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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is ⟨ɷ⟩ for standard . Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that they should be indicated with diacritics: ʮ for z̩ʷ is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series ƥ ƭ ƭ̢ ƈ ƙ ʠ has been dropped.

Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used ⟨ɿ⟩ to represent the sound of -i in Pinyin hanzi which has been variously described as , , or . (See the sections Vowels and Syllabic consonants of the article Standard Chinese phonology.)

There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as ƛ, and many Americanist symbols.

While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is Kabiyé of northern Togo, which has Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ. Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by Unicode are Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʃ (capital ʃ) Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ. (See Case variants of IPA letters.)

Capital letters are also used as cover symbols in phonotactic descriptions: C=Consonant, V=Vowel, etc.

This list does not include commonplace extensions of the IPA, such as doubling a symbol for a greater degree of a feature ( extra-long , extra stress, strongly aspirated , and extra-rhotic ^[1]), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature ( slightly prenasalized , slightly affricated , and epenthetic schwa). The asterisk, as in for the fortis stop of Korean, is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature.

For symbols and values which were discarded by 1932, see History of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Obsolete and/or nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Symbol or exemplar	Name	Meaning	Standard IPA equivalent	Notes
?	question mark	glottal stop	ʔ	typewriter substitution
7	digit seven	glottal stop	ʔ	typewriter substitution
'	apostrophe	glottal stop	ʔ	typewriter substitution
q	q	glottal stop	ʔ	used in Maltese, Khmer and Malayo–Polynesian languages transcriptions.
φ	Greek phi	voiceless bilabial fricative	ɸ	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
ß	sharp s	voiced bilabial fricative	β	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
∫, ^⌠ _⌡ or $\displaystyle \int$	integral symbol	voiceless postalveolar fricative	ʃ	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
3	digit three	voiced postalveolar fricative	ʒ	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape; often confused with open-mid central unrounded vowel
đ	d with stroke	voiced dental fricative	ð	a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape
ƍ	upside-down lowercase delta	labialized voiced alveolar or dental fricative	ðʷ, zʷ, z͎	intended for the voiced whistled sibilant, ɀ, of Shona and related languages^[2]
σ	lowercase sigma	labialized voiceless alveolar or dental fricative	θʷ, sʷ, s͎	intended for the voiceless whistled sibilant, ȿ, of Shona and related languages^[2]
ƺ	ezh with tail	labialized voiced postalveolar fricative	ʒᶣ, ʑʷ	intended for w before front vowels in Twi;^[2] may also be used for the lightly rounded English /ʒ/.
ƪ	backwards esh with top loop	labialized voiceless postalveolar fricative	ʃᶣ, ɕʷ	intended for hw before front vowels in Twi;^[2] may also be used for the lightly rounded English /ʃ/.
ƻ	barred digit two	voiced alveolar affricate	d͡z	withdrawn 1976
ƾ or ʢ	upside-down voiced epiglottal trill	voiceless alveolar affricate	t͡s	withdrawn 1976
ƞ	lowercase eta	moraic nasal	m, n, ŋ, ɴ̩	Intended for the moraic nasal /N/ of Japanese.^[2] Withdrawn 1976
◌̡	palatal hook	palatalization	bʲ cʲ dʲ fʲ ɡ̟ hʲ k̟ lʲ ɬʲ mʲ nʲ ŋ̟ pʲ rʲ ɹʲ ɾʲ sʲ ɕ tʲ vʲ x̟ zʲ ʑ	Typically used in the transcription of Slavic languages such as Russian. Superseded 1989
◌̢	retroflex hook	r-colored vowels	ɜ˞, ə˞ or ɝ, ɚ	Superseded 1989; MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred
