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Timeline of Pakistani history (1947–present)
...
| History of Pakistan |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
This is a timeline of Pakistani history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the region of modern-day Pakistan. To read about the background of these events, see History of Pakistan and History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
| Paleolithic Period | Lower Paleolithic Period · | |
|---|---|---|
| Centuries | BCE | 35th · 27th · 25th · 19th · 17th · 15th · 13th · 12th · 10th · 7th · 6th · 5th · 4th · 3rd · 2nd · 1st |
| CE | 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st | |
Lower Paleolithic
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE | Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the region of present-day North Pakistan[1][2]
The pebble stones from the archaeological site of Riwat, Murree are discovered, dating back approximately 1.9 million years ago.[3] The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley.[4] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across Indian subcontinent.[5][6][7] | |
| 500,000 BCE | Some of the earliest relics of Stone Age man have been found in the Soan Valley of the Potohar region near Rawalpindi, dating back to 500,000 BCE. |
Middle Paleolithic
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 300,000 BCE – 100,000 BCE |
Flake tools, microliths and other chopping tools have been found in Soan Valley. Most of these tools were composed of the metamorphic quartzite rocks. The stone tool artifacts in this assemblage have been identified as a part of the second inter-pluvial period in Pakistan. Some of the Bhimbetka shelters were inhabited by Homo erectus more than 100,000 years ago.[8][9] |
Upper Paleolithic
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 43,000 BCE | The archaeological site of Riwat 55 dates back to this period. It is modern form of Early Riwat Site.[10]
Riwat 55 contains a structure that includes a low wall footing, a pit, and a stone-lined niche, all associated with a freshly flaked stone assemblage that included blades.[10] |
35th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 3500 BCE – 3300 BCE | Mature phases of the Indus Valley civilization begins. The civilization used an early form of the Indus signs, also called Indus script.
Over the course of next 1000–1500 years, inhabitants of the civilization developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products and seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin) had elaborate urban planning, baked brick houses, efficient drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings.[11] The civilization depended significantly on trade, was the first civilization to use wheeled transport in form of bullock carts, and also used boats.[12] |
27th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2700 BCE – 2600 BCE | The cities of Harappa[13] and Mohenjo-daro[14] become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole region of modern-day Pakistan and also some areas of Afghanistan and India,[15] covering a region of around one million square miles, which was larger than the land area of its contemporaries Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and also had superior urban planning and sewage systems. The civilization began using the mature Indus script for its writing system. |
25th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2500 BCE – 2000 BCE | The culture, artichetere, technology and educational system of Indus Valley civilization reached at its zenith with Harappa and Kot Diji as main centres.[13]
These fluctuations reflect complex and dynamic political, ideological, and economic processes that are an integral part of urban society.[13] |
19th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 BCE – 1300 BCE | Late Harappan Phase (Cemetery H Culture) |
13th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1300 BCE | Cemetery H culture comes to an end |
10th century BCE
| Date | Event | |
| 1000 BCE | Middle and Late Vedic period (to 500 BCE) | |
| Iron Age of Indian subcontinent (including today's Pakistan) |
7th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 700 BCE | The Upanishads, a sacred text of Hinduism is written. |
6th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 600 BCE | Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge.[16] | |
| Vedic period ends. | ||
| 535 BCE – 518 BCE | Achaemenid Emperors launched Persian campaign of Indus Valley and in result parts of modern-day Pakistan became easternmost part of Achaemenid Empire[17] | |
| 500 BCE | Gandhara Civilization at first stage of its flourishness.[18] |
5th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 500 BCE – 450 BCE | Persian rule is at its zenith. | |
| 500 BCE | Roruka as capital of Sauvira Kingdom become most important trading center of Indian subcontinent, also mentioned in early Buddhist literature.[19] | |
| 450 BCE | Ror Dynasty come to power and captured Sindh, Balochistan and North India with the capital of Rori, Sindh.[20] |
4th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 333 BCE | Persian rule in the Pakistan ends after Darius III is defeated by Alexander the Great, who establishes the Macedonian Empire after inheriting the Persian Achaemenid Empire.[21] | |
| 326 BCE | Ambhi king of Takshila surrenders to Alexander.[22] | |
| Porus who ruled parts of the Punjab, fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes River.[23] | ||
| 325 BCE | During the Mallian Campaign, Alexander was seriously wounded by an arrow in the chest and this became reason of his death.[24] | |
| 321 BCE | Mauryan Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya.[25] | |
| 305 BCE | Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus Nicator of the Seleucid Empire.[26] | |
| 304 BCE | Seleucus gives up his territories (Balochistan) to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta to seal their friendship.[27] |
2nd century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 200 BCE – 150 BCE | Gandhara Civilization (present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) flourished in new way by combination of Hellenistic culture and Ancient Indian culture.
