Wake Forest University

Former names	Wake Forest Manual Labor Institute (1834–1839) Wake Forest College (1839–1967)
Motto	Pro Humanitate (Latin)
Motto in English	"For Humanity"[1]
Type	Private research university
Established	February 3, 1834 (190 years ago) (1834-02-03)
Founder	Baptist State Convention of North Carolina
Accreditation	SACS
Religious affiliation	Nonsectarian Baptist (historically until 1986)[2]
Academic affiliations	NAICU ORAU
Endowment	$1.86 billion (2021) [3]
President	Susan Wente
Provost	Michele Gillespie
Academic staff	6,667 (includes full- time faculty and staff)[4]
Students	8,963 (Fall 2022)[5]
Undergraduates	5,447 (Fall 2022)[5]
Postgraduates	3,516 (Fall 2022)[5]
Location	Winston-Salem , North Carolina , United States 36°08′02″N 80°16′34″W / 36.134°N 80.276°W / 36.134; -80.276
Campus	Midsize City,[6], 340 acres (140 ha)
Newspaper	Old Gold & Black
Other campuses	Charlotte Washington D.C. Venice Vienna London
Colors	Old gold and black[7]
Nickname	Demon Deacons
Sporting affiliations	NCAA Division I FBS – ACC
Mascot	The Demon Deacon
Website	www.wfu.edu

Wake Forest University (WFU) is a private research university in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States. Founded in 1834, the university received its name from its original location in Wake Forest, north of Raleigh, North Carolina. The Reynolda Campus, the university's main campus, has been located north of downtown Winston-Salem since the university moved there in 1956.

WFU's undergraduate and graduate colleges and schools include Wake Forest University School of Law, Wake Forest University School of Divinity, Wake Forest University School of Business, Wake Forest Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and Wake Forest University School of Medicine.^[8] Students can participate in over 250 student clubs and organizations including fraternities and sororities, intramural sports, a student newspaper and a radio station.^[9] The university is classified among "R-2: Doctoral Universities – High Research Activity".^[10]

Wake Forest University Athletic teams are known as the Demon Deacons and compete in sixteen NCAA Division I intercollegiate sports. Wake Forest is also a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference.^[11]

History

During the Baptist State Convention of 1833, at Cartledge Creek Baptist Church in Rockingham, North Carolina, establishment of Wake Forest Institute was ratified.^[12] The school was founded after the North Carolina Baptist State Convention purchased a 615-acre (249 ha) plantation from Calvin Jones in an area north of Raleigh (Wake County) called the "Forest of Wake". The new school, designed to teach both Baptist ministers and laymen, opened on February 3, 1834, as the Wake Forest Manual Labor Institute. Students and staff were required to spend half of each day doing manual labor on its plantation. Samuel Wait, a Baptist minister, was selected as the principal, later president, of the institute.^[13]

Wake Forest College

In 1838, the school was renamed Wake Forest College, and the manual-labor system was abandoned. The town that grew up around the college came to be called the town of Wake Forest. In 1862, during the American Civil War, the school closed due to the loss of most students and some faculty to service in the Confederate States Army.^{[citation needed]} The college re-opened in 1866 and prospered over the next four decades under the leadership of presidents Washington Manly Wingate, Thomas H. Pritchard, and Charles Taylor. In 1894, the School of Law was established, followed by the School of Medicine in 1902. In 1911, Louise Heims Beck became the university's first librarian, later going on to become a vaudeville performer and the recipient of a Tony Award.^[14][15] The university held its first summer session in 1921. Lea Laboratory was built in 1887–1888, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.^[16]

The leading college figure in the early 20th century was William L. Poteat, a biologist and the first layman to be elected president in the college's history.^[17] "Dr. Billy" continued to promote growth, hired many outstanding professors, and expanded the science curriculum. He also stirred upheaval among North Carolina Baptists with his strong support of teaching the theory of evolution but eventually won formal support from the Baptist State Convention for academic freedom at the college.^{[citation needed]}

