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The following engagements took place in the year 1864 during the American Civil War. The Union armies, under the command of U.S. Grant, launched multiple offenses in all theaters of the war, in an attempt to prevent Confederate forces from transferring troops from one army to another.
History
In March, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed general-in-chief of the Union Army. He decided on a strategy of simultaneous offenses in the Eastern, Western, and Trans-Mississippi Theaters in order to grind down and ultimately defeat the Confederate armies. Grant himself planned to travel with the Army of the Potomac, commanded by George G. Meade, and the IX Corps, commanded by Ambrose Burnside, both to coordinate the two forces and to avoid the politics of Washington, D.C. (Burnside was senior to Meade and therefore would have the right to command the Army of the Potomac, so in order to retain Meade Grant had both commanders report to him. Grant concluded on May 25 that this command structure was unwieldy and placed Burnside under Meade's command.)[1] In the Eastern Theater, Grant's forces fought General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in a series of battles that became known as the Overland Campaign from May to June. Although he lost heavily during the campaign and failed to gain a tactical advantage in any of the battles, Grant inflicted a larger percentage of casualties on Lee than the Union army incurred and also forced Lee into retreating closer to Richmond.[2] Following the Battle of Cold Harbor, Grant crossed the James River and attacked the city of Petersburg, which was a vital rail center for Lee's supply lines to North Carolina. Several Union attacks on the Confederate defenses near the city in early June resulted in failure; as a result, Grant settled into a nine-month siege at Petersburg, during which he continued to move westward in order to cut Lee's supply lines.[3]
Grant planned for two other campaigns in the Eastern Theater: the Army of the James commanded by Major General Benjamin Butler landed on the Bermuda Hundred peninsula near Petersburg, with orders to cut the Richmond & Petersburg Railroad and to prevent reinforcements from reaching Lee's army. After building fortifications on the peninsula, Butler made several advances towards the railroad, each time retreating back to his fortifications after a brief skirmish with Confederate forces. Following the Battle of Ware Bottom Church, the Confederates built a line of fortifications parallel to the Union lines, bottling up Butler's force and allowing reinforcements to be detached to Lee.[4]
In the Shenandoah Valley, another Union force commanded by Major General Franz Sigel advanced southward until he encountered a small Confederate force commanded by Major General John C. Breckinridge at the Battle of New Market on May 15, which resulted in a Confederate victory. Sigel was replaced by David Hunter, who started his campaign near the end of May.[5] His victory at Piedemont on June 5 caused to Lee to detach his Second Corps, under Lieutenant General Jubal Early, to the Valley to deal with the Union forces. Hunter attacked Early's command at Lynchburg but was defeated; Hunter then retreated through West Virginia to the Ohio River, allowing Early to move north through the Valley. Early then launched a raid on Washington, D.C., but due to the delay caused by the Battle of Monocacy failed to arrive at the city before Union reinforcements did, making a successful attack impossible. Early was then able to retreat back into the Shenandoah Valley with the supplies his army had seized and from there launched several additional small raids which the local Union commanders were unable to prevent.[6] To deal with these raids and combat the Confederate forces in the Valley effectively, Grant consolidated the various military departments in the area into the Middle Military Division, commanded by Philip H. Sheridan. During a three-month campaign, Sheridan successfully destroyed both the Confederate fighting capabilities in the Shenandoah and the supplies the Confederates needed to feed Lee's army at Petersburg.[7]