	unstressed central rhotic vowel	r-colored vowel in American English	ɜ˞, ə˞ or ɝ, ɚ	Proposed in 1934, MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred
ʃ ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ		alveolo-palatal consonants	ɕ, ʑ, t͡ɕ, and d͡ʑ; respectively	broad transcription; especially Japanologists and Koreanists
a	a		any open vowel	Often a substitute for ɑ in printing when the distinction between a and ɑ is not needed.
ɑ	lowercase alpha		any open vowel	Often a substitute for ɑ in printing when the distinction between a and ɑ is not needed.
a	backwards a	near-open front unrounded vowel	æ	Proposed in 1989, rejected^[3]
c	c		t͡ʃ, t͡ɕ or sometimes t͡s.	broad transcription
	nv ligature	close front rounded vowel	y	proposed in 1989, rejected^[3]
ᵿ˞	barred horseshoe u with hook	back sulcal vowel		proposed in 1989, rejected^[3]
	w with left hook	voiced labial-velar fricative (labialized voiced velar fricative)	ɣʷ	proposed in 1989, rejected^[3]
	letters with left-swinging top hook	dental consonants	d̪ l̪ n̪ r̪ t̪	proposed in 1989, rejected^[3]
	long-leg g	voiced velar lateral approximant	ʟ	proposed in 1989, rejected^[3]
ꝣ	hooktop ezh	voiced velar fricative	ɣ	proposed in 1989, rejected^[3]
	double-loop g	voiced velar fricative	ɣ	from 1895 to 1900, represented that consonant before 1895, after 1900
	double-loop g	voiced velar plosive	ɡ	standard Unicode Basic Latin/ASCII lower-case g (U+0067) may have a double-loop g glyph. the preferred IPA single-loop g (U+0261) is in the IPA Extensions Unicode block. for a time it was proposed that the double-loop g might be used for and the single-loop g for (ɡ̟),^[2] but the distinction never caught on.
	double-loop g	voiced postalveolar affricate	d͡ʒ	used in Arabic transcriptions
	single-loop g with stroke	voiced velar fricative	ɣ	replaced double-loop g in 1900, then replaced by gamma around 1928-1930. the character ǥ may not have the single-loop shape in some fonts.
j	j		d͡ʒ, d͡ʑ or sometimes d͡z
ɟ	upside-down f		d͡ʒ or d͡ʑ
k̫ etc.	subscript w	labialization	kʷ etc.	mark may appear above letters with descenders like ɡ or ŋ. removed 1989
ʆ	curly-tail esh	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	ɕ	variant, also for Russian щ (now ⟨ɕ⟩). removed 1989
ʓ	curly-tail ezh	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	ʑ	variant, removed 1989
ȵ, ȡ, ȶ, ȴ	curly-tail n, d, t, l	alveolo-palatal consonants	n̠ʲ, d̠ʲ, t̠ʲ, l̠ʲ or ɲ̟, ɟ˖, c̟, ʎ̟	used by some Sinologists.
ř	r with caron	voiced strident apico-alveolar trill	r̝	Intended for ř in Czech and related languages. ⟨ř⟩ from 1909, replaced by ⟨ɼ⟩ in 1949, Withdrawn 1989
ɼ	long-leg r	voiced strident apico-alveolar trill	r̝	Intended for ř in Czech and related languages. ⟨ř⟩ from 1909, replaced by ⟨ɼ⟩ in 1949, Withdrawn 1989
ɼ	long-leg r	syllabic alveolar trill	r̩	a mistake
λ ()	lowercase lambda	voiced palatal lateral approximant	ʎ	a mistake
λ ()	lowercase lambda	voiced alveolar lateral affricate	d͡ɮ	used by Americanists
ƛ	barred lowercase lambda	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate	t͡ɬ	used by Americanists
ł	lowercase l with stroke	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	ɬ	used by Americanists, also a typographic substitute
ł	lowercase l with stroke	velarized voiced alveolar lateral approximant	ɫ	used by Baltic transcriptions
ᴫ	small-capital Cyrillic el	voiced uvular lateral approximant	ʟ̠
š č ž	s c z with caron	postalveolar consonants	ʃ t͡ʃ ʒ; ʂ ʈ͡ʂ ʐ	used by Americanists, Uralicists, Semiticists, Slavicists
ǰ, ǧ, ǯ	j, g, ezh with caron	voiced postalveolar affricate	d͡ʒ; ɖ͡ʐ	used by Americanists, Slavicists
ć ĺ ń ś ź dź	c l n s z dz with acute accent	alveolo-palatals or palatals and postalveolar consonants	t͡ɕ l̠ʲ n̠ʲ ɕ ʑ d͡ʑ; t͡ʃ ʎ ɲ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ	used by Slavicists
x, ɣ	x, latin gamma	voiceless and voiced uvular fricative (or voiced uvular approximant)	χ, ʁ or χ, ʁ̞	broad transcriptions in Hindi, Arabic and Hebrew transcriptions
ẋ	x with dot	voiceless uvular fricative	χ	used by Americanists
