Utica Unundadages (Mohawk)
City
Panorama of downtown from I-790 Stanley Theater Liberty Bell Corner Looking south on Utica's Genesee Street Utica Tower and harbor lock
Flag Seal Logo
Nickname(s):  The Handshake City, Sin City, Elm Tree City[1]
Show Utica Show Oneida County Show New York Show the United States Location of Utica in Oneida County, New York and of Oneida County in New York state
Coordinates: 43°06′03″N 75°13′57″W / 43.10083°N 75.23250°W / 43.10083; -75.23250
Country	United States
State	New York
Region	Mohawk Valley
Metro	Utica–Rome
County	Oneida
Land grant (village)	January 2, 1734 (1734-01-02)[2]
Incorporated (village)	April 3, 1798 (1798-04-03)[3]
Incorporated (city)	February 13, 1832 (1832-02-13)[4]
Government
• Type	Strong mayor-council
• Mayor	Michael P. Galime (R)
Area [5]
• City	16.98 sq mi (43.97 km2)
• Land	16.72 sq mi (43.31 km2)
• Water	0.26 sq mi (0.66 km2)
Elevation	456 ft (139 m)
Population  (2020)
• City	65,283
• Density	3,904.02/sq mi (1,507.33/km2)
• Urban	117,328 (U.S.: 268th)[7]
• Metro	297,592 (U.S.: 163rd)[6][a]
Demonym	Utican
Time zone	UTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes	13501-13505, 13599
Area code	315
FIPS code	36-76540
GNIS feature ID	0968324[8]
Website	cityofutica.com

Utica (/ˈjuːtɪkə/ ^ⓘ) is a city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County, New York, United States. The tenth-most-populous city in New York State, its population was 65,283 in the 2020 U.S. Census.^[9] Located on the Mohawk River at the foot of the Adirondack Mountains, it is approximately 95 mi (153 km) west-northwest of Albany, 55 mi (89 km) east of Syracuse and 240 mi (386 km) northwest of New York City. Utica and the nearby city of Rome anchor the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising all of Oneida and Herkimer Counties.

Formerly a river settlement inhabited by the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy, Utica attracted European-American settlers from New England during and after the American Revolution. In the 19th century, immigrants strengthened its position as a layover city between Albany and Syracuse on the Erie and Chenango Canals and the New York Central Railroad. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the city's infrastructure contributed to its success as a manufacturing center and defined its role as a worldwide hub for the textile industry.

Like other Rust Belt cities, Utica underwent an economic downturn throughout the mid-20th century. The downturn consisted of industrial decline due to offshoring and the closure of textile mills, population loss caused by the relocation of jobs and businesses to suburbs and to Syracuse, and poverty associated with socioeconomic stress and a depressed tax base. With its low cost of living, the city has become a melting pot for refugees from war-torn countries around the world, encouraging growth for its colleges and universities, cultural institutions and economy.^[10]

Etymology

The first Utica was a former city in modern-day Tunisia. Many central New York locations have the names of ancient cities or people (Rome, Syracuse, Ithaca, Troy, Homer, Cicero, Ovid, and a number of others).

The reuse of the name of ancient Utica for a modern village, then city, owes a great deal to classically trained surveyor Robert Harpur (1731–1825), for many years a professor in King's College (today Columbia University). It was he who gave out the central New York State Classical names, and he stated that he named the village of Utica.^[11] However, another theory involves a 1798 meeting at Bagg's Tavern (a resting place for travelers passing through the village) where the name was picked from a hat holding 13 suggestions. How Utica came to be among them, if not due ultimately to Harpur, is unknown.^{[11][12][13][14]}

History

Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and colonial settlement

Utica was established on the site of Old Fort Schuyler, built by American colonists for defense in 1758 during the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War against France.^{[3][15][16][17]} Prior to construction of the fort, the Mohawk, Onondaga and Oneida nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy had controlled this area southeast of the Great Lakes region as early as 4000 BC.^[18] The Mohawk were the largest and most powerful nation in the eastern and lower Mohawk Valley. Colonists had a long-standing fur trade with the Mohawk, in exchange for firearms and rum. The Iroquois nations' dominating presence in the region prevented the Province of New York from expanding past the middle of the Mohawk Valley until after the American victory in the Revolutionary War. Following the war several Iroquois nations were forced to cede lands to New York: British allies due to defeat and American allies in exchange for post-war shelter and supplies which were necessary following the brutal fighting.^[18]

