the state's total COVID-19 cases had been reported in the past week. Under the new restrictions, certain businesses – including casinos, restaurants, bars, and gyms – would have their operating capacity reduced to 25 percent. Public gatherings would be reduced from 250 people to 50, or 25 percent of a building's capacity. Private gatherings were reduced back to 10 people.[46][47] Sisolak also restricted Thanksgiving gatherings to 10 people, from a maximum of two households.[48] Since the start of the pandemic, state hospitalizations had reached their highest level ever, with 97 percent occurring in Clark and Washoe County.[49] At that time, the majority of cases were affecting people in their 20s and 30s.[50] Goodman criticized Sisolak's latest orders, calling him a "dictator" and stating that his actions would further harm the Las Vegas economy.[51]
Nevada continued to experience record-high hospitalizations during December 2020, more than doubling the number of hospitalized patients from a month prior.[52][53] The state's positivity rate also reached record highs at more than 20 percent,[52][54] among the highest in the U.S.;[55] the ideal rate would be below 5 percent.[56] COVID-19 vaccinations began in the state on December 14, 2020,[57] and Sisolak announced a four-week extension of his recent pause as it neared its originally scheduled end.[58] On December 19, 2020, the state surpassed 200,000 cases,[59] doubling the number from seven weeks earlier.[60] Hospitals continued their struggle to keep up with COVID-19 patients,[61] and the state surpassed 3,000 deaths at the end of the month.[62]
2021
Hospitalizations saw a decline during early January 2021, although the number of daily cases and deaths had reached record highs. Health officials were concerned that cases may rise further, as a result of recent Christmas and New Year's Eve gatherings.[63] Sisolak extended his pause for another 30 days.[64] The state reported its 4,000th death before the end of the month,[65] although cases and hospitalizations began a decline.[66][67]
Sisolak scaled back his November restrictions in mid-February 2021. Capacity limits increased to 35 percent for some businesses – including casinos, restaurants, and gyms – and 50 percent for others, such as libraries, museums, and zoos. Public gatherings increased to 100 people or 35 percent of a building's capacity, whichever is less. Private gatherings expanded to 25 people for outdoor events but remained at a 10-person limit for indoor gatherings.[68][69] On March 15, 2021, statewide business capacity was increased to 50 percent.[70] Las Vegas showed significant signs of returning to normalcy, as conditions continued to improve.[71][72]
Control over pandemic restrictions was transferred from the state to local counties on May 1, 2021, with Clark County increasing business capacity to 80 percent.[73] Shortly thereafter, the mask mandate was eased based on new CDC guidance, exempting them from being worn by the fully-vaccinated when in outdoor public spaces.[74] Clark County ended all other COVID-19 restrictions on June 1, 2021.[75] Statewide cases and hospitalizations began to rise later that month, due to vaccine hesitancy and the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. By July 2021, Nevada's infection rate was among the worst in the U.S.[76] Face masks were mandated again for indoor settings, in counties where the infection rate was high.[77] Clark County saw a particularly high number of cases, due to its population density, low vaccination rates, and tourism industry.[78]
The Delta variant caused an increase in the number of breakthrough infections,[79] and Nevada sought federal assistance for testing and vaccination efforts.[80] Goodman was among those who contracted the virus, despite being vaccinated.[81] The rise in cases and hospitalizations continued into August 2021,[82][83] with the Delta variant accounting for nearly all cases.[84] Statewide, cases began a decline in September 2021,[85] following increased vaccination efforts.[86] While cases of the Delta variant declined in most of the state, they remained high in rural areas, putting a strain on hospitals.[87] The state reported its first case of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in December 2021,[88] leading to another surge in cases carrying into the following year.[89]
2022–present
The Las Vegas Valley saw record-high case numbers following the Christmas and New Year's holidays,[90][91] although cases and hospitalizations soon decreased, prompting Sisolak to lift the mask mandate on February 10, 2022.[92][93] Within two months, cases began increasing again, due to loosened pandemic restrictions and a new Omicron subvariant.[94][95] Hospitalizations also increased, but not enough to pose a burden.[96]
