Wicked (musical) - Biblioteka.sk

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Wicked (musical)
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Wicked
The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz
Poster shows a stylized drawing of Elphaba's face, partially obscured by a witch's hat covering the eyes.
Official poster of the original San Francisco production
MusicStephen Schwartz
LyricsStephen Schwartz
BookWinnie Holzman
BasisWicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West
by Gregory Maguire
PremiereMay 28, 2003: Curran Theatre, San Francisco
Productions2003 San Francisco (tryout)
2003 Broadway
2005 1st U.S. tour
2006 West End
2009 2nd U.S. tour
2013 1st UK/Ireland tour
2017 2nd UK/Ireland tour
2023 3rd UK/Ireland Tour
Multiple international productions (see below)
AwardsDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical
Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Broadway Musical
Drama League Award for Distinguished Production of a Musical

Wicked is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and a book by Winnie Holzman. It is a loose adaptation of the 1995 Gregory Maguire novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, which is in turn based on L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation.

The musical is told from the perspective of two witches of the Land of Oz. Its plot begins before and continues after Dorothy Gale arrives in Oz from Kansas. Wicked tells the story of two unlikely friends, Elphaba (later known as the Wicked Witch of the West) and Galinda (later known as Glinda the Good), whose friendship struggles through their opposing personalities, viewpoints, same love interest, reactions to the Wonderful Wizard's corrupt government, and, ultimately, Elphaba's fall from grace.

Produced by Universal Stage Productions, in coalition with Marc Platt, Jon B. Platt, and David Stone, with direction by Joe Mantello and choreography by Wayne Cilento, the original production of Wicked premiered on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in October 2003, after completing pre-Broadway tryouts at San Francisco's Curran Theatre in May and June of that year. Its original stars included Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, and Joel Grey as the Wizard.[1] The original Broadway production won three Tony Awards and seven Drama Desk Awards, while its original cast album received a Grammy Award. On April 11, 2023, with its 7,486th performance, it surpassed Cats to become Broadway's fourth-longest running show.[2] A typical performance of the show takes about two hours and 30 minutes, including an intermission.[3]

The success of the Broadway production has spawned many productions worldwide, including a long-running West End production. Wicked has broken box-office records around the world, holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles, Chicago, St. Louis, and London. In the week ending January 2, 2011, the London, Broadway, and both North American touring productions simultaneously broke their respective records for the highest weekly gross.[4][5] In the final week of 2013, the Broadway production broke this record again, earning $3.2 million.[6] In 2016, Wicked surpassed $1 billion in total Broadway revenue, joining The Phantom of the Opera and The Lion King as the only Broadway shows to do so. In 2017, Wicked surpassed The Phantom of the Opera as Broadway's second-highest grossing musical, trailing only The Lion King.[7]

A two-part film adaptation, directed by Jon M. Chu starring Cynthia Erivo as Elphaba, Ariana Grande as Galinda, Jeff Goldblum as the Wizard, Michelle Yeoh as the Madame Morrible, and Jonathan Bailey as Fiyero is currently in the works. The first part is set for release on November 27, 2024, with the second part to follow a year later on November 26, 2025.

Inception and development

Wicked composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz

Composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz discovered Maguire's 1995 novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West while on vacation, and saw its potential for a dramatic adaptation.[8] However, Maguire had released the rights to Universal Pictures, which had planned to develop a live-action feature film.[9] In 1998, Schwartz persuaded Maguire to release the rights to a stage production[10] while also making what Schwartz himself called an "impassioned plea" to Universal producer Marc Platt to realize Schwartz's own intended adaptation. Persuaded, Platt signed on as joint producer of the project with Universal and David Stone.[9]

The novel, described as a political, social, and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil, takes place in the Land of Oz, in the years surrounding Dorothy's arrival. The story centers on Elphaba, a misunderstood, smart, and fiery girl with emerald-green skin, who grows up to become the notorious Wicked Witch of the West and Galinda, the beautiful, blonde, popular girl who grows up to become Glinda the Good. The story is divided into five scenes based on the location and presents events, characters, and situations adapted from L Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) and its 1939 film adaptation in new ways. It is designed to set the reader thinking about what it really is to be "Wicked", and whether good intentions with bad results are the same as bad intentions with bad results. Schwartz considered how best to condense the novel's dense and complicated plot into a sensible script.[10] To this end, he collaborated with Emmy Award-winning writer Winnie Holzman to develop the outline of the plot over the course of a year,[11] while meeting with producer Marc Platt to refine the structural outline of the show, creating an original stage piece rather than a strict adaptation of Maguire's work.[10]