The land housing Old Fort Schuyler was part of a 20,000-acre (81 km²) portion of marshland granted by King George II to New York governor William Cosby on January 2, 1734.^[19] Since the fort was located near several trails (including the Great Indian Warpath), its position—on a bend at a shallow portion of the Mohawk River—made it an important fording point.^[20][21] The Mohawk call the bend Unundadages ("around the hill"), a name that now appears on the city's seal.^[12][22]

During the American Revolutionary War, border raids from British-allied Iroquois tribes harried the settlers on the frontier. George Washington ordered Sullivan's Expedition, Rangers, to enter Central New York and suppress the Iroquois threat. More than 40 Iroquois villages were destroyed along with their winter stores, causing starvation.^[12] In the aftermath of the war, numerous colonial settlers migrated into the region of New York from New England,^[23] especially Connecticut.^[12]

In 1794 a state road, Genesee Road, was built from Utica west to the Genesee River. That year a contract was awarded to the Mohawk Turnpike and Bridge Company to extend the road northeast to Albany, and in 1798 it was extended.^[3][24] The Seneca Turnpike was key to Utica's development, replacing a worn footpath with a paved road.^[25] The village became a rest and supply area along the Mohawk River for goods and the many people moving through Western New York to and from the Great Lakes.^[26][27]

Incorporation of Utica

The boundaries of the village of Utica were defined in an act passed by the New York State Legislature on April 3, 1798.^[28] Utica expanded its borders in subsequent 1805 and 1817 charters. On April 5, 1805, the village's eastern and western boundaries were expanded,^[29] and on April 7, 1817, Utica separated from Whitestown on its west.^[3][30] After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, the city's growth was stimulated again. Utica became a printing and publishing center, with many newspapers.^[31]

The municipal charter was passed by the state legislature on February 13, 1832.^[3][4] In 1845 the United States Census ranked Utica as the 29th-largest in the country (with 20,000 residents, more than the populations of Chicago, Detroit or Cleveland.^[32][33])

Industry and trade

Utica's location on the Erie and Chenango canals encouraged industrial development, allowing the transport of anthracite coal from northeastern Pennsylvania for local manufacturing and distribution.^[34] Utica's economy centered around the manufacture of furniture, heavy machinery, textiles and lumber.^[35] The combined effects of the Embargo Act of 1807 and local investment enabled further expansion of the textile industry.^[36]

In addition to the canals, transport in Utica was bolstered by railroads running through the city. The first was the Mohawk and Hudson Rail Road, which became the Utica and Schenectady Railroad in 1833. Its 78 mi (126 km) connection between Schenectady and Utica was developed in 1836 from the right-of-way previously used by the Mohawk and Hudson River railway.^[37][38] Later lines, such as the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, merged with the Utica and Schenectady to form the New York Central Railroad, which originated as a 19th-century forest railway of the Adirondacks.^[39]

In the early 1800s, William Williams, and his partner published Utica's first newspaper, The Utica Club, from their printing shop on Genesee Street. In 1817 Williams also published Utica's first directory.^[40][41] Utica went on to become a printing and publishing center, with many newspapers.^[42]: 18

Abolitionism

During the 1850s, Utica aided more than 650 fugitive slaves; it played a major role as a station in the Underground Railroad. The city was on a slave escape route from the Southern Tier to Canada by way of Albany, Syracuse, or Rochester.^[43][44] The route, used by Harriet Tubman to travel to Buffalo,^[45] guided slaves to pass through Utica on the New York Central Railroad right-of-way en route to Canada.^[45] Utica was the locus for Methodist preacher Orange Scott's antislavery sermons during the 1830s and 1840s, and Scott formed an abolitionist group there in 1843.^[44] Beriah Green organized the 1835 initial meeting of the New York Anti-Slavery Society in Utica, which was disrupted by an anti-abolitionist mob led by local congressman Samuel Beardsley and other "prominent citizens".^[46] (It adjourned to Gerrit Smith's home in nearby Peterboro, New York.^[47][48][49])

20th century

The early 20th century brought rail advances to Utica, with the New York Central electrifying 49 mi (79 km) of track from the city to Syracuse in 1907 for its West Shore interurban line.^[50] In 1902, the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway connected Rome to Little Falls with a 37.5 mi (60.4 km) electrified line through Utica.^[51]

Waves of Italian, Irish, Polish and Lebanese Maronite immigrants worked in the city's industries in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, two-thirds of employed Uticans worked in the textile industry. The textile industry in the Northern United States declined rapidly following World War I, as mills relocated to the Southern United States. Textiles remained the leading industry in Utica through 1947, employing a little less than a quarter of workers at the few remaining mills.