After more than two years, Sisolak declared an end to the state of emergency on May 20, 2022,[97] with COVID-related programs being gradually phased out.[98] Conservative groups had criticized the length of the declared emergency.[98][99] Sisolak's tenure as governor was largely defined by the pandemic, which began a year into his term. Joe Lombardo, a candidate in the 2022 Nevada gubernatorial election, was critical of Sisolak's pandemic restrictions and felt he did not do enough to jumpstart the state's economy. Lombardo defeated Sisolak in the election and took office in January 2023.[100][101] His first executive orders officially eliminated any remaining COVID-19 mandates made by Sisolak, and also required state office employees to resume in-person work within six months.[102][103]
After more than three years, the U.S. lifted its COVID-19 public health emergency on May 11, 2023, although officials cautioned that the virus remained a potential threat.[104][105] One of Nevada's last remaining COVID-19 safety protocols, a state bill which mandated the daily cleaning of hotel rooms, was repealed by Lombardo a week later.[106][107]
Epidemiology and medical response
In early 2020, the state began preparing for a potential coronavirus outbreak.[108][109][110] On March 22, 2020, Sisolak named businessman Jim Murren to lead the state's COVID-19 Response, Relief & Recovery Task Force.[111] In Clark County, the Southern Nevada Water Authority began monitoring sewage water that month, to detect the virus and help predict areas where it could break out.[112][113]
On April 1, 2020, Sisolak activated the Nevada National Guard to help deliver medical supplies.[16][114] Within a few weeks, he announced that an additional 700 members of the National Guard would join the coronavirus efforts. Most of them would be stationed in Las Vegas, where they would set up alternate care facilities, help with food banks, and provide medical support.[114] The Nevada National Guard concluded its mission on April 1, 2022, after two years. It was the longest activation in Nevada history since World War II.[115][116]
In June 2020, Clark County reported the state's first case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a disease caused by COVID-19.[117] In August 2020, Reno reported the first U.S. case of COVID-19 reinfection.[118][119][120] As of April 2022, the state had more than 22,000 reported reinfections, out of approximately 700,000 cases.[121] As of June 2022, reinfections accounted for approximately 14 percent of all Nevada cases.[122]
In January 2021, Las Vegas became the third U.S. city with a federally supported clinic offering bamlanivimab, a COVID-19 treatment.[123] A European strain of COVID-19 initially made up the majority of cases in Nevada.[124] Statewide, the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant became the dominant strain of COVID-19 in mid-2021.[78]
Testing
Nevada began COVID-19 testing on possible patients on January 29, 2020.[125] The first positive case was reported five weeks later,[4] and demand for testing subsequently increased.[126][127] The National Guard worked with UNLV Medicine and University Medical Center (UMC), both in Las Vegas, to increase testing.[128][129][130] UMC tested thousands of resort workers ahead of the casino re-openings.[131] At the end of May 2020, UMC also began testing all of its patients for COVID-19, becoming the first hospital in Nevada to do so. UMC had the ability to perform 10,000 tests per day, the highest in the state.[132] As of September 2020, UMC had processed 320,000 COVID-19 tests, approximately one-third of all tests performed in the state.[133]
During the pandemic-related closure of casinos, the parking garages of several resorts in southern Nevada were utilized as drive-thru testing sites.[134] Drive-thru sites also opened at Wal-Mart stores across the state in May 2020.[135] Such sites continued to increase as more test kits became available,[136] and cases were expected to rise as more sites opened.[137]
In August 2020, an epidemiologist for the state's COVID-19 task force noted a seven-percent decrease in the number of tests being performed, compared to a month earlier. Possible explanations included decreased transmission of the virus, and people becoming frustrated with the testing process due to delays in getting appointments and test results.[138] At the end of the month, Clark County launched a temporary COVID-19 testing campaign, which aimed to test 60,000 people over several weeks at drive-thru test sites.[139][140] The county sent out an emergency alert to mobile computers, urging residents to participate in the campaign.[141]
In late 2021, Chicago-based NorthShore Clinical Labs was hired to provide testing for young athletes in Washoe County. However, an investigation found the tests to be defective, missing 96 percent of positive cases.[142][143] In January 2022, Sisolak announced that the state had purchased nearly 600,000 at-home tests which would be distributed to residents, in an effort to meet high demand for testing.[144]
Mask policy