In the Western Theater, Union forces were placed in the Military Division of the Mississippi, commanded by Major General William T. Sherman, who had orders to capture Atlanta. During the three-month Atlanta Campaign, Sherman outflanked Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee out of one position after another until the two forces reached Atlanta. Fearing he would abandon the city without a fight, Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaced Johnston with John B. Hood, who launched a series of attacks on Sherman's armies, which each time failed with heavy Confederate casualties. When Sherman cut the Montgomery & Atlanta Railroad in early September, the Confederate supply lines into the city were cut and Hood was forced to abandon Atlanta.[8] For the next two months, Hood and Sherman skirmished as Hood attempted to cut Sherman's supply lines to the North; Sherman eventually gave up trying to catch Hood and instead embarked on his Savannah campaign. Hood, instead of following Sherman, moved north into Tennessee, intending to capture Nashville before going into Kentucky. He lost heavily in a frontal attack at the Battle of Franklin on November 30, suffering over 7,000 casualties including thirteen generals killed, wounded, or captured;[9] this left him with too few men to overrun the Union fortifications at Nashville, so Hood instead constructed fortifications a few miles to the south and tried to entice the Union commander, Major General George H. Thomas, to attack him. On December 15–16, Thomas did attack, routing most of the Confederate army on both days and capturing over 70 cannons and 15,000 prisoners. Hood retreated back to Alabama, where he was relieved of command by his own request; the Army of Tennessee was reduced to barely 20,000 men by casualties and desertions during the retreat.[10]
In the Trans-Mississippi Theater, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks led his Army of the Gulf up the Red River in Louisiana, intending to invade eastern Texas and to seize cotton to supply the New England cotton mills. The Confederate commander of the District of Western Louisiana, Major General Richard Taylor, steadily retreated until both forces neared Mansfield, where on April 7, Taylor attacked and routed Banks' force; another battle was fought the next day near Pleasant Hill but the Confederates were defeated. Banks continued retreating along the river until he reached the Red River's confluence with the Mississippi. A simultaneous campaign from Union controlled northern Arkansas was launched, which was planned to link up with Banks' force at Shreveport, Louisiana, but was turned back due to a lack of supplies.[11]
Engagements
Date | Engagement | Military units | Losses |
---|---|---|---|
January 17 | Dandridge, Tennessee | Elements of Confederate First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia and Union IV Corps, Army of the Cumberland | Confederate unknown, Union 150[12] |
January 26 | Athens, Alabama | Confederate cavalry brigade, Union garrison | Confederate 30, Union 20[13] |
January 27 – 28 | Fair Garden, Tennessee | Elements of Confederate First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia and Union IV Corps, Army of the Cumberland | Confederate 165, Union 100[14] |
February 6 – 7 | Morton's Ford, Virginia | Confederate Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union two divisions from the Army of the Potomac | Confederate 60, Union 261[15] |
February 13 | Middle Boggy, Oklahoma | Confederate Seminole battalion of Mounted Rifles, Union 14th Kansas Cavalry and two howitzers | Confederate 47, Union 0[16] |
February 14 – 20 | Meridian, Mississippi | Confederate Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana, Union Army of the Tennessee | Confederate 5, Union 170[17] |
February 20 | Olustee, Florida | Confederate District of East Florida, Union detachment from the Department of the South | Confederate 946, Union 1,861[18] |
February 22 | Okolona, Mississippi | Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union detachment, Army of the Tennessee | Confederate 144, Union 388[19] |
February 22 – 27 | Dalton I, Georgia | Confederate Army of the Tennessee, Union Army of the Cumberland | Confederate 140, Union 289[20] |
March 2 | Walkerton, Virginia | Confederate Department of Richmond, Union Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac | Confederate none, Union 100[21] |
March 14 | Fort DeRussy, Louisiana | Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf | Confederate 269, Union 48[22] |
March 18 | Laredo, Texas | Confederate 33rd Texas Cavalry, Union 1st Texas Cavalry | unknown[23] |
March 21 | Henderson's Hill, Louisiana | Confederate and Union cavalry | Confederate 250, Union unknown[24] |
March 25 | Paducah, Kentucky | Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union garrison | Confederate 50, Union 90[25] |
April 3–4 | Elkin's Ferry, Arkansas | Confederate District of Arkansas, Union Department of Arkansas | Confederate 29, Union 26[26] |
April 7 | Wilson's Farm, Louisiana | Cavalry from Confederate District of West Louisiana and Union Army of the Gulf | unknown[27] |
April 8 | Mansfield, Louisiana | Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf | Confederate 1,000, Union 2,235[28] |
April 9 | Pleasant Hill, Louisiana | Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf | Confederate 1,626, Union 1,369[29] |
