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| Athletics 400 metres hurdles | |
|---|---|
 Women's 400m hurdles | |
| World records | |
| Men |  Karsten Warholm 45.94 (2021) |
| Women |  Sydney McLaughlin 50.68 (2022) |
| Olympic records | |
| Men | Karsten Warholm 45.94 (2021) |
| Women | Sydney McLaughlin 51.46 (2021) |
| World Championship records | |
| Men |  Alison dos Santos 46.29 (2022) |
| Women | Sydney McLaughlin 50.68 (2022) |
The 400 metres hurdles is a track and field hurdling event. The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men and since 1984 for women.
On a standard outdoor track, 400 metres is the length of the inside lane, once around the stadium. Runners stay in their lanes the entire way after starting out of the blocks and must clear ten hurdles that are evenly spaced around the track. The hurdles are positioned and weighted so that they fall forward if bumped into with sufficient force, to prevent injury to the runners. Although there is no longer any penalty for knocking hurdles over, runners prefer to clear them cleanly, as touching them during the race slows runners down.
The current men's and women's world record holders are Karsten Warholm with 45.94 seconds and Sydney McLaughlin with 50.68 seconds. Compared to the 400 metres run, the hurdles race takes the men about three seconds longer and the women four seconds longer. Men clear hurdles that are 36 inches (91.4 cm) high, while women negotiate 30 inches (76.2 cm) barriers.
The 400 m hurdles was held for both sexes at the inaugural IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The first championship for women came at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics – being held as a one-off due to the lack of a race at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
History
 |
The first awards in a 400 m hurdles race were given in 1860 when a race was held in Oxford, England, over a course of 440 yards (402.336 m). While running the course, participants had to clear twelve wooden hurdles, over 100 centimetres tall, that had been spaced in even intervals.
To reduce the risk of injury, somewhat more lightweight constructions were introduced in 1895 that runners could push over. However, until 1935 runners were disqualified if they pushed over more than three hurdles in a race and records were only officially accepted if the runner in question had cleared all hurdles clean and left them all standing.
The 400 m hurdles became an Olympic event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. At the same time, the race was standardized; thus, virtually identical races could be held and the finish times compared to one other. As a result, the official distance was fixed to 400 metres, or one lap of the stadium, and the number of hurdles was reduced to ten. The official height of the hurdles was set to 36 inches (91.4 cm). The hurdles are now placed on the course with a run-up to the first hurdle of 45 metres, distance between the hurdles of 35 metres each, and home stretch from the last hurdle to finish line of 40 metres.
The first documented 400 m hurdles race for women took place in 1971. In 1974, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), now known as World Athletics, introduced the event officially as a discipline, with hurdles at the lower height of 30 inches (76.2 cm). The women's race was not run at the Olympics until the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles where it was first staged with the first Men's World Champion having been crowned the year before at the inaugural World Athletics Championships. A special edition of the Women's 400m Hurdles took place in the 1980 IAAF World Championships in Athletics in response to the Women's 400m Hurdles not being included at the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and Liberty Bell Classic.
Many athletic commentators and officials have often brought up the idea of lifting the height of the women's 400 m hurdles to incorporate a greater requirement of hurdling skill. This is a view held by German athletic coach Norbert Stein, "All this means that the women's hurdles for specialists, who are the target group to be dealt with in this discussion, is considerably depreciated in skill demands when compared to the men's hurdles. It should not be possible in the women's hurdles that the winner is an athlete whose performance in the flat sprint is demonstrably excellent but whose technique of hurdling is only moderate and whose anthropometric characteristics are not optimal. This was the case at the World Championships in Seville and the same problem can often be seen at international and national meetings."[citation needed]
Hurdling technique
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2020) |
In terms of technique and endurance, the 400-metre hurdles is arguably the most demanding event in the sprints and hurdles group.[1]: 4169 [2]: 9 Athletes must be able to run a fast 400-metre flat time, maintain a good hurdling technique, and have a unique awareness of stride pattern between hurdles.[2]: 9 Furthermore, athletes must possess anaerobic endurance over the final 150 to 100 metres of the race as, at this point, lactate (the conjugate base of lactic acid) will accumulate in the body from anaerobic glycolysis.[3]: 43
Block start
When preparing to hurdle, the blocks should be set so that the athlete arrives at the first hurdle leading on the desired leg without inserting a stutter step. A stutter step is when the runner has to chop his or her stride down to arrive on the "correct" leg for take off. Throughout the race, any adjustments to stride length stride speed should be made several strides out from the hurdle because a stutter or being too far from the hurdle at takeoff will result in loss of momentum and speed.
Hurdling
At the beginning of the take-off, the knee must be driven toward the hurdle and the foot then extended. The leg position when extended must be stretched out, in a position of a split. The knee should be slightly bent when crossing the hurdle. Unless an athlete's body has great flexibility, the knee must be slightly bent to allow a forward body lean. Unlike the 110m hurdles, a significant forward body lean is not that necessary due to the hurdles being lower. However, the trail leg must be kept bent and short to provide a quick lever action allowing a fast hurdle clearance. The knee should pull through under the armpit and should not be flat across the top of the hurdle.
It is also important that the hurdler does not reach out on the last stride before the hurdle as this will result in a longer bound being made to clear the hurdle. This will also result in a loss of momentum if the foot lands well in front of the center of gravity.
