A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
In Western astrology, astrological signs are the twelve 30-degree sectors that make up Earth's 360-degree orbit around the Sun. The signs enumerate from the first day of spring, known as the First Point of Aries, which is the vernal equinox. The astrological signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. The Western zodiac originated in Babylonian astrology, and was later influenced by the Hellenistic culture. Each sign was named after a constellation the sun annually moved through while crossing the sky. This observation is emphasized in the simplified and popular sun sign astrology. Over the centuries, Western astrology's zodiacal divisions have shifted out of alignment with the constellations they were named after by axial precession[1] of the Earth while Hindu astrology measurements correct for this shifting.[2] Astrology (i.e. a system of omina based on celestial appearances) was developed in Chinese and Tibetan cultures as well but these astrologies are not based upon the zodiac but deal with the whole sky.
Astrology is a pseudoscience.[3] Scientific investigations of the theoretical[4] basis and experimental verification of claims[5] have shown it to have no scientific validity or explanatory power. More plausible explanations for the apparent correlation between personality traits and birth months exist, such as the influence of seasonal birth in humans.
According to astrology, celestial phenomena relate to human activity on the principle of "as above, so below", so that the signs are held to represent characteristic modes of expression.[6] Scientific astronomy used the same sectors of the ecliptic as Western astrology until the 19th century.
Various approaches to measuring and dividing the sky are currently used by differing systems of astrology, although the tradition of the Zodiac's names and symbols remain mostly consistent. Western astrology measures from Equinox and Solstice points (points relating to equal, longest, and shortest days of the tropical year), while Hindu astrology measures along the equatorial plane (sidereal year).
Western zodiac signs
History
Western astrology is a direct continuation of Hellenistic astrology as recorded in Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos in the 2nd century. Hellenistic astrology in turn was partly based on concepts from Babylonian tradition. Specifically, the division of the ecliptic in twelve equal sectors is a Babylonian conceptual construction.[7] This division of the ecliptic originated in the Babylonian "ideal calendar" found in the old compendium MUL.APIN and its combination with the Babylonian lunar calendar,[8] represented as the "path of the moon" in MUL.APIN. In a way, the zodiac is the idealisation of an ideal lunar calendar.
By the 4th century BC, Babylonian astronomy and its system of celestial omens influenced the culture of ancient Greece, as did the astronomy of Egypt by late 2nd century BC. This resulted, unlike the Mesopotamian tradition, in a strong focus on the birth chart of the individual and the creation of Horoscopic astrology, employing the use of the Ascendant (the rising degree of the ecliptic, at the time of birth), and of the twelve houses. Association of the astrological signs with Empedocles' four classical elements was another important development in the characterization of the twelve signs.
The body of the Hellenistic astrological tradition as it stood by the 2nd century is described in Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos. This is the seminal work for later astronomical tradition not only in the West but also in India and the Islamic sphere and has remained a reference for almost seventeen centuries as later traditions made few substantial changes to its core teachings.
Western astrological correspondence chart
The following table shows the approximate dates of the twelve astrological signs, along with the classical[9] and modern[10] rulerships of each sign. By definition, Aries starts at the First Point of Aries which is the location of the Sun at the March equinox. The precise date of the Equinox varies from year to year but is always between 19 March and 21 March. The consequence is the start date of Aries and therefore the start date of all the other signs can change slightly from year to year. The following Western astrology table enumerates the twelve divisions of celestial longitude with the Latin names. The longitude intervals, are treated as closed for the first endpoint (a) and open for the second (b) – for instance, 30° of longitude is the first point of Taurus, not part of Aries. The signs are occasionally numbered 0 through 11 in place of symbols in astronomical works.