April 10–15 | Prairie D'Ane, Arkansas | Confederate District of Arkansas, Union Department of Arkansas | Confederate 50, Union 100[30] |
April 12 | Blair's Landing, Louisiana | Confederate cavalry brigade, Union transports and gunboats | Confederate 57, Union 60[31] |
April 12 | Fort Pillow, Tennessee | Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union garrison | Confederate 100, Union 549[32] |
April 17–20 | Plymouth, North Carolina | Confederate infantry division from Department of North Carolina, Union garrison | Confederate 300, Union 2,900 (including 2,834 prisoners)[33] |
April 18 | Poison Spring, Arkansas | Union detachment, Confederate cavalry from Trans-Mississippi Department | Confederate 114, Union 301[34] |
April 23 | Monett's Ferry, Louisiana | Union and Confederate cavalry | Confederate 400, Union 200[35] |
April 25 | Marks' Mills, Arkansas | Confederate District of Arkansas, Union Department of Arkansas | Confederate 293, Union 1,500[36] |
April 30 | Jenkins' Ferry, Arkansas | Confederate District of Arkansas, Union Department of Arkansas | Confederate 1,000, Union 700[37] |
May 5 | Albemarle Sound, North Carolina | Confederate ships Albemarle and Bombshell, Union ships Miami and two others | 88 total[38] |
May 5–7 | the Wilderness, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac and IX Corps | Confederate 10,830, Union 17,666[39] |
May 6–7 | Port Walthall Junction, Virginia | Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James | 550 total[40] |
May 7–13 | Rocky Face Ridge, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi | Confederate 600, Union 837[41] |
May 8–21 | Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 12,062, Union 18,399[42] |
May 9 | Swift Creek and Fort Clifton, Virginia | Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James | 990 total[43] |
May 9 | Cloyd's Mountain, Virginia | Confederate Department of Southwest Virginia, Union Army of West Virginia | Confederate 538, Union 688[44] |
May 10 | Chester Station, Virginia | Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James | 569 total[45] |
May 10 | Cove Mountain, Virginia | Cavalry from Confederate Department of South-West Virginia and Union Army of West Virginia | 300 total[46] |
May 11 | Yellow Tavern, Virginia | Cavalry corps from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac | 800 total[47] |
May 12–16 | Proctor's Creek (Drewry's Bluff), Virginia | Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James | Confederate 1,000, Union 3,004[48] |
May 13–15 | Resaca, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi | Confederate 2,800, Union 2,747[49] |
May 15 | New Market, Virginia | Confederate Department of Western Virginia, Union Army of West Virginia | Confederate 587, Union 762[50] |
May 16 | Mansura, Louisiana | Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf | Confederate unknown, Union unknown[51] |
May 17 | Adairsville, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi | Confederate unknown, Union 200[52] |
May 18 | Yellow Bayou, Louisiana | Confederate District of West Louisiana, Union Army of the Gulf | Confederate 500, Union 360[53] |
May 20 | Ware Bottom Church and Howlett Line, Virginia | Confederate Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, Union Army of the James | 1,500 total[54] |
May 23–26 | North Anna, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 1,251, Union 2,138[55] |
May 24 | Wilson's Wharf | Confederate cavalry from Army of Northern Virginia, Union detachment from Army of the James | Confederate 140, Union 26[56] |
May 25–26 | New Hope Church, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi | Confederate 350, Union 665[57] |
May 27 | Pickett's Mill, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi | Confederate 450, Union 1,600[58] |
May 28 | Haw's Shop, Virginia | Confederate Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac | Confederate 400, Union 344[59] |
May 28 | Dallas, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi | Confederate 1,000–1,500, Union 380[60] |
May 28–30 | Totopotomoy Creek and Bethesda Church, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 1,159, Union 731[61] |
May 30 | Matadequin Creek (Old Church), Virginia | Cavalry brigade from Army of Northern Virginia, cavalry brigade from Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate unknown, Union 90[62] |
May 31 – June 12 | Cold Harbor, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 4,847, Union 14,932[63] |
June 5 | Piedmont, Virginia | Confederate Department of Western Virginia, Union Army of West Virginia | Confederate 1,600, Union 875[64] |
June 5–6 | Old River Lake, Arkansas | Confederates one division from District of Arkansas, Union two brigades from District of Arkansas | Confederate 37, Union 133[65] |