Stride length
Using a left lead leg on the bends allows the hurdler to run closer to the inside of the lane and cover a shorter distance. Additionally, if the left leg is used for the lead, then the athlete's upper body can be leaned to the left, making it easier to bring the trail leg through. Additionally, an athlete hurdling with a right leg lead around the bends must take care that they do not inadvertently trail their foot or toe around the hurdle rather than passing over the top, which would lead to a disqualification from the race. Depending on the height and strength of the athlete, men work toward a stride pattern of 13 to 15 steps between each hurdle, and women work toward a stride pattern of 15 to 17. This does not include the landing step from the previous hurdle. Edwin Moses was the first man to keep 13 strides throughout an entire race. Weaker athletes will typically hold a longer step pattern throughout the race so that they do not bound or reach with each step, which also results in a loss of speed. These patterns are ideal because it allows the hurdler to take off from their predominant leg throughout the race without switching legs. However, fatigue from the race will knock athletes off their stride pattern and force runners to switch legs. At an early age, many coaches train their athletes to hurdle with both legs. This is a useful skill to learn since as a runner tires, their stride length may decrease, resulting in the need either to add a stutter stride, or to take a hurdle on the other leg.
Continental Records
| Area | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time (s) | Athlete | Nation | Time (s) | Athlete | Nation | |
| Africa (records) | 47.10 | Samuel Matete |  Zambia |
52.90 | Nezha Bidouane |  Morocco
|
| Asia (records) | 46.98 | Abderrahman Samba |  Qatar |
53.96 | Han Qing |  China
|
| Song Yinglan | China
| |||||
| Europe (records) | 45.94 WR | Karsten Warholm | Norway |
51.45 | Femke Bol |  Netherlands
|
| North, Central America and Caribbean (records) |
46.17 | Rai Benjamin |  United States |
50.68 WR | Sydney McLaughlin | United States
|
| Oceania (records) | 48.28 | Rohan Robinson |  Australia |
53.17 | Debbie Flintoff-King | Australia
|
| South America (records) | 46.29 | Alison dos Santos | Brazil |
53.69 | Gianna Woodruff |  Panama
|
All-time top 25
Men
| Ath.# | Perf.# | Time (s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 45.94 | Karsten Warholm | Norway |
3 August 2021 | Tokyo | [8] |
| 2 | 2 | 46.17 | Rai Benjamin | United States |
3 August 2021 | Tokyo | [8] |
| 3 | 3 | 46.29 | Alison dos Santos | Brazil |
19 July 2022 | Eugene | [9] |
| 4 | 46.39 | Benjamin #2 | 16 September 2023 | Eugene | [10] | ||
| 5 | 46.51 | Warholm #2 | 21 July 2023 | Monaco | [11] | ||
| 6 | 46.52 | Warholm #3 | 15 June 2023 | Oslo | [12] | ||
| 7 | 46.53 | Warholm #4 | 16 September 2023 | Eugene | [10] | ||
| 8 | 46.62 | Benjamin #3 | 9 July 2023 | Eugene | [13] | ||
| 9 | 46.63 | dos Santos #2 | 30 May 2024 | Oslo | [14] | ||
| 10 | 46.64 | Benjamin #4 | 18 May 2024 | Los Angeles | [15] | ||
| 11 | 46.70 | Warholm #5 | 1 July 2021 | Oslo | |||
| Warholm #6 | 30 May 2024 | Oslo | [16] | ||||
| 13 | 46.72 | dos Santos #3 | 3 August 2021 | Tokyo | [8] | ||
| 14 | 46.76 | Warholm #7 | 6 July 2023 | Jessheim | [17] | ||
| 4 | 15 | 46.78 | Kevin Young | United States |
6 August 1992 | Barcelona | |
| 16 | 46.80 | dos Santos #4 | 30 June 2022 | Stockholm | [18] | ||
| 17 | 46.83 | Benjamin #5 | 27 June 2021 | Eugene | |||
| 18 | 46.86 | dos Santos #5 | 10 May 2024 | Doha | [19] | ||
| 19 | 46.87 | Warholm #8 | 23 August 2020 | Stockholm | |||
| 20 | 46.89 | Benjamin #6 | 19 July 2022 | Eugene | [20] | ||
| 46.89 | Warholm #9 | 23 August 2023 | Budapest | [21] | |||
| 22 | 46.92 | Warholm #10 | 29 August 2019 | Zürich | |||
| 5 | 23 | 46.98 | Abderrahman Samba | Qatar |
30 June 2018 | Paris | [22] |
| 24 | 46.98 | Benjamin #7 | 29 August 2019 | Zürich | |||
| dos Santos #6 | 8 September 2022 | Zürich | [23] | ||||
| Warholm #11 | 11 June 2024 | Rome | [24] | ||||
| 6 | 47.02 | Edwin Moses | United States |
31 August 1983 | Koblenz | ||
| 7 | 47.03 | Bryan Bronson | United States |
21 June 1998 | New Orleans | ||
| 8 | 47.08 | Kyron McMaster |  British Virgin Islands
|
3 August 2021 | Tokyo | [8] | |
| 9 | 47.10 | Samuel Matete | Zambia |
7 August 1991 | Zürich | ||
| 10 | 47.19 | Andre Phillips | United States |
25 September 1988 | Seoul | ||
| 11 | 47.23 | Amadou Dia Ba |  Senegal |
25 September 1988 | Seoul | ||
| Caleb Dean | United States
|
7 June 2024 | Eugene | [25] | |||
| 13 | 47.24 | Kerron Clement | United States |
26 June 2005 | Carson | ||
| 14 | 47.25 | Félix Sánchez |  Dominican Republic |
29 August 2003 | Saint-Denis | ||
| Angelo Taylor | United States |
18 August 2008 | Beijing |
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=400_metres_hurdles Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.
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