Move to Winston-Salem

The School of Medicine moved to Winston-Salem (then North Carolina's second-largest city) in 1941 under the supervision of Dean Coy Cornelius Carpenter, who guided the school through the transition from a two-year to a four-year program. The school then became the Bowman Gray School of Medicine. The following year, 1942, Wake Forest admitted its first female undergraduate students, after World War II dramatically depleted the pool of male students.^{[citation needed]}

In 1946, as a result of large gifts from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation, the entire college agreed to move to Winston-Salem,^[18] a move that was completed for the beginning of the fall 1956 term, under the leadership of Harold W. Tribble. Charles and Mary Reynolds Babcock (daughter of R. J. Reynolds) donated to the college about 330 acres (1.3 km²) of fields and woods at "Reynolda", their estate.^[19] A name change to Smith Reynolds University was considered but dropped.^[20] From 1952 to 1956, fourteen new buildings were constructed on the new campus.^[21] These buildings were constructed in Georgian style.^[21] The old campus in Wake Forest was sold to the Baptist State Convention to establish the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary.^{[citation needed]}

Desegregation

On April 27, 1962, Wake Forest's board of trustees voted to accept Edward Reynolds, a native of Ghana, as the first black full-time undergraduate at the school. This made Wake Forest the first major private university in the South to desegregate.^[22] Reynolds, a transfer student from Shaw University, became the first black graduate of the university in 1964, when he earned a bachelor's degree in history. He went on to earn master's degrees at Ohio University and Yale Divinity School, and a PhD in African history from the University of London in 1972.^[23] He became a professor of history at the University of California, San Diego, and the author of several history books.^[24][25]

Recent history

A graduate studies program was inaugurated in 1961, and in 1967 the school became the fully accredited Wake Forest University. The Babcock Graduate School of Management, now known as the School of Business, was established in 1969. The James R. Scales Fine Arts Center opened in 1979.^{[citation needed]}

In 1979, Wake Forest began a process to change its relationship with the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina, in order to obtain more academic freedom and choose non-Baptist trustees.^[26] In 1986, the school gained autonomy from the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina and established a fraternal relationship with it.^[27][28]

The Middleton House and its surrounding 5 acres (2.0 ha) was deeded by gift to Wake Forest by Philip Hanes and his wife Charlotte in 1992.^[29] The donation was completed in 2011.^[30]

The thirteenth president of Wake Forest was Nathan O. Hatch, former provost at the University of Notre Dame.^[31] Hatch was officially installed as president on October 20, 2005. He assumed office on July 1, 2005, succeeding Thomas K. Hearn Jr., who had retired after 22 years in office (and for whom the Upper Quad is now named). In 2020, Hatch announced his retirement as president.^[32] On January 29, 2021, the Wake Forest University Board of Trustees named Susan Rae Wente as Wake Forest's fourteenth president and first female president of the school.^[33]

On September 16, 2015, Wake Forest announced plans to offer undergraduate classes downtown in Innovation Quarter in Winston-Salem. On March 18, 2016, the school announced programs in biomedical sciences and engineering at its new Wake Downtown campus, opening in January 2017. Wake Downtown is in a former R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company plant, next to the second campus of the school of medicine which opened in July 2016.^{[34][35][36][37]}

On February 21, 2020, Wake Forest officially apologized for the institution's role in profiting and benefiting from enslaved people during slavery.^[38]

Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center and Atrium Health announced a partnership in 2019 with the goal of a Charlotte, North Carolina, campus for the Wake Forest School of Medicine. More specific details were revealed in February 2021, including a seven-story tower, and on March 24, 2021, Atrium Health announced a 20-acre site at Baxter and McDowell Streets. Also, School of Medicine dean Dr. Julie Ann Freischlag said construction would start in 2022, with the first students attending in 2024. Hatch, who was leaving as president June 30, said Wake Forest would have a School of Professional Studies at the Charlotte location in 2022.^[39]

Presidential activities

On March 17, 1978, president Jimmy Carter made a major National Security address in Wait Chapel.^[40] The school has hosted presidential debates on two occasions. The first was between then-vice president George H. W. Bush and governor Michael Dukakis on September 25, 1988.^[41] The second match of then-governor George W. Bush against vice-president Al Gore on October 11, 2000. Both debates were hosted in Wait Chapel.^[42]

Campuses

Reynolda campus

The Reynolda Campus is the main campus for Wake Forest University, housing the undergraduate colleges, three of the four graduate schools, and half the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The core of Reynolda campus is the two interlinked quads, separated by the main administrative building and dining facility, Reynolda Hall, into North and South Campus.