June 9 | Petersburg I, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | 120 total[66] |
June 9–18 | Lost Mountain–Brushy Mountain Line, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi | unknown[67] |
June 10 | Brices Cross Roads, Mississippi | Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union infantry and cavalry | Confederate 493, Union 2,612[68] |
June 11–12 | Trevilian Station, Virginia | Cavalry corps from Union Army of the Potomac and Confederate Army of Northern Virginia | Confederate 1,071, Union 1,007[69] |
June 11–12 | Cynthiana, Kentucky | Confederate Morgan's brigade, Union garrison | Confederate 1,000, Union 1,092[70] |
June 15–18 | Petersburg II, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 2,974–4,700, Union 9,964–10,600[71] |
June 17–18 | Lynchburg, Virginia | Confederate Department of Southwest Virginia and Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of West Virginia | Confederate 200, Union 700[72] |
June 21–23 | Jerusalem Plank Road, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 572, Union 2,962[73] |
June 22 | Kolb's Farm, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Ohio and XX Corps | Confederate 1,000, Union 350[74] |
June 24 | Saint Mary's Church (Samaria Church), Virginia | Cavalry corps from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 250, Union 350[75] |
June 25 | Staunton River Bridge, Virginia | Confederate Home Guards, Union cavalry division from Army of the Potomac | 150 total[76] |
June 27 | Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Military Division of the Mississippi | Confederate 1,000, Union 3,000[77] |
June 28 | Sappony Church, Virginia | Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac | unknown[78] |
June 29 | Reams Station I, Virginia | Cavalry from Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and Union Army of the Potomac | unknown[79] |
July 9 | Monocacy, Maryland | Confederate Army of the Valley District, Union Middle Department | Confederate 700–900, Union 1,294[80] |
July 11–12 | Fort Stevens, District of Columbia | Confederate Army of the Valley, Union Department of Washington | Confederate 500, Union 373[81] |
July 14–15 | Tupelo, Mississippi | Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union Right Wing, 16th Army Corps | Confederate 1,326, Union 674.[82] |
July 17–18 | Cool Spring, Virginia | Confederate Army of the Valley District, Union Army of West Virginia | Confederate 397, Union 422[83] |
July 18 | Bartram's Shop, Mississippi | Confederate Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Union Right Wing, 16th Army Corps | Confederate unknown, Union 36[84] |
July 20 | Rutherford's Farm, Virginia | Confederate detachment from Army of the Valley, Union cavalry division from Army of West Virginia | Confederate 500, Union 242[85] |
July 20 | Peachtree Creek, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Cumberland | Confederate 4,796, Union 1,710[86] |
July 22 | Atlanta, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Tennessee | Confederate 8,499, Union 3,641[87] |
July 24 | Second Kernstown, Virginia | Confederate Army of the Valley, Union Army of West Virginia | Confederate 600, Union 1,185[88] |
July 27–29 | First Deep Bottom, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union II Corps and cavalry from Army of the Potomac | 1,000 total[89] |
July 28 | Ezra Church, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union XV Corps | Confederate 4,642, Union 700[90] |
July 28–29 | Killdeer Mountain, Dakota Territory | Union Department of the Northwest, Lakota and Dakota Sioux tribes | Union 15, Dakotas and Lakotas 31[91] |
July 30 | The Crater, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 1,491, Union 3,798[92] |
August 1 | Folck's Mill, Maryland | Confederate cavalry from Army of the Valley, Union garrison from Army of West Virginia | Confederate 30, Union 30[93] |
August 5 | Mobile Bay, Alabama | Confederate and Union naval forces | Confederate 1,500, Union 327[94] |
August 5–7 | Utoy Creek, Georgia | Confederate Army of Tennessee, Union Army of the Ohio | Confederate 225, Union 400[95] |
August 7 | Moorefield, West Virginia | Cavalry from Union Army of West Virginia and Confederate Army of the Valley | Confederate 500, Union 31[96] |
August 7–9 | Badlands, Dakota Territory | Union Department of the Northwest, Lakota and Dakota Sioux tribes | Union 9 killed and at least 100 wounded, Dakotas and Lakotas 100 killed.[97] |
August 13–20 | Second Deep Bottom, Virginia | Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac | Confederate 1,300, Union 2,900[98]
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1864 Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.
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