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This is a timeline of Spanish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Spain and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Spain.^{[1] [2]}

6th century

Year	Date	Event	Map
507		The Franks attacked allied with the Burgundians to the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse. Alaric II was killed at the Battle of Vouillé, and Toulouse was sacked. The Visigoths had lost most of their Gallic holdings and are retreated to Hispania and Septimania, helped by Ostrogoths. Kingdom of Toulouse ended and The Arian Kingdom of Hispania began. Barcelona was the new capital of the Visigoths.[3] From this moment, little by little, Visigothic Hispania will be the first effective realisation of an independent Kingdom or State of wholly Hispanic territories and scope.[4]
552		Byzantine Empire conquered part of the south of the Visigothic kingdom.
567		Toledo. Capital of the Visigothic kingdom by the end of the reign of Athanagild.[5]
568		Liuvigild began his reign. He is among the greatest Visigothic kings of the Arian period because he consolidated Visigothic power in Spain. He is known for his Code of Leovigild, a law that allowed equal rights between the Visigothic and Hispano-Roman populations, and for expanding the territory of the Visigothic Kingdom. Since Leovigild, the Visigoth kings minted their own Tremissis coin.
585		Liuvigild conquered the Suebic Kingdom.
589	8 May	The Third Council of Toledo marks the entry of Visigothic Spain into the Catholic Church, after Reccared I converted in 587. The Catholic Kingdom of Toledo began.

7th century

Year	Date	Event	Map
624		Swinthila reconquered the south of Byzantine Hispania.
		"History of the Kings of the Goths" is written by Isidore of Seville. In the prologue, "Laus Spaniae" (Praises to Spain), introduces the phrase mater Spania (mother Spain) and defends the Gothic identity of a unified Spain.
625		The entire Hispania and Septimania is under the Visigothic Kingdom. Swinthila defeated the Basques.[6]
654		Recceswinth was responsible for the promulgation of a law code, Liber Iudiciorum. The new laws applied to both Gothic and Hispano-Roman populations.

8th century

Year	Date	Event	Map
711	July	The Battle of Guadalete was the first major battle of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. Roderic, the last Visigothic king in Hispania under the rule from Toledo, died in the battle.
718		The Visigothic nobleman Pelagius of Asturias rebelled against the Umayyad Caliphate.
722	Summer	Battle of Covadonga: Forces loyal to Pelagius decimated an Umayyad army sent to reconquer them in a valley in the Picos de Europa.
		Pelagius was elected princeps of the independent Kingdom of Asturias with his capital at Cangas de Onís.
737		Pelagius died. He was succeeded as princeps by his son Favila of Asturias.
739		Favila was killed by a bear while hunting. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law Alfonso I the Catholic of Asturias, the son of Peter of Cantabria, the duke of Cantabria.
740		Asturias conquered and annexed Galicia.
757		Alfonso the Catholic died. He was succeeded as king by his son Fruela I the Cruel of Asturias.
768	14 January	Fruela was assassinated.
		Fruela's cousin Aurelius of Asturias was crowned king of Asturias.
774		Aurelius died. He was succeeded by his cousin-in-law, Silo of Asturias, husband of Alfonso the Catholic's daughter Adosinda. Silo established his capital at Pravia.
783		Silo died.
		Adosinda engineered the election of her nephew Alfonso II the Chaste of Asturias, son of Fruela, as king of Asturias.
		A coalition of nobles elected Alfonso the Catholic's illegitimate son Mauregatus of Asturias king of Asturias. Alfonso the Chaste fled to Álava.
789		Mauregatus died.
		Aurelius's brother Bermudo I the Deacon, the Monk of Asturias was elected king of Asturias.
791		Battle of the Burbia River: An Asturian force attacked a Cordoban army near Villafranca del Bierzo on its return to Córdoba and was defeated.
		Bermudo abdicated the throne.
	14 September	Alfonso the Chaste was crowned king of Asturias in Toledo, Spain.
		Alfonso the Chaste established his capital at Oviedo.
794		Battle of Lutos: A Cordoban army returning from a scorched earth campaign in modern Álava was wiped out by an Asturian force.
795	18 September	Battle of Las Babias: Córdoba attacked and routed an Asturian force near Astorga, Spain.