North Campus consists of Hearn Plaza, better known as "the quad", which holds six upperclassmen residential buildings, Subway restaurant, a book/office supply store, a clothing/athletic store, and Wait Chapel. Wait Chapel serves multiple functions. Its auditorium serves as an area for prayer, ceremonies, concerts, and certain guest speakers. The classrooms at Wait Chapel house the offices and classrooms for the Divinity School and the Religion Department.^[43]

South Campus is the home of Manchester Quad,^[44] named for substantial donors Doug and Elizabeth Manchester.^[45] It holds freshman housing, most of the classroom buildings, the Benson Center, and the Z. Smith Reynolds Library.

Reynolda House Museum of American Art

Reynolda House Museum of American Art is the centerpiece of the Reynolda Estate, from which the university's Reynolda Campus takes its name. The residence was constructed in 1917 by Katharine Smith Reynolds and her husband, Richard Joshua Reynolds, founder of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.^[46] It was converted to an art museum in 1967 and has been affiliated with Wake Forest University since 2002.^[47]

Reynolda House displays American art ranging from the colonial period to the present, including well-known artists such as Mary Cassatt, Frederic Church, Jacob Lawrence, Georgia O'Keeffe, and Gilbert Stuart.

Wake Forest students regularly get involved at Reynolda House through internships, volunteer opportunities, and academic research. In 2010, Reynolda House and Wake Forest partnered on a first-year student orientation project^[48] that uses the museum's masterpiece by Frederic Church, The Andes of Ecuador, as the focal point of the summer academic experience. General admission to the museum is free to students and university employees.^[49]

Reynolda Gardens

The 129-acre (52-hectare) property that comprise Reynolda Gardens of Wake Forest University was once at the center of Reynolda, the early 20th-century estate of Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Reynolds, and included a lake, golf course, formal gardens, greenhouses, and woods. Although many changes have occurred to the landscape over the past century, this preserve serves as a learning center for topics related to horticulture, environmental sciences, and landscape history. Wake Forest students and faculty engage in research throughout the preserve. The public is invited to participate in a wide variety of learning experiences, including classes, workshops, summer camps, and special events.^[50]

Reynolda Village

Adjacent to the Wake Forest campus, Reynolda Village is home to stores, restaurants, services and offices. Now owned and operated by Wake Forest University, the buildings were originally part of the 1,067-acre (432-hectare) estate of the R.J. Reynolds family. These buildings were modeled after an English Village and included dairy barns, a cattle shed, school, post office, smokehouse, blacksmith shop, carriage house, central power and heating plant, as well as cottages to house the family's chauffeur and stenographer, the village's school master, and the farm's head dairyman and horticulturist. The present-day village has a wide range of shops specializing in home furnishings and designer fashions, as well as art galleries, fitness studios, and a full-service day spa. The Reynolda historical district, including Reynolda Village, serves as an educational, cultural, and community complex for the Winston-Salem community.^[51]

Graylyn International Conference Center

Wake Forest University owns and manages one of the premier meeting destinations in the southeast.^[52] Graylyn was built as a private estate for Bowman Gray, Sr., and his family in 1932. The Gray family lived in the home until 1946 when it was donated to the Bowman Gray School of Medicine. In 1972, it was donated to Wake Forest University where it was used for many things over the years, including graduate student housing.^[53]