Sign | Gloss | Symbol | Unicode Character | Approximate Sun Sign Start Dates[11] | Approximate Sun Sign End Dates[11] | Ecliptic Longitude (a ≤ λ < b) |
House | Polarity | Modality | Triplicity | Northern Hemisphere Season | Southern Hemisphere Season | Modern Ruler | Classic Ruler |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aries | The Ram | ♈︎ | 21 March | 20 April | 0° to 30° | 1 | Positive | Cardinal | Fire | Spring | Autumn | Mars | ||
Taurus | The Bull | ♉︎ | 21 April | 21 May | 30° to 60° | 2 | Negative | Fixed | Earth | Spring | Autumn | Venus | ||
Gemini | The Twins | ♊︎ | 22 May | 21 June | 60° to 90° | 3 | Positive | Mutable | Air | Spring | Autumn | Mercury | ||
Cancer | The Crab | ♋︎ | 22 June | 23 July | 90° to 120° | 4 | Negative | Cardinal | Water | Summer | Winter | Moon | ||
Leo | The Lion | ♌︎ | 24 July | 23 August | 120° to 150° | 5 | Positive | Fixed | Fire | Summer | Winter | Sun | ||
Virgo | The Maiden | ♍︎ | 24 August | 23 September | 150° to 180° | 6 | Negative | Mutable | Earth | Summer | Winter | Mercury | ||
Libra | The Scales | ♎︎ | 24 September | 23 October | 180° to 210° | 7 | Positive | Cardinal | Air | Autumn | Spring | Venus | ||
Scorpio | The Scorpion | ♏︎ | 24 October | 22 November | 210° to 240° | 8 | Negative | Fixed | Water | Autumn | Spring | Pluto (or) | Mars | |
Sagittarius | The Archer (Centaur) | ♐︎ | 23 November | 21 December | 240° to 270° | 9 | Positive | Mutable | Fire | Autumn | Spring | Jupiter | ||
Capricorn | The Goat | ♑︎ | 22 December | 20 January | 270° to 300° | 10 | Negative | Cardinal | Earth | Winter | Summer | Saturn | ||
Aquarius | The Water-bearer | ♒︎ | 21 January | 19 February | 300° to 330° | 11 | Positive | Fixed | Air | Winter | Summer | Uranus | Saturn | |
Pisces | The Fish | ♓︎ | 20 February | 20 March | 330° to 360° | 12 | Negative | Mutable | Water | Winter | Summer | Neptune | Jupiter |
The twelve signs are positioned in a circular pattern, creating a pattern of oppositions related to different philosophically polarized attributes. Fire and air elements are generally 180 degrees opposed in Western astrology, as well as earth and water elements.[12] Not all systems of astrology have four elements, notably the Sepher Yetzirah describes only three elements emanating from a central divine source.[13] Spring signs are opposite to autumn ones, winter signs are opposite to summer ones and vice versa.[14][15][16][17]
- Aries is opposite to Libra
- Taurus is opposite to Scorpio
- Gemini is opposite to Sagittarius
- Cancer is opposite to Capricorn
- Leo is opposite to Aquarius
- Virgo is opposite to Pisces
Polarity
In Western astrology, the polarity divides the zodiac in half and refers to the alignment of a sign's energy as either positive or negative, with various attributes associated to them as a result.[18] Positive polarity signs, also called active, yang, expressive, or masculine signs, are the six odd-numbered signs of the zodiac: Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius, and Aquarius. Positive signs make up the fire and air triplicities.[19][20] Negative polarity signs, also called passive, yin, receptive, or feminine signs,[19] are the six even-numbered signs of the zodiac: Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio, Capricorn, and Pisces. Negative signs make up the earth and water triplicities.[20]
The three modalities
The modality or mode of a given sign refers to its position in the season it is found in. Each of the four elements manifests in three modalities: cardinal, fixed, and mutable.[21] Since each modality comprehends four signs, they are also known as Quadruplicities.[22][23] For example, the sign Aries is found in the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, so practitioners of astrology describe it as having a cardinal modality.[24] The combination of element and modality provides the signs with their unique characterizations. For instance, Capricorn is the cardinal earth sign, impressing its association with action (cardinal modality) in the material world (earth element).[25][26][27]
Modality | 3 primes | Alt. symbols[28] | Keywords[29][30] | Fire signs | Water signs | Air signs | Earth signs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardinal | Action, dynamic, initiative, great force | Aries | Cancer | Libra | Capricorn | ||
Fixed | Resistance to change, great willpower, inflexible | Leo | Scorpio | Aquarius | Taurus | ||
Mutable | Adaptability, flexibility, resourcefulness | Sagittarius | Pisces | Gemini | Virgo |
Triplicities of the four elements
