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| Xukuru | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Pernambuco |
| Ethnicity | 2,700 Xukuru people (2012)[1] |
| Extinct | 1960s[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xoo |
| Glottolog | xuku1239xucu1234 |
Xukuru (Xucuru, Shukurú, Ichikile) was a poorly attested language of Brazil. It is also known as Kirirí, Kirirí-Xokó, Ichikile. It is known only from a few word lists and a sketch by Geraldo Lapenda (1962).[2]
It was originally spoken in the Serra de São José and on the Meio River, Capibaribe River and Taperoa River in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. Loukotka (1968) reports the most recent locations as the Serra Ararobá and Cimbres.[3]
Classification
Loukotka (1968) considers Xukuru to form a small family with Paratió.[3]
Other languages with this name
Xukuru-Kariri is a variety of Xokó, which may be a Kariri language. The name Kiriri is shared by Dzubukuá, another Kariri language, and by Katembri. The name Kiriri-Xoko is shared with yet another variety of Xokó.
Distribution
Geraldo Lapenda (1962) reported that the Xukuru people can be found primarily in the settlements of Canabrava and Brejinho in the aldeia of Cimbres, Pesqueira municipality. They can also be found in the settlements of Cajueiro, Ipanema Velho, Caldeirão, Jitó, Lagoa, Machado, Sitio do Meio, Riacho dos Afetos, Trincheiras, Bem-te-vi, Santana, and São José. Although the Xukuru traditionally occupied the Serra do Ororobá, they could also be found in other municipalities of Pernambuco, namely Caruaru, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Belo Jardim, Sanharó, Poção, Pesqueira, and Arcoverde.[2]
Phonology
Consonants
Xukuru consonants:[2]
| p | t | k | |||
| b | d | g | |||
| f | s | ç | h | ||
| v | z | ||||
| m | n | ||||
| l | |||||
| r | j |
Vowels
Xukuru vowels:[2]
| i | u |
| é | ó |
| ê | ô |
| a | |
Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).
Morphology
Common suffixes in Xukuru include -go, which forms verbs, adjectives, and nouns, and -men, of uncertain meaning.[2]
Vocabulary
Pompeu (1958)
Xucurú vocabulary from Pompeu (1958),[4] cited from Kurt Nimuendajú:[5][4]
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Xucurú homem man xenúpre mulher woman moéla fogo fire intôa água water teu pedra stone kébra cabeça head kreká orelha ear bandulak bôca mouth mãz nariz nose korõzá língua tongue izarágo dente tooth ciladê mão hand kereké pé foot poyá casa house sek olho (olha) eye (see) pigó
Meader (1978)
Xukuru is also known from a word list elicited in 1961 by Paul Wagner from Antônio Caetano do Nascimento, the chief of Brazinho village in the Serra Urubu of Pesqueira, Pernambuco State. The list is reproduced below, with English translations also given.[6]
| Portuguese gloss (original) |
English gloss (translated) |
Xukuru |
|---|---|---|
| água | water | křikišε |
| arco | bow | fřεša |
| azul | blue | ιniyε |
| bebo | I drink | taiyε̨ |
| fazer beber | to drink | uřιnka/o |
| boca | mouth | opigomə̨ |
| branco | white | piřaːša |
| carne de boi | beef | iːša de mařiñu |
| carne de porco | pork | iːša de pʰužu |
| casa | home | šεkI / šεkʰ |
| está chovendo | it is raining | křišišε |
| cobra | snake | katə̨go / šabatə̨na / sązařa |
| comer (fazer) | eat | křιŋgɔ |
| corda (de índio) | rope (of Indian) | kəšta |
| correr (fazer) | run | mutəgo |
| dia | day | 'aːdamε |
| dormir | to sleep | muřiša |
| flecha | arrow | bεštə |
| fogo | fire | kiya |
| fumo | smoke | mažε |
| fumando (fazendo) | smoking | ε/ιštə̨ŋgu |
| joelho | knee | žəže |
| lua | moon | kιlaRmɔ |
| machado | axe | takɔ de supapʰo |
| mãe | mother | tšiɔkɔ |
| mandioca | cassava | iːəmu |
| farinha de mandioca | cassava flour | įəmu |
| matar | kill | kopago/u |
| menino | boy | ambεkO / křipʰu/i |
| milho | corn | šιgu / šiːgřu / siːgu |
| morto (defunto) | dead (deceased) | kupʰu |
| mulher / moça | woman / girl | ɔkřιpi / tšɔkɔ |
| nariz | nose | šikřį |
| noite | night | batukį |
| noite clara | clear night | kilařižmąų / kιlařižmąų |
| noite sem luar | moonless night | batřokį / batokį |
| nuvem | cloud | nǫmbřu |
| olho | eye | aloži / lə̨že/ε |
| pai | dad | taiɔpʰu |
| panela de barro | clay pot | mɔiː |
| pau | stick | křə̨ži |
| pé | foot | poiya |
| pés-de-bode | goat feet | poia de mε̨mε̨ŋgo |
| pedra | stone | kařašiši / kašiši / kebřə |
| pequeno | small | křeɔ |
| perna fina | thin leg | žatiři |
| pessoa ruim | bad person | taːnañago |
| piolho | louse | kuša |
| preta | black woman | takažu křεga |
| preto | black man | takažu pu |
| sangue | blood | bǫdąso |
| sol | sun | aːdɔmε |
| terra | earth | lιmulagu |
| velho | old | iakɔ / taiəpu / přɔ |
| vem cá | come here | iąkɔ / iə̨nkɔ |
| verde | green | piřaša / takaιnyε |
| abóbora | pumpkin | porou |
| até logo | see you later | ambeřa |
| banana | banana | pakɔvɔ |
| beiju | beiju | šɔšɔgu |
| bicho-de-pé | chigoe flea (Tunga penetrans) |
bušu / bušudu |
| bode | goat | mε̨mε̨ŋgo |
| boi | ox | mařį |
| bolsa | handbag | aiyɔ |
| bom-dia | good morning | břεmε̨/æ̨ |
| brasa | ember | toe |
| brigar (mentir?) (fazer) | fight (lie?) | ařago |
| cabaça | gourd | kuřekɔ/a |
| caboclo | caboclo | taispu/U |
| caboclo velho | old caboclo | přɔ / sanumpI/i |
| cachaça | cachaça | uřiːka žɔgu |
| cachimbo | smoking pipe | šaduřε |
| café | coffee | fǫfǫ |
| cágado | tortoise | šabutε |
| cansado | tired | nanəgu |
| carneiro | ram | labudu |
| cavalo | horse | pitšιŋgə |
| chapéu | hat | křeakřugu |
| chefe | chief | přə |
| chorando | crying | šualya |
| cintura | waist | hododoːgu |
| dar na cabeça | give in the head | kupago |
| dinheiro | money | εntaiu |
| doce | sweet | kažuřə |
| duas horas da tarde | two o'clock in the afternoon | ŋgutimæ |
| escuro | dark | bətukį / batyukį |
| espingarda | shotgun | kašuvemini / nazařinə |
| espírito (homem) | spirit (of man) | kopʰu ařaga |
| fava | fava bean | kuřikə |
| feijão | bean | saka |
| fica quieto | stay quiet | naiyεtigořε / naiyε biago |
| fome (está com) | hungry (be) | šuřakI/i |
| fósforo | match (lighter) | křiya |
| galinha | chicken | tapuka |
| gato | cat | žetona |
| gato do mato / leão | wildcat / lion | tə̨tə̨ŋgu / tątągu |
| homem mal feito | ugly man | křugu/i |
| ladrão | thief | šikřεgugu |