Other Winston-Salem campuses

Located in the Ardmore neighborhood near downtown Winston-Salem, the Bowman Gray Campus is home to Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, which includes its teaching and research arm, Wake Forest School of Medicine, and its clinical enterprise, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Health. With about 13,000 employees, the Medical Center is the largest employer in the Piedmont Triad Region, operating as an integrated health care system.^[54] Wake Downtown is located in the Wake Forest Innovation Quarter.^[55] The Graduate School of Arts & Science has some programs located in the Historic Brookstown in downtown Winston-Salem.^[56]

Wake Forest purchased the Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum and 33 surrounding acres from the City of Winston-Salem on August 1, 2013.^[57] The Coliseum, which seats 14,407, has been the home of Wake Forest's men's and women's basketball teams since it opened in 1989.

Wake Forest Innovation Quarter

The opening of Wake Forest Biotech Place in February 2012 marked a milestone in development of Wake Forest Innovation Quarter, based in downtown Winston-Salem and formerly known as Piedmont Triad Research Park.^[58] Operated by Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest Biotech Place is a 242,000-square-foot (22,500 m²) multipurpose biotechnology research and innovation center space that is the present-day home of several School of Medicine departments doing pioneering research, as well as private companies.^[59]

In December 2012 the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center formally launched its new commercialization enterprise, Wake Forest Innovations.^[60] Located in the Innovation Quarter, Wake Forest Innovations brings together technology asset management functions with resources to support scholarship, invest in the innovative potential of its academic and clinical communities and help translate ideas and discoveries into commercial products and services for both the Medical Center and Wake Forest University.^[61]

In January 2017, undergraduate programs began at Wake Downtown.^[55]

University Corporate Center

Built as the world headquarters for Reynolds Tobacco Company, RJR Nabisco donated the more than 500,000-square-foot (46,000 m²) building to Wake Forest University in 1987.^[62] Now known as the University Corporate Center, the building is located off Reynolds Boulevard, near campus, and houses the following University offices: Information Systems, Finance Systems, Procurement Services, and Financial and Accounting Services. Aon Consulting, BB&T, and Pepsi are also tenants.^[63]

Charlotte

The School of Business established a satellite campus in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1995; in January 2001, it moved into a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m²), award-winning^[64] facility on North College Street in Uptown.

The Charlotte Center is home to U.S. News & World Report's No. 1 ranked part-time MBA program for working professionals in North Carolina.^[65] It offers two part-time MBA programs (Evening and Saturday), continuing legal education courses, continuing professional education courses, executive education, Lunch & Learn and speaker events. Certificate programs offered at the Charlotte Center include business management for nonprofits, sustainability, financial planning and negotiations.^[66] The center also hosts corporate retreats and serves as an educational and gathering space for students and alumni in the greater Charlotte area.

The university began offering a small set of general summer school classes at the Charlotte campus in the summer of 2014.

Washington, D.C.

The university's Washington, D.C. campus offers undergraduate classes during the spring and fall as well as law classes during the spring and summer semester sessions. The Wake Washington Center also alumni workshops, networking events, volunteer meetings and speaker events and panels.^[67]

Overseas

The university owns international properties in Italy, Austria, England, and Nicaragua.^[68]

Venice

In 1974, Wake Forest purchased the building that formerly housed the American Consulate in Venice and named it Casa Artom in honor of Camillo Artom, a professor at the Baptist Medical Center until 1969. Casa Artom is a two-story building facing the Grand Canal. It is flanked by the Palazzo Venier dei Leoni, which houses the Peggy Guggenheim art collection, and the 15th century home Ca'Dario. Each fall and spring semester, a group of Wake Forest students and a resident professor live and study together here.^[69]

Vienna

In 1998, Wake Forest purchased a three-story villa in Vienna. The acquisition was made possible through the donation of Vic and Roddy Flow of Winston-Salem, and the house was named in their honor. Built in 1898, the house was formerly the office of the U.S. Consulate. Flow House is situated in a northwest section of Vienna that is known for its embassies, diplomatic residences, and distinguished private homes. Each fall and spring semester, a group of Wake Forest students and a resident professor live and study together here.^[70]