Las Vegas stores began running out of face masks in January 2020, as residents started purchasing them out of concern.[108][145] Nevada initially did not issue a mask mandate for its residents,[146] although Sisolak, in April 2020, advised their use while in public.[147] He believed that no mandate would result in more residents voluntarily choosing to wear masks: "I think it's a matter of people not wanting to be told what to do." He also noted that such a mandate had already been made by Ohio governor Mike DeWine, who had to rescind it following outrage from residents there.[146] Mayor Goodman opposed a mask mandate, believing the decision should be left up to residents and businesses.[148]
When businesses began to reopen in May 2020, employees were required to wear masks.[149] At the time, Sisolak said that many residents were also wearing them, but that some businesses were not complying as required and would face punishment: "Our goal is to continue reopening more of Nevada's economy in a safe and responsible manner. What we do now will determine what we can do next. That's why compliance is so extremely important."[150]
In June 2020, it was reported that many visitors to the Las Vegas Strip were not wearing masks.[151] Due to a statewide decrease in mask usage, the Nevada Gaming Control Board ordered that players and spectators of table games must wear masks if the table does not have protective barriers installed.[152] As cases continued to rise, Sisolak asked his COVID-19 advisory team to review enhanced policies regarding masks for the public.[153] The Culinary Workers Union said it would take legal action unless gaming properties implemented more COVID-19 safety measures, including a mask requirement for all casino guests and employees.[154]
On June 24, 2020, Sisolak ordered the use of masks in all public areas, effective two days later. The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority promoted the new requirement as part of a public service campaign.[155][34] Mask exemptions were allowed for children under the age of 10, and people with certain medical conditions. Businesses were required to enforce mask-wearing among customers.[156] In Las Vegas, it was initially reported that most people were following the mask mandate.[157][158]
However, an analysis of 150,000 Twitter messages also found Nevada to be the second most-resistant state for mask-wearing, with Arizona in the top spot.[159] A political action committee called No Mask Nevada was formed to oppose the mandate and hold protests,[160] which Sisolak called "ridiculous".[36] In July 2020, Las Vegas started sending city staffers to businesses to educate them about the mandate and to take note of violations.[161] Las Vegas city council member Michele Fiore made a failed proposal to eliminate the program, referring to its team members as snitches.[162] As COVID-19 cases increased, mask restrictions were expanded in November 2020, requiring gym-goers and people in private gatherings to wear them at all times.[48]
In May 2021, in accordance with new CDC guidance, masks became optional for fully vaccinated residents.[74] However, in July 2021, Sisolak reinstated the mask mandate for indoor public spaces in all counties deemed to have high transmission rates, with no exception for the vaccinated.[163] The state would review new infection rate data on a weekly basis, and each affected county would need to see a two-week drop in cases for the mandate to be lifted.[164] Sisolak ended the mandate statewide on February 10, 2022, citing decreased cases and hospitalizations.[165] Nevada was among the last states to still have an indoor mask mandate.[148] Masks were still required on public transportation and in federal facilities.[166]
Hospitals
Hospitals began postponing elective surgeries in mid-March 2020, to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.[167][168][169] Early on, social distancing was found to be well practiced in the state.[170] Data from the Nevada Hospital Association, for the month of April 2020, showed that the state's hospitals were never in any danger of being overwhelmed by coronavirus patients, as social distancing diminished the virus' effect on the population.[171] Nursing homes took precautions against the virus,[172] but eventually saw a rise in cases.[173]
Nevada hospitals initially experienced a shortage in ventilators;[174] California loaned 50 units to the state until May 1, 2020, at which point they were no longer needed.[175][176] Elective surgeries resumed several days later, with COVID-19 precautions in place.[177][178] State hospitalizations saw a steep increase at the end of 2020,[179] and some hospitals in southern Nevada began postponing elective surgeries once again.[53] As of 2021, only one hospital in the state had an ECMO oxygen machine for treating the sickest patients: Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center in the Las Vegas Valley.[180]
Contact tracing