While the draft followed Maguire's idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain, the storyline of the stage adaptation "goes far afield" from the novel. Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill that: "It was brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view, and to have the two witches be roommates in college, but the way in which their friendship develops—and really the whole plot—is different onstage."[12] Schwartz justified the deviation, saying: "Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda—who becomes Glinda—and Elphaba... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies."[13] Other major plot modifications include Fiyero's appearance as the scarecrow, Elphaba's survival at the end, Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms, Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper, cutting Elphaba's years in the Vinkus, the deletion of Liir's birth, Fiyero not having a wife and children, Doctor Dillamond being fired instead of being murdered, and Madame Morrible going to prison instead of dying.[14]

The Curran Theatre in San Francisco, where Wicked made its debut

The book, lyrics, and score for the musical were developed through a series of readings.[10] In these developmental workshops, Kristin Chenoweth, the Tony Award–winning actress whom Schwartz had in mind while composing the music for the character,[15] joined the project as Glinda. Stephanie J. Block played Elphaba in the workshops (she played Elphaba in the first national tour and later as a Broadway cast replacement) before Idina Menzel was cast in the role in late 2002. Earlier that year, the creators recruited New York producer Stone, who began planning the Broadway production. Joe Mantello was engaged as director and Wayne Cilento as choreographer, while designer Eugene Lee created the set and visual style for the production inspired by W. W. Denslow's original illustrations for Baum's novels and Maguire's concept of the story being told through a giant clock.[15] Costume designer Susan Hilferty created a "twisted Edwardian" style in building more than 200 costumes, while lighting designer Kenneth Posner used more than 800 lights to give each of the 54 distinct scenes and locations "its own mood".[15] By April 2003, the show was in rehearsals.[15]

Following the out-of-town tryout in San Francisco in May and June 2003, which received mixed critical reception, the creative team made extensive changes before its transfer to Broadway.[15] Holzman recalled:

Stephen wisely had insisted on having three months to rewrite in between the time we closed in San Francisco and when we were to go back into rehearsals in New York. That was crucial; that was the thing that made the biggest difference in the life of the show. That time is what made the show work.[16]

Elements of the book were rewritten, while several songs underwent minor changes.[15] "Which Way is the Party?", the introductory song to the character Fiyero, was replaced by "Dancing Through Life".[17] Concern existed that Menzel's Elphaba "got a little overshadowed" by Chenoweth's Glinda,[18] with San Francisco Chronicle critic Robert Hurwitt writing, "Menzel's brightly intense Elphaba the Wicked Witch a chance of holding her own alongside Chenoweth's gloriously, insidiously bubbly Glinda."[19] As a result, the creative team set about making Elphaba "more prominent".[18] In making the Broadway revisions, Schwartz recalled, "It was clear there was work to be done and revisions to be made in the book and the score. The critical community was, frankly, very helpful to us."[18]

Synopsis

Act One

Fabi Bang making Glinda's Act One entrance in the original Brazilian production

The citizens of the Land of Oz are celebrating the recent death of the Wicked Witch of the West. Glinda the Good arrives and reveals the Wicked Witch's backstory: her mother had an affair with a traveling salesman while her father, the governor of Munchkinland, was away. As a result of that affair, Elphaba Thropp was born. Both of her parents were shocked by their daughter's green skin. Her father rejected her, cursing Elphaba to have a troubled childhood ("No One Mourns the Wicked"). When a citizen asks Glinda, "Is it true you were her friend?", Glinda begins to reminisce about her past with Elphaba.

