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 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2011) |
Ambala | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Ambala Cantonment Railway Station, Haryana, India | |
  Ambala Location in Haryana, India  Ambala Ambala (India) | |
| Coordinates: 30°23′N 76°47′E / 30.38°N 76.78°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Haryana |
| District | Ambala |
| Established | 14th century CE |
| Founded by | Amba Rajput |
| Named for | Amba Rajput, Bhawani Amba (Goddess) |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Ambala Municipal Corporation[2] |
| Elevation | 264 m (866 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 207,934 (UA)[1] |
| Demonym | Ambalvi |
| Languages[3][4] | |
| • Official | Hindi |
| • Additional official | English, Punjabi |
| • Regional | Haryanvi[5] |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 1330xx,1340xx |
| Telephone code | 0171 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-HR |
| Vehicle registration | HR 01 (city), HR 04 (Naraingarh), HR 54 (Barara), HR 85 (Ambala Cantonment), HR37 (commercial) |
| Website | ambala |
Ambala (/əmˈbɑːlə/) is a city and a municipal corporation in Ambala district in the state of Haryana, India, located on the border with the Indian state of Punjab and in proximity to both states capital Chandigarh. Politically, Ambala has two sub-areas: Ambala Cantonment (also known as Ambala Cantt) and Ambala City, eight kilometres apart, therefore, it is also known as "Twin City." It has a large Indian Army and Indian Air Force presence within its cantonment area. It is located 200 km (124 mi) to the north of New Delhi, India's capital, and has been identified as a counter-magnet city for the National Capital Region to develop as an alternative center of growth to Delhi.
Ambala separates the Ganges river network from the Indus river network and is surrounded by two rivers – Ghaggar and Tangri – to the north and to the south. Due to its geographical location, the Ambala district plays an important role in local tourism, being located 47 km (29 mi) south of Chandigarh, 50 km (31 mi) north of Kurukshetra, 148 km (92 mi) southwest of Shimla, 198 km (123 mi) north of New Delhi and 260 km (160 mi) southeast of Amritsar.
History
Etymology
The town is said to derive its name from Amba Rajput who supposedly founded it during the 14th century CE. According to another version, it is named after the goddess "Bhawani Amba," whose Temple still exists in Ambala city.[6][7] The English spelling Umballa has sometimes been used; this spelling was used by Rudyard Kipling in his 1901 novel Kim.[8]
Classical era
Archaeological Surveyor C.J Rodgers found Indo-Parthian Kingdom coins as well as coins of Hunas, Mihirakula and Toramana which indicated that after the disintegration of the Mauryan empire, the area was taken over by Indo-Parthians and later incorporated into the domain of the Hunas.[6]
Late medieval era
In 1709, Battle of Ambala was fought, and Sikhs captured Ambala from Mughals.[9] It was under the rule of Gill Jats from 1748 to 1825.[10] It was also the capital of Nishanwalia Misl.[11] For some time it had been under the rule of Jawahir Singh of Mustafabad, a descendant of Desu Singh Randhawa.[12]
British colonial era
The Ambala Cantonment
Ambala Army Base
Ambala Army Cantonment was established in 1843 after the British were forced to leave its Karnal Cantonment following the malaria epidemic of 1841–42 in as there were not any known effective means to control malaria epidemic in those days. The cantonment houses the '2 Corps', one of the three Strike Corps of the Indian Army.
Ambala Air Force Base
Ambala Air Force Base is one of the oldest and largest airbases that were inherited from the British by the IAF. It was from this airbase that Spitfires and Harvards flown by Instructors of the Advanced Flying Training School took part in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. Subsequently, Ambala was the front line airfield for many years. It was home to various aircraft that were inducted into the Indian Air Force. Vampires, Ouragans, Hunters, etc. all flew from this base. The airbase was briefly attacked in 1965 by B-57 bombers of the Pakistan Air Force. Today, the Airbase houses the '7 Wing' with squadrons of Jaguars and MiG-21 Bisons. A unit of the French-made Dassault Rafale will also be based at Ambala airbase.[13]
European Cemetery
Ambala Cantonment is the location of historic European Cemetery. It is 200 km north of Delhi and 55 km southwest of Chandigarh.