Taxila became centre of Gandhara Civilization and religion of Buddhism. |
1st century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 75 BCE | Arrival of Scythians (Sakas) from Central Asia. | |
| 58 BCE | Beginning of Vikram Era. |
1st century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 20 AD – 35 AD | Indo-Parthian Kingdom was established and conquered present northern Pakistan.[28] | |
| 35 AD | Western Satraps formed.[29] | |
| 68 AD | Establishment of the Kushan empire by Kujula Kadphises.[30] |
2nd century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 100 AD or after | Sugar was first produced from sugarcane plants in Punjab.[31] |
3rd century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 240 AD | Sri Gupta starts the establishment of Gupta Empire in Indian subcontinent (including present Pakistan).[32] | |
| 260 AD | Kushans decline and are dominated by Indo-Sassanians.[33] |
4th century
| Date | Event | |
| 320 AD | Chandragupta I ascends the throne of Gupta Empire.[34] | |
| Kidarite Kingdom came to power in the region of modern-day Pakistan.[35] | ||
| 335 AD | Samudragupta ascends the Gupta throne and expands the empire.[36] | |
| 380 AD | Chandragupta II, Samudragupta's son becomes the Gupta Emperor.[34] |
5th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 450 AD | White Huns (Hephthalites) attacked Gandhara, sacked its cities and burnt down its many monasteries and centres of learning.[37] | |
| 489 AD | Ror dynasty is disestablished.[38] |
6th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 524 AD | Rai dynasty come to power in the region of Sindh.[39] | |
| 554 AD | Collapse of Gupta Empire after the death of Skandagupta.[34] | |
| 565 AD | Sassanians and Turks overthrow Huns. |
7th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 601 AD | Rai dynasty reached at its zenith and covered whole of Pakistan and Afghanistan with the capital of Aror, Sindh.[40] | |
| 632 AD | Brahman dynasty come into power and Chach of Aror become Maharaja of Sindh.[41] | |
| 644 AD | Islam arrived in Indian subcontinent. Rashidun Caliphate defeated Rai dynasty in the Battle of Rasil and Balochistan become easternmost frontier of Rashidun Caliphate.[42] | |
| 665 AD | Turk Shahi gained control west of the Indus River, including Gandhara.[43] | |
| 671 AD | At the death of Chach of Alor, the Brahmin dynasty reached its zenith and he was succeeded by his brother Chandar of Sindh.[44] | |
| 679 AD | Chandar of Sindh died and succeeded by his nephew Raja Dahir, last Hindu Maharaja of Sindh.[45] |
8th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 700 AD | According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, the Parsi immigrants are granted permission to stay by the local ruler Jadi Rana. | |
| 712 AD | Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir and established Ummayad Islamic rule on Sindh and South Punjab (Multan) on the orders of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[46] | |
| 747 AD – 751 AD | Ummayad Era finished and Abbasid Era begins.[47]
Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi revolted against Ummayad Dynasty during Abbasid Revolution and after Abbasid victory in revolution, he was confirmed as Abbasid Governor of Sindh.[48] |
9th centuryedit
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 841 AD | Dynastic rule of Habbaris over Sindh begin under suzerainty of Abbasid Caliphate.[49] | |
| 870 AD | Hindu Shahis captured Kingdom of Kabul Shahi and expanded their rule in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and Punjab.[50] | |
| 875 AD | Habbari dynasty rule expanded over whole of Sindh, Balochistan and South Punjab (Multan).[51] |
10th centuryedit
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 977 AD – 997 AD | Sabuktigin of Ghaznavid dynasty defeated many times Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala and became ruler of domains east of the Indus River.[52] |
11th century edit
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1001 | Mahmud Ghazni defeated Raja Jayapala of Hindu Shahi; after that Jayapala commits suicide.[53] | |
| 1021 | Mahmud Ghazni defeats Raja Tarnochalpal and Punjab becomes part of Ghaznavid dynasty.[54]
In this way whole of Pakistan comes under Muslim rule; Punjab and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa under Ghaznavid Empire, Sindh under Habbari dynasty while Makran (Balochistan) under Caliphate. This Muslim rule continued for next 8 centuries under different Muslim dynasties. | |
| 1030 | Alberuni arrives in Indian subcontinent; death of Mahmud Ghazni.[55] | |
| 1058 | Muslim Rajput Soomra Dynasty ends the rule of Habbari dynasty and starts to rule on the behave of Abbasid Caliph.[56][57] | |
| 1092 | Reign of Zainab Tari begins; first absolute female ruler in the history of South Asia as well as only female who ruled Sindh.[58] |
12th centuryedit
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1175 | Muhammad of Ghurid dynasty defeats Qarmatians rulers of Multan in 1175.[59][60] | |
| 1186 | Muhammad Ghori along with Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad ends the rule of Ghaznavid dynasty after having captured Lahore.[61][62][63] | |