9th century

Year	Date	Event	Map
816		Battle of Pancorbo (816): Córdoba slaughtered a Basque-Asturian force defending the Basque homeland in the Pyrenees at Pancorbo.
824		Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824): A combined force of Basques and the Banu Qasi, both vassals of the emirate of Córdoba, defeated a Carolingian military expedition in the Roncevaux Pass. The Basque chieftain Íñigo Arista of Pamplona was crowned king of Navarre at Pamplona.
842		Alfonso the Chaste died.
		The Asturian nobility elected Nepotian of Asturias, a relative of Alfonso the Chaste, king.
		Battle of the Bridge of Cornellana: Forces loyal to Bermudo's son Ramiro I of Asturias defeated Nepotian in modern Salas, Asturias.
850	1 February	Ramiro died. He was buried in the Pantheon of Asturian Kings in Oviedo. His son Ordoño I of Asturias succeeded him as king.
851		Battle of Albelda (851): Ordoño suppressed a Basque revolt in northeastern Asturias and expelled an opportunistic Cordoban invasion near Albelda.
		Íñigo died. He was succeeded as king of Navarre by his son García Íñiguez of Pamplona.
852		Battle of Guadalacete: Asturian and Pamplonan forces arriving in support of a revolt of the people of Toledo, Spain were routed by a Cordoban army.
859		Vikings captured García and extorted a ransom of some seventy thousand gold dinars from Navarre for his return.
860		Cordoban forces captured García's son and heir Fortún Garcés the One-Eyed, the Monk of Pamplona in Milagro, Navarre.
862		An eastern march of Asturias was created the county of Castile under count Rodrigo of Castile.
865	9 August	Battle of the Morcuera: Córdoba attacked Asturias, forcing the retreat of Asturian forces and their Castilian allies along the valley of the Ebro.
866	27 May	Ordoño died. He was succeeded by his eldest son Alfonso III the Great of Asturias.
		Fruela seized the throne of Asturias and forced Alfonso the Great to flee to Castile.
		Fruela was assassinated in Oviedo.
868		Asturias conquered Porto. Vímara Peres was created count of Portugal.
870		García died. García Jiménez of Pamplona took power as regent, García's son and heir Fortún Garcés remaining in captivity in Córdoba.
873	5 November	Rodrigo died. He was succeeded as count of Castile by his son Diego Rodríguez Porcelos.
878		Asturias conquered Coimbra.
882		First Battle of Cellorigo: Vela Jiménez, count of the Asturian county of Álava, repelled an attempted conquest by the Emirate of Córdoba of an important mountain pass at Cellorigo.
		Fortún Garcés was returned to rule in Navarre.
883		Second Battle of Cellorigo: Vela Jiménez repelled an attempted conquest by the Emirate of Córdoba of an important mountain pass at Cellorigo.
885	31 January	Rodríguez died.