London

In 1977, Wake Forest acquired a large, brick home in Hampstead for its London program. The house, a gift from Eugene and Ann Worrell, was named in their honor. Formerly known as Morven House, the building served as the home and studio of landscape painter Charles Edward Johnson. Hampstead is primarily a residential neighborhood and home to Hampstead Heath, Regent's Park, Primrose Hill and the Keats House. Each fall and spring semester, a group of Wake Forest undergraduate students and a resident professor live and study together here. Wake Forest law students also spend a summer session here along with a resident law professor.^[71]

Nicaragua

In 2008, Karyn and Tom Dingledine provided a donation that enabled Wake Forest to purchase Casa Dingledine, a 6,600-square-foot (610 m²) conference center on 5 acres (2.0 hectares) of land with a view of Lake Managua in Nicaragua. The facility provides a venue for the exchange of ideas between and among not only Wake Forest constituents, but also the university's Nicaraguan partners, other academic institutions and corporate entities. The center is critical to the mission of the Nicaragua Nexus, which is to accomplish the Wake Forest motto of Pro Humanitate by working with Nicaraguans to enhance their quality of life through collaborative partnerships with local and international organizations in Nicaragua, while providing transformational experiences for students and faculty.^[72] Casa Dingledine was dedicated in February 2011.^[73]

Academics

Undergraduate admissions

Undergraduate admissions statistics
2021 entering class[74]Change vs. 2016[75]
Admit rate	20% ( −4.2)
Yield rate	37.0% ( +4.11)
Test scores middle 50%
SAT Total	1300–1460 ( same median)
ACT Composite	30–33 ( +1.5 median)

Undergraduate admission to Wake Forest is rated as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report.^[76]

Admission statistics for the class of 2021 are as follows: 13,000 applications were received. Representing 55 percent of the incoming class of 1350 freshmen, 750 members of the new class were enrolled through the early decision process – a 15 percent rise in applications than the previous year. Acceptance to Wake Forest has been offered to 25 percent of those who applied through the regular decision process. 54 percent of the class is composed of women. 34 percent are students of color. 22 percent come from North Carolina while 7 percent are international applicants. In order, the top eight states represented in the admitted class are North Carolina, Florida, New Jersey, Georgia, New York, California, and Virginia (with at least one person admitted from each of the fifty states). Students residing in 48 countries have been offered admission. 61 percent of admitted applicants who attend schools that calculate class rank are in the top 5 percent of their class, with 87 percent within the top 10 percent.^[77]

Test-optional policyedit

In May 2008, Wake Forest made college entrance exams optional for undergraduate admissions,^[78] becoming the first national university ranked in the top 30 by the U.S. News & World Report to adopt a test-optional policy.^[79] Being test-optional means Wake Forest's admissions process does not require applicants to submit their SAT or ACT scores, and students can decide if they want their standardized test scores to be considered.^[80] Wake Forest University does not publish any explanation of how its admissions process compares applicants with submitted scores to those without. ^[80]

Undergraduate curriculumedit

Wake Forest offers 40 undergraduate majors^[81] and 57 interdisciplinary minors^[81] across various fields of study. Students initially declare a major the second semester of their sophomore year.^[82]

In order to graduate, a Wake Forest student must finish three requirements for 120 hours of credit: a core set of classes, a course of study related to a major, and electives. The core set of classes includes basic requirements (a first-year seminar, a writing seminar, health and PE classes, and foreign language literature) and divisional requirements (at least two classes in each of the humanities, social sciences and math/natural sciences and at least one in the fine arts and literatures).^[83]

Wake Forest also offers an "Open Curriculum" option, in which a small number of students, approved by a committee, may design a course of study with an adviser that follows a liberal arts framework but does not necessarily fulfill all the core degree requirements.^[84]

In order to attend the School of Business, students must make a special application to its program, which offers an accountancy program whereby a student earns a BS and an MS in Accountancy and qualifies to sit for the CPA exam after five years of combined undergraduate and graduate study.^[85] The School of Business also offers undergraduate programs leading to degrees in business and enterprise management, finance and mathematical business.^[86]