As early as 1928, the area Chamber of Commerce sought to diversify Utica's industrial base. Prompted by local labor issues and national trends, the Republican political machine in Utica declined and was replaced by a Democratic machine headed by Rufus Elefante with the support of Governor (and later, President) Franklin D. Roosevelt. Democratic political leaders cooperated with local business interests to draw modern industry to Utica. General Electric, Chicago Pneumatic, Bendix Aviation, and Univac among others established factories in Utica. Utica College and Mohawk Valley Community College were founded to provide skilled workers, and Oneida County Airport was built to provide transport. The city also underwent residential redevelopment, including slum clearance and modernizing streets and neighborhoods to accommodate the automobile. The period of Utica history through the 1940s and 1950s is sometimes called the "loom to boom" era. While it led to growth of the suburbs of New Hartford and Whitestown, Utica's population remained flat during this era, and unemployment was persistently elevated.^[52][53]

As in some other US cities during the decade, scandals involving political corruption, vice, and organized crime tarnished Utica's reputation.^[54][55][56] It remains unclear whether Elefante and his inner circle were actively involved in organized crime or simply turned a blind eye to it. Organized crime in Utica received national attention after three Utican mafiosos were reported to have attended the Apalachin meeting of American Mafia leaders in 1957.^[57] The New York Journal American dubbed Utica the "Sin City of the East",^[58] and reporting from sources like the Journal American and Newsweek gave Utica a national reputation for Mafia activities. Local business interests, as well as other media sources such as Look magazine, asserted that these reports were exaggerated, and corruption and crime in Utica were no worse than that in similar American cities.^[59] In 1959, the scandals culminated in criminal investigations of city employees and officials: many were arrested on charges related to prostitution, gambling, fraud, and conspiracy, and others were forced to resign.^[60] The Utica Daily Press and Utica Observer-Dispatch were awarded the 1959 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for their investigations of local corruption. Elefante's machine lost dominance. Organized crime in Utica was curtailed, but resurged in the late 1970s. The local Mafia, present since the 1930s, ended with the indictment of local associates of the Buffalo crime family in 1989.^[56][61][62]

Strongly affected by the deindustrialization that took place in other Rust Belt cities, Utica suffered a major reduction in manufacturing activity during the second half of the 20th century. The remaining textile mills continued to be undercut by competitors in the South.^[63] The 1954 opening of the New York State Thruway (which bypassed the city) and declines in activity on the Erie Canal and railroads throughout the United States also contributed to a poor local economy.^[64] During the 1980s and 1990s, major employers such as General Electric and Lockheed Martin closed plants in Utica and Syracuse.^[65][66] Some Utica businesses relocated to nearby Syracuse, with its larger and more educated workforce.^[67] Utica's population fell while population in the county increased, reflecting a statewide trend of decreasing urban populations outside New York City.^[68] Eccentric populist mayor Ed Hanna, who served from 1974 to 1978 and from 1996 to 2000, brought himself national media attention but was unable to stem Utica's decline.^[69]

21st century

The low cost of living in Utica^[70][71] has attracted immigrants and refugees from around the world.^[72][73][74] The largest refugee groups in Utica are Bosnians, with 4,500 refugees resettled following the Bosnian War, and the Karen people of Myanmar, with about 4,000 resettled.^[75][76] Utica also has sizable communities of refugees from the former Soviet Union, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Between 2005 and 2010, Utica's population increased for the first time in decades, largely because of refugee resettlement. In 2015, about one quarter of the population of Utica were refugees, and 43 languages were spoken in city schools.^[77] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees described Utica as the "town that loves refugees" in 2005, although occasional discrimination problems have occurred: in 2016, the Utica City School District settled lawsuits alleging refugee students were excluded from attending high school.^[78][79][80]