10th century

Year	Date	Event
901	July	Day of Zamora: The Asturian defenders of Zamora, Spain dealt heavy casualties to a Cordoban force attempting to conquer it. The heads of the besiegers were displayed on the city walls.
905		The Navarrese nobility removed Fortún Garcés from the throne, placing Sancho I of Pamplona there in his stead.
910	20 December	Alfonso the Great died and was buried at Oviedo Cathedral. His kingdom was divided among his three sons, with his eldest, García I of León, receiving León, Ordoño II of León receiving Galicia, and Fruela II of Asturias receiving a rump Asturias including Castile.
914	19 January	García I died. His lands passed to Ordoño II.
917		Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917): Leonese forces broke a Cordoban siege of San Esteban de Gormaz.
920	26 July	Battle of Valdejunquera: A Cordoban army invading Castile routed a joint Leonese-Navarrese force at Valdejunquera, probably between modern Estella-Lizarra and Pamplona, forcing the abandonment by León of Clunia.
922		Navarre defeated Galindo Aznárez II, count of the County of Aragon, in battle and forced him into vassalage.
924	June	Ordoño II died.
		The Leonese nobility elected Fruela II king of León.
925	July	Fruela II died, possibly from leprosy. His will named his son Alfonso Fróilaz his successor. Ordoño II's sons Sancho Ordóñez, Alfonso IV the Monk of León and Ramiro II of León did not recognize Fróilaz's succession, however, leaving him in de facto authority only in Galicia.
		Fruela II's younger brother, a Ramiro, married his widow Urraca bint Abd Allah and claimed the royal title.
		Ordóñez, Alfonso the Monk and Ramiro II forced Fróilaz into exile in the eastern marches of Asturias.
		Ordóñez seized León, Spain.
		Alfonso the Monk, with the support of Navarre and the Leonese nobility, expelled Ordóñez from León, Spain.
	10 December	Sancho I died. He was succeeded by his young son García Sánchez I of Pamplona with his brother Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona acting as regent.
926		Ordóñez was crowned princeps of Galicia.
929	16 August	Ordóñez died. His territory passed to Alfonso the Monk.
931		Fernán González of Castile became count of Castile.
		Álvaro Herraméliz, count of Lantarón and Álava, died. Fernán González inherited his territories and united them with Castile.
	29 May	Jimeno Garcés died.
		Alfonso the Monk was forced to abdicate the rule of León and Galicia to his brother Ramiro II.
939	19 July	Battle of Simancas: A battle began near Simancas which would see a joint Leonese-Navarrese force repel an attempted Cordoban conquest of the lands around the Douro.
	5 August	Battle of Alhandic: Cordoban forces conquered the Leonese city of Zamora, Spain with great cost in lives to both sides.
951	1 January	Ramiro II died and was buried in the Basílica de San Isidoro, León. He was succeeded by his son Ordoño III of León.
956		Ordoño III died in Zamora, Spain. He was succeeded by his half-brother Sancho I the Fat of León.
958		The Leonese nobility, led by Fernán González, deposed Sancho the Fat in favor of Alfonso the Monk's son Ordoño IV the Wicked, the Bad of León.
960		Sancho the Fat was restored to the throne of León with the support of Navarre and Córdoba.
966		Sancho the Fat was poisoned by count Gonzalo Menéndez of Portugal and buried in the Basílica de San Isidoro, León. He was succeeded by his young son Ramiro III of León, with the latter's aunt Elvira Ramírez and mother Teresa Ansúrez ruling as regents.
970	22 February	García Sánchez I died. He was succeeded by his eldest son Sancho II of Pamplona. A small territory around Viguera he willed to another son as the Kingdom of Viguera.
		Fernán González died. He was succeeded as count of Castile by his son García Fernández of the White Hands of Castile.
981	9 July	Battle of Torrevicente: A Cordoban force dealt a bloody defeat to a rebel Cordoban general and his Vigueran and Castilian allies, probably near Atienza.
		Battle of Rueda: A Cordoban force dealt a decisive defeat to a joint Leonese-Navarrese army in Rueda, Valladolid.
982	15 October	The Galician nobility acclaimed Ordoño III's son Bermudo II the Gouty of León king of Galicia with the support of the Caliphate of Córdoba.
984		Bermudo deposed Ramiro III and replaced him as king of León.
987		León expelled Cordoban forces from Zamora, Spain.
991	November	The Leonese nobility expelled Bermudo from the kingdom.
992	September	Bermudo was allowed to return to León.
994		Sancho II died and was buried at San Juan de la Peña. He was succeeded as king of Navarre and count of Aragon by his son García Sánchez II of Pamplona.
995	May	Fernández was captured by a Cordoban raiding party.
	June	Fernández died of his wounds at Medinaceli. He was succeeded by his son Sancho García of the Good Laws of Castile.
996		Córdoba conquered the Leonese city of Astorga, Spain.
999		Castile declined to pay its annual tribute to Córdoba.
	September	Bermudo died. He was succeeded by his young son Alfonso V the Noble of León, with the latter's mother Elvira of Castile, Queen of León and the count Menendo González, count of Portugal and duke in Galicia, acting as regents.
1000	29 July	Battle of Cervera: Córdoba defeated the combined forces of García of the Good Laws and García Gómez, count of Saldaña, Carrión and Liébana on a punitive expedition near modern Espinosa de Cervera.
		García Sánchez II died. He was succeeded as king of Navarre and count of Aragon by his young son Sancho III the Great of Pamplona, with the latter's mother Jimena Fernández and grandmother Urraca Fernandez ruling with the bishops of Navarre as regents.