In a flashback, Elphaba arrives at Shiz University ("Dear Old Shiz") with her sister, Nessarose, who is paraplegic and uses a wheelchair. The school's headmistress, Madame Morrible, assigns Elphaba to share a dormitory room with the popular, bubbly Galinda Upland. Elphaba, anxious, uses magic to pull Nessarose's wheelchair back to her after Madame Morrible attempts to depart. Madame Morrible recognizes Elphaba's potential and decides to teach Elphaba sorcery. Madame Morrible tells Elphaba she has the chance to work with Wonderful Wizard of Oz, something Elphaba has dreamed of her whole life ("The Wizard and I").

Galinda is disdainful towards Elphaba, and Elphaba grows to hate Galinda just as much; they clash with each other constantly ("What Is This Feeling?"). In a history class taught by Doctor Dillamond, the only Animal professor at Shiz University, Dillamond begins to suffer from discrimination, even from the students. Dillamond informs Elphaba of a conspiracy to stop all Animals from speaking, and she vows to tell the Wizard of the conspiracy and help him stop it if she ever meets him ("Something Bad").

Meanwhile, a roguish prince, Fiyero, begins attending Shiz. Galinda is charmed by Fiyero's good looks and shallow philosophy. Fiyero arranges a party for his fellow Shiz students later that evening. Boq, a Munchkin who has a crush on Galinda, tries to invite her to the party. Galinda convinces Boq to instead invite Nessarose out of pity, leaving her free to go with Fiyero. Nessa becomes enamored with Boq and tells Elphaba to thank Galinda for her "help". At the party, Madame Morrible stops by to tell Galinda that Elphaba had asked her to admit Galinda into her sorcery class. Elphaba arrives wearing a hat that Galinda gave her as a practical joke; the other students laugh at her. Galinda has a change of heart and decides to dance with Elphaba, and soon everyone joins them, finally allowing the girls to bond ("Dancing Through Life").

In their dormitory room, Galinda decides to give Elphaba a makeover ("Popular"). The next day, Dr. Dillamond tells the class that he is leaving because he is no longer permitted to teach. Elphaba is the only student who objects. A human professor introduces the students to the technical advantages of "the cage", which is designed to prevent any animal from speaking. Elphaba refuses to contain her anger, and, in the ensuing chaos, she escapes alongside Fiyero, taking with them the lion cub that was imprisoned within the cage. Elphaba and Fiyero share a private moment; Fiyero then leaves. Elphaba laments that Fiyero will never love her as much as he loves Galinda ("I'm Not That Girl"). Madame Morrible arrives and tells Elphaba that the Wizard wants to meet her. Boq, Nessa, Fiyero, and Galinda say goodbye to Elphaba at the train station. Galinda tries to impress Fiyero by changing her name to Dr. Dillamond's pronunciation of her name, "Glinda", in solidarity with Dillamond, but Fiyero barely notices as he says goodbye to Elphaba. Elphaba invites Glinda to go with her to the Emerald City ("One Short Day").

Elphaba and Glinda meet the Wizard of Oz, who is not as scary as they thought ("A Sentimental Man"). He promises to grant Elphaba her request if she proves herself. Madame Morrible appears and explains she is the Wizard's new "press secretary." She gives Elphaba a book of spells, the Grimmerie, which only the magically gifted can read. Elphaba is asked to perform a levitation spell on the Wizard's monkey servant, Chistery. Her attempt does allow him to fly, but only by making him sprout wings painfully. She discovers that the Wizard is behind the suppression of the Animals and that he is a fraud who uses simple parlor tricks and lies to stay in power. Elphaba flees the Wizard's chamber, and Madame Morrible spreads a message throughout Oz that Elphaba is a wicked witch who cannot be trusted. Glinda finds Elphaba and advises her to go back and apologize, but Elphaba refuses and declares she must do what is right. She then offers to take Glinda with her. Glinda declines but decides to secretly support Elphaba. Elphaba repeats the levitation spell on a broom and flies away from the Emerald City, leaving Glinda behind ("Defying Gravity").