X	capital x	voiceless uvular fricative	χ	a mistake
	baby gamma	close-mid back unrounded vowel	ɤ	proposed in 1989, rejected; LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) now represents both glyphs
ρ	rho	bilabial trill	ʙ	common before an official letter was adopted
ɉ	j with stroke	voiced post-palatal approximant	ȷ̈
ᵻ / ᵿ	barred small capital i / upsilon	near-close central unrounded / rounded vowel	ɨ̞ / ʉ̞, ɪ̈ / ʊ̈	used by the some English phoneticians, including the Oxford English Dictionary
ʚ	closed epsilon	open-mid front rounded vowel	œ	alternate symbol from 1904-1920s^[4]
ʚ	closed epsilon	open-mid central rounded vowel	ɞ	removed 1996
ɷ	closed omega	near-close near-back rounded vowel	ʊ	longstanding alternate symbol until 1989
ω	lowercase omega	near-close near-back unrounded vowel	ʊ̜ or ɯ̽	made from obsolete ɷ symbol. Also Bloch & Trager (1942) for ɒ̝.
ɩ	small iota	near-close near-front unrounded vowel	ɪ	longstanding alternate symbol until 1989
ı	dotless small i	near-close near-front unrounded vowel	ɪ	a mistake or typographic substitute; or used by Americanists.
ȸ ȹ	lowercase db and qp ligatures or lowercase footless phi and headless phi	voiced and voiceless labiodential plosives	b̪ p̪	Used by Africanists.
0, ∅ or Ø	digit zero, slashed digit zero or uppercase slashed o	null initial		usually used in phonology to mean a spelling with no sound value. however, in Chinese and some Korean linguistics, some scholars use it for a weak glottal stop; the sound value of the first consonant of syllables started by a vowel.
ƥ ƭ 𝼉 ƈ ƙ ʠ	hooktop p, t, ʈ, c, k, q	voiceless implosives	ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̊ or pʼ↓ tʼ↓ ʈʼ↓ cʼ↓ kʼ↓ qʼ↓	brief additions to the IPA; removed 1993
ʇ	upside-down t	dental click	ǀ	removed 1989; see click letters
ʗ	stretched (or descended) c	alveolar click	ǃ	removed 1989; see click letters
ʖ	upside-down pharyngeal fricative	alveolar lateral click	ǁ	removed 1989; see click letters
ʞ	upside-down k	originally a palatal click, reinterpreted as a velar click		velar articulation was judged impossible.^[5] later reanalyzed and found paralinguistically. For several years used for a voiceless velodorsal stop in the extIPA.^[6]
𝼋 (⨎)	esh with two bars	fricated palatal click	ǂǂ or ǃ͡s	uncommon letter in Ekoka !Kung transcription
⦀	triple vertical bar	retroflex lateral click	ǁ˞
ȣ	ou	close-mid back unrounded vowel or voiced velar fricative	ɤ or ɣ	a common mistake
r	r	alveolar trill	any rhotic sound (including r-colored vowels) Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=ʅ Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. Navigácia: Veda > Analytika Antropológia Aplikované vedy Bibliometria Dejiny vedy Encyklopédie Filozofia vedy Forenzné vedy Humanitné vedy Knižničná veda Kryogenika Kryptológia Kulturológia Literárna veda Medzidisciplinárne oblasti Metódy kvantitatívnej analýzy Metavedy Metodika Metodológia vedy Náboženstvo a veda Náučná literatúra Podvody vo vede Popularizácia vedy Potravinárstvo Prírodné vedy Pseudoveda Scientometria Spoločenské vedy Teórie Teatrológia Technické vedy Technika Terminológia Umenie Výskum Veda Veda a technika podľa štátu Veda a technika podľa kontinentu Veda a technika podľa roka Veda v kozme Vedci Vedecká literatúra Vedecké databázy Vedecké experimenty Vedecké konferencie Vedecké metódy Vedecké ocenenia Vedecké organizácie Vedecké parky Vedeckí spisovatelia Vzdelávanie Záhady Príbuzné výrazy: Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. www.astronomia.sk \| www.biologia.sk \| www.botanika.sk \| www.dejiny.sk \| www.economy.sk \| www.elektrotechnika.sk \| www.estetika.sk \| www.farmakologia.sk \| www.filozofia.sk \| Fyzika \| www.futurologia.sk \| www.genetika.sk \| www.chemia.sk \| www.lingvistika.sk \| www.politologia.sk \| www.psychologia.sk \| www.sexuologia.sk \| www.sociologia.sk \| www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk

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