11th century

Year	Date	Event	Map
1005		A Cordoban army under the caliph Hisham II invaded León with the intent of conquering Zamora, Spain.
		García Ramírez of Viguera, king of Viguera, died without male heirs. His territory was absorbed by Navarre.
1008	6 October	Menendo González died. Alfonso the Noble entered his majority.
1009		Hisham was overthrown and imprisoned by his cousin Muhammad II of Córdoba.
	1 November	Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, at the head of an army of disaffected Berbers and with the help of García of the Good Laws, defeated Muhammad, forcing the latter to flee to Toledo, Spain, and freed Hisham.
1011		Sancho the Great married García of the Good Laws's daughter Muniadona of Castile.
1015		Sancho the Great conquered the county of Sobrarbe.
1017	5 February	García of the Good Laws died. He was succeeded as count of Castile and Álava by his young son García Sánchez of Castile, with Urraca of Covarrubias, the latter's aunt and Fernández's daughter, acting as regent with the Castilian nobility.
1018		Sancho the Great annexed half of the county of Ribagorza.
1025		Raymond III of Pallars Jussà, count of Pallars Jussà and the rump Ribagorza, pledged submission to Sancho the Great as his vassal.
1028	7 August	Alfonso the Noble died. He was succeeded as king of León by his son Bermudo III of León.
1029		García Sánchez was assassinated in León, Spain by the sons of a noble he had expelled from the lands between the Cea and the Pisuerga.
		Sancho the Great appointed Ferdinand I the Great of León, his son and grandson of García of the Good Laws on his mother's side, count of Castile.
1031		Hisham III of Córdoba, the caliph of Córdoba in exile, was overthrown and his title abolished by the local nobility, resulting in the immediate de jure independence of the taifas of Al-Andalus.
1032		Alfonso the Noble's daughter Sancha of León was married to Ferdinand the Great.
1034		Navarre conquered León, Spain. Bermudo III fled to modern Galicia.
1035	18 October	Sancho the Great died. His kingdom was divided among his sons. Gonzalo of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza received Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. The illegitimate Ramiro I of Aragon was granted the title of bailiff and some property in Aragon. García Sánchez III of Pamplona succeeded his father as king of Navarre and held suzerainty over his brothers.
		Battle of Tafalla: García Sánchez III repelled an invasion of his kingdom by Ramiro I.
1037	4 September	Battle of Tamarón: Bermudo III of León fell from his horse and was slain by forces loyal to Ferdinand the Great.
1038	22 June	Ferdinand the Great was crowned king of León and Castile in León, Spain.
1043	26 June	Gonzalo of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza was assassinated by one of his knights.
		Ramiro I annexed Sobrarbe and Ribagorza.
1054	1 September	Battle of Atapuerca: Navarrese and Leonese forces met near modern Atapuerca, Province of Burgos. García Sánchez III and his tutor Fortún Sánchez were killed. García Sánchez III's son Sancho IV of Peñalén of Pamplona succeeded him as king under the regency of Stephanie, Queen of Navarre. León annexed Navarrese territories south of the Ebro.
1056		Ferdinand the Great crowned himself Imperator totius Hispaniae.
1058	25 May	Stephanie died.
1062	29 December	Sancho of Peñalén and Ferdinand the Great signed a treaty defining their border.
1063		Synod of Jaca (1063): Ramiro I presided over a synod in Jaca which reestablished the Roman Catholic Diocese of Huesca.
	8 May	Battle of Graus: Ramiro I died in a failed attempt to take Graus from the taifa of Zaragoza. He was succeeded by his son Sancho Ramírez.
1064	August	Crusade of Barbastro: At the urging of the pope Pope Alexander II, a coalition of Aragon, Urgell, Aquitaine and the Papal States conquered Barbastro from the taifa of Lérida.
1065		Battle of Paterna: Valencian forces pursuing the army of Ferdinand the Great, then in retreat from a failed siege of Valencia, were ambushed and wiped out at Paterna.
	24 December	Ferdinand the Great died. His kingdom was divided among his three children. The eldest, Sancho II the Strong of Castile and León, received Castile. León was divided; Galicia went to García II of Galicia, and the remainder went to Alfonso VI the Brave, the Valiant of León and Castile.