| 1191 | "Victory of Prithviraj Chauhan". First Battle of Tarain fought between Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj III. Ghori is defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan III.[64] | |
| 1192 | "Victory of Muhammad Ghori". Second Battle of Tarain fought between Muhammad Ghori and Prithivi Raj Chauhan III. Chauhan is defeated by Muhammad Ghori.[64] | |
| 1193 | Qutb al-Din Aibak becomes deputy of Ghurid Empire in Indian subcontinent.[65] |
13th centuryedit
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1206 | 15 March | Khukhrains kill Muhammad Ghori during a raid on his camp on the Jhelum River.[66] |
| 1206 | 12 June | End of Ghurid Era. |
| 1206 | 25 June | Qutb-ud-din Aibak establishes Delhi Sultanate by becoming first Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate from Mamluk dynasty.[67] |
| 1210 | November | Qutb-ud-din Aibak died while playing polo.[68] |
| 1210 | December | Aram Shah becomes new Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[69] |
| 1211 | June | Shams ud-Din Iltutmish defeats Aram Shah in the Battle of Delhi and become third Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[70] |
| 1221 | Genghis Khan invades Punjab during rule of Iltutmish. | |
| 1236 | 30 April | Iltutmish dies and Rukn ud din Firuz become fourth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[71] |
| 1236 | 10 October | Razia Sultana abolishes the rule of Rukn ud din Firuz and become fifth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[72] |
| 1240 | 17 May | Muiz ud din Bahram becomes sixth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[73] |
| 1240 | 14 October | Murder of Razia Sultan by nobles of Chalisa.[74] |
| 1242 | 15 May | Murder of Muiz ud din Bahram by army.
Ala ud din Masud becomes seventh Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[75] |
| 1246 | 10 June | Nasiruddin Mahmud becomes eighth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate with the support of Corps of Forty.[71]
Balban rules on the behave of Nasiruddin Mahmud as a deputy of empire. |
| 1266 | 18 February | Nasiruddin Mahmud dies without any hier.
Ghiyas ud din Balban becomes ninth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[71] |
| 1285 | Delhi Sultanate decisively defeats the army of Mongol Empire at the battle of Beas River.[76] | |
| 1287 | March | Muiz ud din Qaiqabad becomes tenth Sultan of Delhi Sultanate after the death of his grandfather Ghiyas ud din Balban.[77] |
| 1290 | 1 February | Murder of Muiz ud din Qaiqabad by Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, an army commander.[78]
Shamsuddin Kayumars becomes eleventh Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. |
| 1290 | 13 June | Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji ends the Mamluk Dynasty by murdering Shamsuddin Kayumars.
Establishment of Khalji dynasty. Jalaluddin becomes twelfth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[79] |
| 1296 | 19 July | Alauddin Khalji murders Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji and become thirteen Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[79] |
| 1296 | October | Allauddin Khalji conquers Multan and eliminates all surviving members of his predecessor Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji.[80] |
| 1297-1298 | Mongol Army invades Punjab and Sindh but Delhi Sultanate decisively defeats them and crushes away from Pakistan.[81] | |
| 1298 | Mongols once again invades Sindh and occupies fort of Sivistan but Delhi Sultanate decisively defeats them.[82] |
14th centuryedit
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1316 | 4 January | Alauddin Khalji died due to severe illness.[83] |
| 1316 | 5 January | Shihabuddin Omar succeeded Alauddin Khalji with the help of Malik Kafur and becomes the 14th Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[80] |
| 1316 | 14 April | After the assassination of Malik Kafur, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah detroned his brother Shihabuddin Omar and himself becomes 15th Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.[80] |
CEedit
- 1351: Samma Dynasty assumed rule over Sindh
- 1398: Tamerlane plunders Lahore
- 1472: Sher Shah Suri (original name Farid Khan born in Multan)
- 1526 – 1857: Mughal ascendancy (1526–1707), nominal rule by Mughals (1707–1857)
- 1541 – 1545: Sher Shah Suri built the Rohtas Fort
- 1586: Yusufzais defeat Akbar in the Karakar pass[84]
- 1701: Kalhoro Dynasty establishes its rule over Sindh
- 1739: Nadir Shah of Persia invades Mughal Empire
- 1751–52: Ahmed Shah Abdali annexes Punjab to his kingdom
- 1758–59: Maratha conquest of North-west India
- 1782: The Baloch tribe of Talpur defeats the last Kalhora ruler Mian Abdul Nabi in the battle of Halani
- 12 April 1801— 27 June 1839: Sikhs become dominant force in Punjab, Ranjit Singh rules (1799–1839),
- 1843: British defeat Talpurs in the battle of Miani and annex Sindh[85]
- 29 March 1849: British defeat Sikhs and annex Punjab
- 1 November 1857 The British control most present-day Pakistan region and incorporate it as part of the British Indian Empire.