Despite the reinvigorating effects of immigration, Utica continues to struggle with a high rate of poverty and a shrunken tax base, adversely affecting schools and public services.^[81][82] Local, regional and statewide economic efforts have been proposed to revitalize the area economy.^[83][84] In 2010 the city developed its first comprehensive master plan in more than a half-century.^[85][86] After a decade of delays and false starts, plans to create a nanotechnology center in the area came to fruition when semiconductor manufacturer Wolfspeed opened a plant in Marcy just north of Utica in 2022.^[87][88] In October 2023, a new hospital in downtown Utica opened, replacing Utica's two existing hospitals.^[89][90]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Utica has a total area of 17.02 sq mi (44.1 km²)—16.76 sq mi (43.4 km²) of land and 0.26 sq mi (0.67 km²) (1.52 percent) of water.^[91] The city is located at New York's geographic center, adjacent to the western border of Herkimer County, and at the southwestern base of the Adirondack Mountains.^[92] Utica and its suburbs are bound by the Allegheny Plateau in the south and the Adirondack Mountains in the north,^[93] and the city is 456 ft (139 m) above sea level; this region is known as the Mohawk Valley. The city is 90 mi (145 km) west-northwest of Albany^[94] and 45 mi (72 km) east of Syracuse.^[95]

Topography

The city's Mohawk name, Unundadages ("around the hill") refers to a bend in the Mohawk River that flows around the city's elevated position as seen from the Deerfield Hills in the north.^[20] The Erie Canal and Mohawk River pass through northern Utica; northwest of downtown is the Utica Marsh, a group of cattail wetlands between the Erie Canal and Mohawk River (partially in the town of Marcy) with a variety of animals, plants and birds.^[96][97] During the 1850s, plank roads were built through the marshland surrounding the city.^[98] Utica's suburbs have more hills and cliffs than the city. Located where the Mohawk Valley forms a wide floodplain, the city has a generally sloping, flat topography.^[92]

Cityscape

Utica's architecture features many styles that are also visible in comparable areas of Buffalo, Rochester and Syracuse,^[99] including Greek Revival, Italianate, French Renaissance,^[100] Gothic Revival and Neoclassical. The modernist 1972 Utica State Office Building, at 17 floors and 227 ft (69 m), is the city's tallest.^[101]

Streets laid out when Utica was a village had more irregularities than those built later in the 19th and 20th centuries. As a result of the city's location (adjacent to the Mohawk River), many streets parallel the river, so they do not run strictly east–west or north–south. Remnants of Utica's early electric-rail systems can be seen in the West and South neighborhoods, where the rails were set into the streets.^{[20][102][103]}

Neighborhoods

Utica's neighborhoods have historically been defined by their residents, allowing them to develop their own individuality. Racial and ethnic groups, social and economic separation and the development of infrastructure and new means of transportation have shaped neighborhoods, with groups shifting between them as a result.^[33]

West Utica (or the West Side) was historically home to German, Irish and Polish immigrants. The Corn Hill neighborhood in the city center had a significant Jewish population.^[104] East Utica (or the East Side) is a cultural and political center dominated by Italian immigrants.^[105][106] North of downtown is the Triangle neighborhood, formerly home to the city's African American and Jewish populations.^[33] Neighborhoods formerly dominated by one or more groups saw other groups arrive, such as Bosnians and Latin Americans in former Italian neighborhoods and the historically Welsh neighborhood of Corn Hill.^[33] Bagg Commemorative Park and Bagg's Square West (Utica's historic centers) are in the northeastern portion of downtown, with Genesee Street on the west and Oriskany Street on the south.^[100]

Historic places

The following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:^{[107][108][109][110][111][112]}

Climate

Utica has a humid continental climate (or warm-summer climate: Köppen Dfb) with four distinct seasons,^[113][114] characterized by cold winters and temperate summers. Summer high temperatures range from 77–81 °F (25–27 °C).^[114] The city is in USDA plant hardiness zone 5b, and native vegetation can tolerate temperatures from −10 to −15 °F (−23 to −26 °C).^[115]

Winters are cold and snowy; Utica receives lake-effect snow from Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.^{[116][117][118]} Utica is colder on average than other Great Lakes cities because of its location in a valley and susceptibility to north winds;^[119] temperatures in the single digits or below zero Fahrenheit are not uncommon on winter nights. Annual precipitation (based on a 30-year average from 1981 to 2010) is 45.7 in (116 cm), falling on an average of 175 days.^[120]