		War of the Three Sanchos: Sancho the Strong began ordering border raids on Navarre.
1067		War of the Three Sanchos: The war reached a stalemate. Castile remained in possession of the Navarrese territories in modern Álava, Montes de Oca, Pancorbo, Burgos and La Rioja.
1068	Spring	Alfonso the Brave invaded the taifa of Badajoz.
	19 July	Battle of Llantada: Sancho the Strong defeated Alfonso the Brave at Llantadilla, in the taifa of Badajoz near modern Melgar de Fernamental.
1071	June	Sancho the Strong and Alfonso the Brave invaded Galicia from the north and south, respectively, partitioning the kingdom and forcing García II into exile in Seville.
1072	January	Battle of Golpejera: Sancho the Strong defeated and captured Alfonso the Brave near Carrión de los Condes. The latter was released and sent into exile in Toledo.
	12 January	Sancho the Strong was crowned king of León.
	7 October	Sancho the Strong was betrayed and murdered by a Zamoran noble during his assault on Zamora, Spain.
		Alfonso the Brave succeeded his brother Sancho the Strong as king of León and Castile.
1074		The taifas of Toledo and Granada were forced to pay the parias to Alfonso the Brave.
1076	4 June	Sancho of Peñalén was thrown from a cliff in Peñalén by his brother and sister. Alfonso the Brave recognized his young son García Sánchez as his successor.
		The Navarrese nobility elected Sancho Ramírez king. The latter ceded some territory in Navarre's west to Alfonso the Brave.
		The Emir of Zaragoza began to pay the parias to Alfonso the Brave.
1077		Alfonso the Brave took the title Imperator totius Hispaniae.
1079		Battle of Cabra: Seville defeated the invading forces of Granada. Both sides were aided by Castilian knights.
		Alfonso the Brave conquered Coria, Cáceres.
1083	28 April	Sancho Ramírez conquered Graus.
		Under the pretense of surrender, the occupants of the castle of Rueda de Jalón, a Zaragozan stronghold, invited important nobles of León to the castle and murdered them.
1084	14 August	Battle of Morella: A Zaragozan army led by the general El Cid decisively defeated the forces of Sancho Ramírez near Tortosa.
	25 December	Battle of Piedra Pisada: A Zaragozan army skirmished with the forces of Alfonso the Brave, then following the valley of the Cinca from Naval, Huesca to El Grado.
1085	25 May	Alfonso the Brave conquered Toledo, Spain.
		Alfonso the Brave conquered modern Madrid.
1086	March	Alfonso the Brave installed his vassal, an al-Qádir, as king of Valencia.
	23 October	Battle of Sagrajas: Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the sultan of the Almoravid dynasty, at the head of a coalition of Andalusian taifas, defeated León and Castile and Aragon in a bloody battle near Badajoz. The taifas renounced payment of the parias.
1087		Siege of Tudela: Alfonso the Brave, Sancho Ramírez, Odo I, Duke of Burgundy, the duke of Burgundy, and William the Carpenter, viscount of Melun, laid siege to the Zaragozan fortress at Tudela, Navarre.
		Sancho Ramírez conquered Estada.
1088		Sancho Ramírez took the Castle of Montearagón.
1089	24 June	Sancho Ramírez conquered Monzón.
1090		Yusuf overthrew the king of Valencia and sent him into exile.
1094	4 June	Sancho Ramírez died during a siege of Huesca. He was succeeded as king of Aragon and Navarre by his eldest son Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona.
	June	El Cid reconquered Valencia, Spain for Castile.
	November	Alfonso the Brave lost Lisbon, Sintra and Santarém, Portugal to Almoravid conquests.
1095	16 March	The pope Pope Urban II issued a bull forbidding the excommunication of Peter I or his queen Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre without his express authorization.
1096		Battle of Alcoraz: Peter I defeated the Zaragozan forces sent to relieve his siege of Huesca.
	27 November	Peter I conquered Huesca.
1097		Battle of Bairén: An Aragonese army pinned between Almoravid forces and the Mediterranean Sea routed their enemies near modern Gandia.
	15 August	Battle of Consuegra: An Almoravid force defeated one of Alfonso the Brave's armies near Consuegra.
	16 August	Peter I married Bertha of Aragon in Huesca, marking the transfer of the Aragonese capital from Jaca.

