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The weekdays and weekend are the complementary parts of the week devoted to labour and rest, respectively. The legal weekdays (British English), or workweek (American English), is the part of the seven-day week devoted to working. In most of the world, the workweek is from Monday to Friday and the weekend is Saturday and Sunday. A weekday or workday is any day of the working week. Other institutions often follow this pattern, such as places of education. The constituted weekend has varying definitions, based on determined calendar days, designated period of time, and/or regional definition of the working week (e.g., commencing after 5:00 p.m. on Friday and lasting until 6:00 p.m. on Sunday). Sometimes the term "weekend" is expanded to include the time after work hours on the last workday of the week.
In some Christian traditions, Sunday is the "day of rest and worship". The Jewish Shabbat or Biblical Sabbath lasts from sunset on Friday to the fall of full darkness on Saturday; as a result, the weekend in Israel is observed on Friday–Saturday. Some Muslim-majority countries historically instituted a Thursday–Friday weekend. Today, many of these countries, in the interests of furthering business trade and cooperation, have shifted to Friday–Saturday or Saturday–Sunday[1][2] as in the case of Saudi Arabia and UAE.[3]
The Christian day of worship is just one day each week, but the preceding day (the Jewish Sabbath) came to be taken as a holiday as well in the 20th century. This shift has been accompanied by a reduction in the total number of hours worked per week. The present-day concept of the "weekend" first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early 19th century.[4]
Some countries have adopted a one-day weekend, i.e. either Sunday only (in seven countries), Friday only (in Djibouti, Iran, and Somalia), or Saturday only (in Nepal). However, most countries have adopted a two-day weekend, whose days differ according to religious tradition, i.e. either Friday and Saturday (in 17 Muslim countries and Israel) or Saturday and Sunday (most of the countries), or Friday and Sunday (in Brunei Darussalam, Aceh province (Indonesia) and state of Sarawak (Malaysia)), with the previous evening post-work often considered part of the weekend. Proposals continue to be put forward to reduce the number of days or hours worked per week, on the basis of predicted social and economic benefits.
History
A continuous seven day cycle that runs throughout history, paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon and having a fixed day of rest, was most likely first practised in Judaism, dated to the 6th century BC at the latest.[5][6]
In Ancient Rome (753 BC–476 AD), every eight days there was a nundinae. It was a market day, during which children were exempted from school[7] and agricultural workers stopped work in the field and came to the city to sell the produce of their labor[8][9] or to practice religious rites.[citation needed]
The French Revolutionary Calendar (1793–1805) had ten-day weeks (called décades) and allowed décadi, one out of the ten days, as a leisure day. From 1929 to 1940, the Soviet Union utilized a calendar with five and six-day work weeks, with a rest day assigned to a worker either with a colour or number.[citation needed]
During the Han dynasty of imperial China, officials had a day off once every 5 days known as hsui-mu （休沐）.[10] This rest day was known as "a day for rest and for washing one's hair".[10]
In cultures with a four-day workweek, the three Sabbaths derive from the culture's main religious tradition: Friday (Muslim), Saturday (Jewish, Adventist), and Sunday (Christian).[citation needed]
The present-day concept of the relatively longer 'week-end' first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early 19th century[4] and was originally a voluntary arrangement between factory owners and workers allowing Saturday afternoon off starting at 2 pm on the basis that staff would be available for work sober and refreshed on Monday morning.[11] The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term weekend to the British magazine Notes and Queries in 1879.[12]
In 1908, the first five-day workweek in the United States was instituted by a New England cotton mill so that Jewish workers would not have to work on the Sabbath from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday.[13] In 1926, Henry Ford began shutting down his automotive factories for all of Saturday and Sunday, realizing that by giving workers more time off it would encourage more leisure activities such as vacations and shopping.[14] In 1929, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America was the first union to demand and receive a five-day workweek. The rest of the United States slowly followed, but it was not until 1940, when a provision of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act mandating a maximum 40-hour workweek went into effect, that the two-day weekend was adopted nationwide.[13]
Over the succeeding decades, particularly in the 1940s to 1960s, an increasing number of countries adopted either a Friday–Saturday or a Saturday–Sunday weekend to harmonize with international markets. A series of workweek reforms in the mid-to-late 2000s and early 2010s brought much of the Arab World in synchronization with the majority of countries around the world, in terms of working hours, the length of the workweek, and the days of the weekend. The International Labour Organization (ILO) currently defines a workweek exceeding 48 hours as excessive. A 2007 study by the ILO found that at least 614.2 million people around the world were working excessive hours.[15]
Length
Actual workweek lengths have been falling in the developed world. In the United States, the workweek length reduced slowly from before the Civil War to the start of the 20th century. There was a rapid reduction between 1900 and 1920, especially between 1913 and 1919, when weekly hours fell by about eight percent.[16] In 1926, Henry Ford standardized on a five-day workweek, instead of the prevalent six days, without reducing employees' pay.[17] Hours worked stabilized at about 49 per week during the 1920s, and during the Great Depression fell below 40.[16] During the Depression, President Herbert Hoover called for a reduction in work hours in lieu of layoffs. Later, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a five-day, 40-hour workweek for many workers.[17] The proportion of people working very long weeks has since risen, and the full-time employment of women has increased dramatically.[18]
The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard workweek to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time.[17][19][20][21][22][23] The Center for Economic and Policy Research states that reducing the length of the work week would slow climate change and have other environmental benefits.[24] A study from the University of Massachusetts concluded that a full day taken off of the workweek would cut humanity's carbon footprint by nearly 30%.[25]
In the 21st century, those such as Anna Coote, the head of social policy at the New Economics Foundation and British sociologist Peter Fleming, among others, have proposed the introduction of a three-day workweek. The arguments for its introduction include a better work-life balance, more family time, improved health and well-being, greater sustainability (such as via reduced carbon emissions), increased work productivity, and a reduction of overwork, unemployment and over-consumption.[26][27][28]
By country
Table
| Nation or territory | Typical hours worked per week |
Working week | Typical hours worked per day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 48 | Sunday–Thursday | 8 |
| Albania | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Algeria | 40 | Sunday–Thursday | 8 |
| Angola | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Argentina | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Armenia | 45 | Monday–Friday | 9 |
| Azerbaijan | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Austria | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Australia | 38[29] | Monday–Friday | 7.6 |
| Bahrain | 40 | Sunday–Thursday | 8 (6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees)[30] |
| Bangladesh | 40 | Sunday–Thursday | 8 |
| Benin | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Belarus | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Belgium | 38 | Monday–Friday | 7.6 |
| Bolivia | 40–48 | Monday–Saturday (Many people work Saturdays either half day or full day) | 8 |
| Brazil | 44 | Monday–Friday | 8.5 |
| Brunei | 40 | Monday–Thursday and Saturday | 8 |
| Burundi | 50 | Monday–Friday | 10 |
| Bulgaria | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Canada | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Cambodia | 40 | Monday–Friday | 8 |
| Cameroon | 50 | Monday–Friday | 10 |
| Chile | 45 | Monday–Friday | 9 |
| People's Republic of China | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Week_End