The Greek philosopher Empedocles identified fire, earth, air, and water as elements in the fifth-century BC. He explained the nature of the universe as an interaction of two opposing principles, love and strife, which manipulate the elements into different mixtures that produce the different natures of things. He stated all the elements are equal, the same age, rule their own provinces, and possess their own individual character. Empedocles said that those born with nearly equal proportions of the elements are more intelligent and have the most exact perceptions.[31][32]
The elemental categories are called triplicities because each classical element is associated with three signs[22][23] The four astrological elements are also considered as a direct equivalent to Hippocrates' personality types (sanguine = air; choleric = fire; melancholic = earth; phlegmatic = water). A modern approach looks at elements as "the energy substance of experience"[33] and the next table tries to summarize their description through keywords.[34][35] The elements have grown in importance and some astrologers begin natal chart interpretations by studying the balance of elements in the location of planets (especially the Sun's and Moon's ascendant signs) and the position of angles in the chart.[36]
Polarity | Element | Symbol[37] | Keywords | Sign triplicity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Fire | Assertion, drive, willpower | Aries, Leo, Sagittarius | |
Air | Communication, socialization, conceptualization | Gemini, Libra, Aquarius | ||
Negative | Earth | Practicality, caution, material world | Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn | |
Water | Emotion, empathy, sensitivity | Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces |
Celestial body rulerships
Rulership is the connection between planet and correlated sign and house.[38] The conventional rulerships are as follows:[9][39]
- Aries: Mars
- Taurus: Venus
- Gemini: Mercury
- Cancer: Moon
- Leo: Sun
- Virgo: Mercury
- Libra: Venus
- Scorpio: classically Mars, Pluto starting in the 20th century
- Sagittarius: Jupiter
- Capricorn: Saturn
- Aquarius: classically Saturn, Uranus starting in the 20th century
- Pisces: classically Jupiter, Neptune starting in the 20th century
Dignity and detriment, exaltation and fall
A traditional belief of astrology, known as essential dignity, is the idea that the Sun, Moon, and planets are more powerful and effective in some signs than others because the basic nature of both is held to be in harmony. By contrast, they are held to find some signs to be weak or difficult to operate in because their natures are thought to be in conflict. These categories are Dignity, Detriment, Exaltation, and Fall.
- Dignity and Detriment: A planet is strengthened or dignified if it falls within the sign that it rules. In other words, it is said to exercise Rulership of the sign. For example, the Moon in Cancer is considered "strong" (well-dignified). If a planet is in the sign opposite which it rules (or is dignified in), it is said to be weakened or in Detriment (for example, the Moon in Capricorn). This may also be termed a "debility".[40]
In traditional astrology, other levels of Dignity are recognised in addition to Rulership. These are known as Exaltation, Triplicity, Terms or bounds, and Face or Decan, which together are known as describing a planet's Essential dignity, the quality or ability of one's true nature.[40]
- Exaltation and Fall: A planet is also strengthened when it is in its sign of exaltation. In traditional horary astrology, this denotes a dignity just less than rulership. Exaltation was considered to give the planet's significance(s) the dignity of an honoured guest: the centre of attention but constrained in power. Examples of planets in their Exaltation are: Saturn (Libra), Sun (Aries), Venus (Pisces), Moon (Taurus), Mercury (Virgo, although some disagree with this classification), Mars (Capricorn), Jupiter (Cancer). A planet in the opposite sign of this is in its fall, and thus weakened, perhaps more than Detriment.[40] There is discord as to the signs in which the two extra-Saturnian planets may be considered to be exalted.[41]
Planet (Symbol) | in dignity | in detriment | in exaltation | at fall |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sun () | Leo | Aquarius | Aries | Libra |
Moon () | Cancer | Capricorn | Taurus | Scorpio |
Mercury () | Gemini and Virgo | Sagittarius and Pisces | Virgo | Pisces |
Venus () | Libra and Taurus | Aries and Scorpio | Pisces | Virgo
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