12th century

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Year	Date	Event
1102		Alfonso the Brave ordered Valencia evacuated and burned in the face of an Almoravid threat.
1104		Alfonso the Brave conquered the Almoravid city of Medinaceli.
		Peter I died. He was succeeded as king of Aragon and Navarre by his brother Alfonso I the Battler of Aragon.
1105		Alfonso the Battler conquered the Almoravid cities of Ejea de los Caballeros and Tauste.
1107		Alfonso the Battler conquered Tamarite de Litera and San Esteban de Litera from the Almoravid dynasty.
1108	29 May	Battle of Uclés (1108): The Almoravids dealt a decisive defeat to the forces of Alfonso the Brave at Uclés, reconquering the city as well as Cuenca, Spain, Huete and Ocaña, Spain. Alfonso the Brave's son and heir Sancho Alfónsez was killed in flight by local Muslims.
1109	1 July	Alfonso the Brave died in Toledo, Spain. His daughter Urraca the Restless of León succeeded him as queen regnant of León and Castile.
	October	Urraca the Restless married Alfonso the Battler.
1111	26 October	Battle of Candespina: Alfonso the Battler, joined by Henry, Count of Portugal, the count of Portugal, defeated forces loyal to the former's wife Urraca the Restless at Fresno de Cantespino.
	Autumn	Battle of Viadangos: The noble Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and Diego Gelmírez, archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela, marching in support of Urraca the Restless, were routed at Villadangos del Páramo by a superior force led by Alfonso the Battler.
1112		The pope Pope Paschal II annulled the marriage of Urraca the Restless to Alfonso the Battler. The two agreed to a truce.
1117		Alfonso the Battler conquered the Almoravid cities of Fitero, Belchite, Corella, Spain, Cintruénigo, Murchante, Monteagudo, Navarre, and Cascante.
1118		Alfonso the Battler, joined by French soldiers following the declaration of a crusade, conquered the Almoravid cities of Almudévar, Gurrea de Gállego and Zuera and laid siege to Zaragoza.
	18 December	Alfonso the Battler conquered Zaragoza.
1119		Alfonso the Battler conquered Cervera, Tudejen, Castellón, Tarazona, Ágreda, Magallón, Borja, Zaragoza, Alagón, Zaragoza, Novillas, Mallén, Rueda, Valladolid and Épila from the Almoravid dynasty.
1120		Battle of Cutanda: Alfonso the Battler defeated forces of the Almoravid dynasty at Cutanda near Calamocha, conquering that town as well as Calatayud and Daroca for Aragon.
		Alfonso the Battler conquered the Almoravid cities of Calatayud, Bubierca, Alhama de Aragón, Ariza, Zaragoza and Daroca.
1122		Alfonso the Battler established the Confraternity of Belchite, a military order at Belchite devoted to war with Muslims.
1123		Alfonso the Battler conquered the Barcelonan city of Lleida.