On June 1, 2020, Sisolak announced plans to significantly increase contact tracing.[181] These efforts included mobile apps for the public,[182] such as Exposure Notifications Express.[183] Early data showed that casino resorts presented the highest risk for possible exposure to COVID-19.[184] Contact tracing was reduced in December 2020, amid a rise in cases which largely nullified such efforts.[185]
Vaccines
In October 2020, Nevada joined other western states in a plan to review and approve the eventual COVID-19 vaccines, separate from the federal government's approval process.[186] Nevada and other U.S. states began vaccinating the public on December 14, 2020, using the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.[57][187] Doses of Moderna's vaccine began arriving in the state one week later for immediate use. Because Moderna's vaccine can be stored at higher temperatures, it was considered better for rural areas of the state, where extremely cold storage conditions would be harder to achieve. Both vaccines required two doses.[188] Earlier in the year, Las Vegas was among areas in the U.S. where Moderna had conducted a study for its vaccine, due to the city's high number of cases.[189][190]
Nursing home staff and residents, as well as hospital staff and law enforcement, were among the first to receive the vaccines.[191] Early on, Nevada was ranked by the Centers for Disease Control as the worst U.S. state for vaccine doses administered for every 100,000 people.[192][193] One reason for this was uncertainty regarding the inconsistent arrival of each vaccine shipment.[194] Nevada also received low numbers of vaccine doses considering its population count. Doses were distributed proportionately to each state, based on population data from the American Community Survey, conducted a few years earlier. Nevada had seen significant growth in recent years which was not reflected in the outdated population figures, hence the low number of doses.[195]
As of February 2021, the state had administered 500,000 doses, including first and second doses.[196] The single-dose Janssen vaccine became available to Nevadans in March 2021,[197] and the concept of vaccine passports was introduced in Las Vegas.[198][199] Vaccinations for the state's general public, aged 16 and up, began on April 6, 2021.[200] The state briefly suspended use of the Janssen vaccine that month, after six U.S. residents – including a Nevada woman – developed blood clots.[201][202] Simultaneously, fewer Nevada residents were choosing to get vaccinated.[203] Vaccination rates were particularly low among Latino residents, prompting organizations to launch a campaign which included Spanish-language billboards and pop-up clinics in Hispanic areas.[204]
In June 2021, Sisolak introduced a two-month vaccine incentive program. Vaccinated residents would be eligible for prizes, with a new winner announced each week leading up to a grand prize of $1 million. The program, financed by federal relief funds, would have nearly 2,000 prizes worth a total of $5 million.[205] Clark County also approved a pilot program to pay a $100 incentive to 1,000 residents to get vaccinated.[206] The program was successful, leading to a renewal.[207]
On August 20, 2021, the state reported that 50 percent of its eligible population had been fully vaccinated.[208] By that time, proof of vaccination had become increasingly common for entry into sports events and entertainment venues, as well as college attendance.[209][210] The state also required its 27,000 employees to either become vaccinated or get tested weekly.[211] Vaccine mandates were subsequently announced for some government employees,[212] including those working in health care and prison facilities. Some employees threatened to quit rather than become vaccinated, although the state did not expect this to be a major issue.[213][214][215] The four-month vaccine mandate, which also applied to college students, expired at the end of 2021.[216][217] As of August 2022, Nevada had one of the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates in the U.S for children under the age of five.[218]
Statistics
In Nevada, COVID-19 was responsible for more deaths in April 2020 than those caused by flu and pneumonia in the same month during the prior two years.[219] As of May 2020, Hispanics made up 31 percent of Clark County's population, and accounted for 27 percent of the area's 5,000-plus cases, becoming the hardest-hit ethnic group at that time.[220] An antibody study, conducted in the Reno-Sparks area during mid-2020, found that COVID-19 testing was largely undercounting the actual number of positive cases, concluding that four to five times more people had likely been infected.[221] As of September 2020, approximately four percent of cases had occurred in children under age 10, with one death occurring in the age group. People aged 10 to 19 made up nine percent of cases and accounted for two deaths.[38] As of March 2021, 63 percent of deaths had occurred in people age 70 and older.[222] As of March 2024, the majority of deaths had occurred in southern Nevada.[223]