Act Two

Myra Ruiz as Elphaba in the original Brazilian production

Some time later, Elphaba's opposition of the Wizard's regime has earned her the title "The Wicked Witch of the West." Glinda has become the lead spokesperson for the Wizard's regime, given the title "Glinda the Good" and positioned by Morrible as the nation's defender against the Witch. A press conference to celebrate Fiyero's appointment as Captain of the Guard (a position he has accepted in order to find Elphaba) is hijacked by the public's panicked rumors about Elphaba, one of them claiming that she can be melted by water. Fiyero is furious at the absurdity of the rumors. Glinda unsuccessfully tries calming Fiyero by insisting that Elphaba does not want to be found. Fiyero is further shocked when Morrible announces that he and Glinda are engaged. Fiyero abruptly leaves, angry with Glinda for not informing him of the announcement before the press conference. Glinda attempts to act cheerful for the press, but she knows her dream life has come at a great price ("Thank Goodness").

Elphaba visits Nessarose, who is now the governor of Munchkinland following the death of their father. Nessa has taken away the Munchkins' rights to prevent Boq from leaving her. Elphaba tries to convince Nessa to join her fight against the Wizard, but Nessa refuses; she is resentful that Elphaba never used her magic powers to help her. Elphaba tries to help by enchanting Nessa's shoes, giving her the ability to walk. Nessa is thrilled and now believes Boq will truly love her. To Nessa's shock, Boq sees her new ability as proof that she no longer needs him. Boq declares he intends to tell Glinda of his love for her before she marries Fiyero. Nessa takes the Grimmerie in order to cast a love spell on Boq to make him fall in love with her. She pronounces the incantation wrong and accidentally shrinks his heart. She cries for Elphaba to save him and prevent her from having to "live a life of loneliness" ("The Wicked Witch of the East"). Elphaba casts another spell to save Boq's life, transforming him into a Tin Man who does not need a heart to live. Boq is horrified by his new body, and Nessa tells him Elphaba is responsible.

Elphaba returns to the Emerald City to free the monkey servants and comes across the Wizard himself. He tries once again to convince her to work with him, telling her that he is simply a mediocre man who came into his position by chance and was led to stay by the citizens of Oz who revered him ("Wonderful"). Elphaba is almost won over until she discovers Dr. Dillamond, who has lost the power of speech. Elphaba then vows to fight the Wizard to the end. At that moment, Fiyero and the Guards enter, followed by Glinda. Fiyero helps Elphaba escape and decides to escape with her, leaving Glinda behind. Broken-hearted, Glinda tells the Wizard and Madame Morrible that they can capture Elphaba by spreading a rumor that Nessarose is in trouble, so Elphaba will be forced to show herself to save Nessa. Upset by Fiyero's betrayal, Glinda leaves the room. Morrible and the Wizard decide a rumor will not fool Elphaba; Morrible proposes "a change in the weather". Alone, Glinda laments that Fiyero truly loves Elphaba, and it is unlikely he ever truly loved Glinda herself ("I'm Not That Girl" (Reprise)).

Hidden away in the forest, Elphaba and Fiyero confess their love for each other ("As Long As You're Mine"). Their happiness is interrupted when Elphaba senses Nessarose is in danger. She is correct; a house has fallen out of the sky and crushed Nessarose to death. Elphaba arrives at the scene and finds Glinda has given Nessa's shoes to the house's occupant, Dorothy Gale. After a fight between the two witches, the Wizard's guards arrive. Fiyero arrives and holds Glinda hostage to allow Elphaba to escape. Glinda pleads for the guards not to harm Fiyero, but they do not listen. At Kiamo Ko castle, Elphaba casts a spell to make Fiyero invincible to any weapon but is unsure how well the spell will work. She realizes that every good deed she tried to do was perceived as evil, and finally accepts her reputation as a wicked witch ("No Good Deed").

Meanwhile, the citizens of Oz, led by Madame Morrible and Boq, set off to capture Elphaba. Glinda realizes Madame Morrible summoned the tornado that brought the house that crushed Nessarose. Morrible threatens Glinda and alleges that Glinda is not as virtuous as she pretends to be. Glinda flees in horror as the crowd calls for Elphaba's death ("March of the Witch Hunters"). Meanwhile, Elphaba has captured Dorothy, refusing to release her until she relinquishes Nessarose's shoes. Glinda arrives to warn Elphaba of the danger she is in, and tries to convince her to release Dorothy. Although Elphaba refuses, the two forgive each other. Elphaba gives the Grimmerie to Glinda, and they embrace for the last time before sharing a tearful goodbye ("For Good"). Elphaba tells Glinda to hide. Glinda watches from the shadows as Dorothy throws a bucket of water on Elphaba, melting her. The only remains of her are her pointy hat and the Green Elixir she had slept with under her pillow.