Wake Forest supports a number of centers and institutes, which are designed to encourage interdisciplinary curriculum and programming. Currently, there are three institutes (Humanities, Pro Humanitate, and Eudaimonia) and eleven centers (including Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials; Enterprise Research and Education; Translational Science; Bioethics, Health and Society; BB&T Center for the Study of Capitalism; Energy, Environment and Sustainability; Molecular Communication and Signaling; and Interdisciplinary Performance and the Liberal Arts).^[87]

Facultyedit

Including the professional schools, the university has 1,996 faculty members, of whom 84.5 percent are full-time employees.^[88]

Ninety-three percent of undergraduate faculty have doctorates or other terminal degrees in their field.^[89] Wake Forest ranked tied for 10th best undergraduate teaching in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in its 2016 report,^[90] and the school maintains a faculty-to-student ratio of 1 to 11.^[91]

Notable faculty include:

• Anthony Atala, the director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, is considered a national pioneer in organ growth. His work has been lauded as the No. 1 Science Story of the Year by Discover Magazine in 2007 and the fifth-biggest breakthrough in medicine for 2011 by Time.^[92]
• David Carroll, professor of physics and director of the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials, is known for his research in nanoengineered cancer therapies, green technology,^[93] photovoltaics and lighting innovations.^[94]
• Melissa Harris-Perry, Presidential Endowed Professor of Politics and International Affairs, former host of the eponymous MSNBC current affairs and political commentary television program and current host of The Takeaway and Editor-at-Large of ELLE.com.^[95][96]
• Former President Nathan O. Hatch is a nationally known religious historian. His book, The Democratization of American Christianity, was named one of the "Five Best: Books on Religion in Politics" by the Wall Street Journal.^[97] He also served as the chair of the NCAA Division I Board.^[98]
• David Faber, professor of art and printmaking, is a nationally recognized printmaker whose works are housed permanently at five of the country's leading museums.
• Author and civil rights activist Maya Angelou, Reynolds Professor of American Studies, taught at the university from 1982 until her death in 2014. Among her many awards, she was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2010.^[99]
• Psychologist Linda Nielsen, researcher on the effects of shared parenting and on father–daughter relationships.

Study abroadedit

According to the Institute of International Education's 2012 Open Doors Report,^[100] Wake Forest ranked third in the country for undergraduate participation in study-abroad programs among doctoral research universities. According to the IIE's methodology, 72 percent of Wake Forest undergraduates received credit for studying abroad in the 2010–2011 academic year, with students spending anywhere from a few weeks to a summer to a full academic year visiting countries around the world. In January 2013, the university received the IIE's Heiskell Award for Study Abroad^[101] for its emphasis on providing foreign-based educational opportunities to first-generation college students.

Wake Forest offers more than 400 semester-, summer- and year-long study abroad programs in 200 cities in more than 70 countries worldwide through Wake Forest-sponsored programs and through Affiliate programs (approved non-Wake Forest programs).

Wake Forest program options include:

• University-owned houses: Each semester or summer session, a resident professor leads a group of students to one of three University-owned study abroad houses and offers two courses in his or her respective disciplines. Resident professors are chosen from a wide variety of academic departments. The university houses are: Casa Artom in Venice, Italy; Flow House in Vienna, Austria; and Worrell House in London, England.
• Other University-sponsored semester study abroad programs take place in Santiago, Chile; Dijon, France; Cambridge, England; Salamanca, Spain; and Hirakata, Japan.^[102]

Graduate and professional schoolsedit

In addition to the Undergraduate College, Wake Forest University is home to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and four professional schools.^[103]

Graduate School of Arts and Sciencesedit

The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences offers 25 programs of graduate-level study as well as 11 certificates. Degree programs include 11 areas of PhD study in the sciences, as well as 24 master's degrees in the arts and sciences. The school also offers nine joint degree programs in conjunction with the other professional schools and the undergraduate college.^[104]

School of Businessedit

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