1857 War Memorial
First War of Independence Memorial or 1857 War Memorial, completed in 2023[citation needed] at the cost of Rs300 crore in the honour of Indian rebels of 1857 First War of Independence, is spread over 22 acres on NH-44. The war was started at Ambala on 10 May 1857[14] by the Indian sepoys of 5th & 60th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry stationed at Ambala Cantonment. After the war was over, the execution of Baba Mohar Singh on 5 June 1857 at Ambala Cantonment was the first recorded execution of a captured Indian rebel by the British colonial regime. Ambala rebellion was led by Ananti Mishra, Parmeshwar Pandey, Beni Prasad, Sheikh Faiz Ul-Khan, Bikhan Khan who moved towards Red Fort in Delhi via Bilaspur, Sadhaura, Yamunanagar and Saharanpur. After the war was over, British burnt the Bilaspur and Sadhaura villages and killed many residents because these two villages had helped the Indian rebels. The 5th & 60th Regiments were disbanded.[14] The memorial has four sections, an administrative building, second a museum building, third a library and food court, and the fourth is an open air theatre.[15]
Formation of Ambala district
Ambala was given the status of a district in 1847, formed by the merging of the jagir estates of hitherto independent chieftains whose territories had lapsed or had been confiscated by the British Indian Government. In its 160 years of existence as a district, Ambala has witnessed many changes in its boundaries. Previously, it extended across tehsils of Ambala, Chandigarh, Jagadhri, Pipli, Kharar, Ropar and Nalagarh. Kalka-cum-Kurari State, Pinjore, Mani Majra, Kasauli & Sanawar were also merged later into the district at different times.
1857 rebellion
For their participation in first war of independence, the Chaudharys and Lambardars of villages who participated in rebellion were also deprived of their land and property, including 368 people of Hisar and Gurugram were hanged or transported for life, and fine was imposed on the people of Thanesar (Rs 235,000), Ambala (Rs. 253,541) and Rohtak (Rs. 63,000 mostly on Ranghars, Shaikhs and Muslim Kasai).[16]
Post-independence
Hanging of Nathuram Godse
In November 1949, Mahatma Gandhi's assassin Nathuram Godse was hanged at Ambala Central Jail[17] along with Narayan Apte, a co-conspirator.
Geography
Climate
| Climate data for Ambala (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.1 (84.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
41.7 (107.1) |
45.0 (113.0) |
47.8 (118.0) |
47.8 (118.0) |
46.7 (116.1) |
43.9 (111.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.4 (102.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
47.8 (118.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.1 (100.6) |
38.1 (100.6) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
27.1 (80.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
30.1 (86.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.0 (77.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 27.3 (1.07) |
35.1 (1.38) |
27.2 (1.07) |
12.3 (0.48) |
31.5 (1.24) |
86.6 (3.41) |
264.7 (10.42) |
239.2 (9.42) |
134.8 (5.31) |
15.1 (0.59) |
4.5 (0.18) |
19.7 (0.78) |
898.2 (35.36) |
| Average rainy days | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 4.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 39.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 63 | 54 | 45 | 28 | 31 | 42 | 67 | 72 | 64 | 51 | 53 | 60 | 52 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[18][19] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
As of 2011[update] India census, Ambala UA had a population of 207,934 consisting of 112,840 males and 95,094 females, a ratio of 843. There were 20,687 children 0–6 and Ambala had an average literacy rate of 89.31%, with 91.76% of males and 86.41% of females literate.[1]
| Religious group |
1881[22][23]: 520 | 1891[24]: 68 | 1901[25]: 44 | 1911[26]: 20 | 1921[27]: 23 | 1931[28]: 26 | 1941[21]: 32 | 2011[29] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Hinduism 
|
34,522 | 51.17% | 40,339 | 50.87% | 39,601 | 50.36% | 38,192 | 47.66% | 37,765 | 49.48% | 39,945[b] | 46.13% | 50,679[b] | 47.19% | 159,912 | 81.94% |
Islam 
|
27,115 | 40.19% | 30,523 | 38.49% | 32,149 | 40.88% | 31,641 | 39.49% | 31,448 | 41.2% | 38,089 | 43.99% | 47,881 | 44.59% | 2,431 | 1.25% |
Sikhism 
|
1,867 | 2.77% | 2,407 | 3.04% | 2,168 | 2.76% | 3,392 | 4.23% | 3,622 | 4.75% | 4,143 | 4.78% | 4,926 | 4.59% | 28,471 | 14.59% |
Jainism 
|
410 | 0.61% | 1,119 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Umballa|||||||||||||