Back at the Emerald City, Glinda confronts the Wizard with the bottle, which he recognizes as his own; he was the man Elphaba's mother had an affair with, and the Elixir was the cause of Elphaba's green skin. Glinda banishes the Wizard and throws Madame Morrible into prison for murdering Nessarose. Meanwhile, Fiyero, now a scarecrow, arrives at the spot where Elphaba melted. He knocks on the floor; Elphaba steps out from a trap door, having faked her death. They embrace, and Elphaba laments that she will never see Glinda again. Simultaneously, Glinda informs the People of Oz that the Wicked Witch has been killed and that she would like to earn her title as "Glinda the Good". As the citizens of Oz celebrate and Glinda mourns quietly, Elphaba and Fiyero leave Oz ("Finale").

Casts

Original casts

Character San Francisco [20] Broadway[21] First US Tour[22] Chicago[23] West End [24] Los Angeles[25] Melbourne [26] San Francisco[27] Second US Tour[28] First UK/Ireland Tour[29] Tenth Anniversary Tour[30] International Tour[31] Second UK/Ireland Tour[32] Third UK/Ireland Tour[33] Second Australian Tour
2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2013 2014 2016 2017 2023 2023
Elphaba Idina Menzel Stephanie J. Block Ana Gasteyer Idina Menzel Eden Espinosa Amanda Harrison Teal Wicks Marcie Dodd Nikki Davis-Jones Jemma Rix Jacqueline Hughes Amy Ross Laura Pick Sheridan Adams
Glinda Kristin Chenoweth Kendra Kassebaum Kate Reinders Helen Dallimore Megan Hilty Lucy Durack Kendra Kassebaum Heléne Yorke Emily Tierney Lucy Durack Carly Anderson Helen Woolf Sarah O'Connor Courtney Monsma
Fiyero Tigelaar Norbert Leo Butz Derrick Williams Kristoffer Cusick Adam Garcia Kristoffer Cusick Rob Mills Nicolas Dromard Colin Donnell Liam Doyle Steve Danielsen Bradley Jaden Aaron Sidwell Carl Man Liam Head
Madame Morrible Carole Shelley Carol Kane Rondi Reed Miriam Margolyes Carol Kane Maggie Kirkpatrick Carol Kane Marilyn Caskey Marilyn Cutts Maggie Kirkpatrick Kim Ismay Donna Berlin Robyn Nevin
Nessarose Michelle Federer Jenna Leigh Green Heidi Kettenring Katie Rowley Jones Jenna Leigh Green Penny McNamee Deedee Magno Hall Kristine Reese Carina Gillespie Emily Cascarino Emily Shaw Megan Gardiner Shewit Belay
Boq Kirk McDonald Christopher Fitzgerald Logan Lipton Telly Leung James Gillan Adam Wylie Anthony Callea Eddy Rioseco Ted Ely George Ure Edward Grey Iddon Jones Jed Berry Kurtis Papadinis
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Robert Morse Joel Grey David Garrison Gene Weygandt Nigel Planer John Rubinstein Rob Guest David Garrison Tom McGowan Dale Rapley Reg Livermore Steven Pinder Simeon Truby Todd McKenny
Doctor Dillamond John Horton William Youmans Timothy Britten Parker Steven Skybell Martin Ball Timothy Britten Parker Rodney Dobson Tom Flynn David DeVries Glen Hogstrom Adam Murphy

Notable replacements

Broadway (2003–)

1st & 2nd US National Tours (2005–)

West End (2006–)

Melbourne/Australian Tour (2008–2015)

1st, 2nd, & 3rd UK/Ireland National Tours (2013–2019)

2nd Australian Tour (2023–24)

Musical numbers

Note: "The Wicked Witch of the East" is the only major piece not to be featured on the cast recording, as the producers felt "the song included too much dialogue and would give some of the plot away to people who have not seen the show."

Orchestration

The current Broadway pit consists of a 23 piece orchestra:







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