- 30 December 1906: A new political party All-India Muslim League formed to protect rights of Muslims in British Indian Empire.
- 1909: Muhammad Ali Jinnah was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909
- 1913: Prominent Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah, acknowledging that Hindu dominant Indian Congress failing to protect Indian Muslim rights, joined the All India Muslim League (AIML). Now he was member of both the political parties, later became leader of the All-India Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan.
- 1920: Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom from the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920
- 1921:
- MAO College Aligarh upgraded to Aligrah Muslim University
- 29 December 1930: Dr. Muhammad Allama Iqbal, a great Muslim philosopher and poet suggested creation of separate Muslim state in Indian sub-continent to protect Muslim population dominated by Hindu majority.
- 31 May 1935: A strong earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 jolted Quetta killing over 50,000 people
- 14 August 1947: Pakistan is created.
Post-Independenceedit
1940sedit
1947edit
- 3 June: British Government decides to separate British India, into two sovereign Dominions of India and Pakistan.
- 8 July: Constituent Assembly of Pakistan approves the design of Pakistan.
- 26 July: The Gazette of India publishes that the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was given shape with 69 members (later on the membership was increased to 79), including one female member.
- 14 August: Pakistan became independent. Quaid-a-Azam took oath as the first Governor General of Pakistan. Liaqat Ali Khan took oath as the first Prime minister of Pakistan. This is followed by the migration of 10 million people, Muslims to Pakistan,Hindus and Sikhs to India .
- 18 August: The Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III, ruler of the Princely state of Junagadh, and other small states of Bantva, Manavadar and Sardargadh, of the Kathiawar Peninsula despite an overall Hindu majority of the population all acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan, this was influenced by Shah Nawaz Bhutto the Dewan of the state. In response, the Dominion of India claimed that the accession was invalid and demanded a plebiscite . Pakistan agreed, on condition that votes also be held in Hyderabad State and Kashmir and Jammu; India rejected this proposal and also refused to allow the Government of Pakistan any role in administering a plebiscite. It was followed by Indian invasion of junagarh .
- 30 September: Pakistan becomes a member of the UN by an unanimous vote of the Security Council.
- October: 1947 Poonch rebellion against Maharaja of Kashmir ends with rebel victory and Azad Kashmir is formed.
- 3 October:
- The Nawab (or Ameer) of Bahawalpur, Sadeq Mohammad Khan V, acceded his state to Pakistan.
- The state of Khairpur also acceded to Pakistan.
- 6 October: The Mehtar of Chitral, Muzaffar-ul-Mulk, acceded his state to Pakistan.[86]
- 22 October: Battle of Muzaffarabad ends in a Pakistani victory and Muzaffarabad is made the capital of Azad Kashmir.
- 27 October: Indian Air troops land in Kashmir as the Maharajah declares accession of Kashmir to India.
- November: Operation Datta Khel is carried out. Gilgit is annexed into Pakistan.
- 3 November:
- The Wāli of Swat, Miangul Abdul Wadud, acceded his state to Pakistan.
- Hunza, a small princely state to the north of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to Pakistan.
- Battle of Badgam ends in an Indian victory.
- 7 November: Battle of Shalateng ends in an Indian victory.
- 18 November: Nagar, a small valley state to the north of Kashmir acceded to Pakistan.
- 27 December: A Douglas C-48C (VT-AUG) of Air India crashed into Korangi Creek en route from Karachi to Bombay, killing all 23 onboard (4 crew and 19 passengers). The crash was found to have been the result of poor visibility during night hours and the instrument lights not working, with serious fault assigned to the captain. The crash was Pakistan's first deadly airliner crash.[87]
- 31 December:'
- Muhammad Farid Khan, Nawab of Amb, acceded to Pakistan.
- Khanate of Phulra acceded to Pakistan.
1948edit
- 1 January: UNO cease-fire orders to operate in Kashmir. War stops accordingly.
- 8 February: The Nawab of Dir, Sir Nawab Shah Jahan Khan acceded to Pakistan.
- 24 February: Referendum approves Junagadh's accession to India.
- 11 February: Siege of Skardu begins.
- 25 February: Junagadh's Accession to India in effect
- 17 March:
- Las Bela's ruler Ghulam Qadir Khan (1920–1988) acceded to Pakistan.
- Makran acceded to Pakistan
- 27 Marc: Kalat acceded to Pakistan after the 'strange help' of All India Radio and a period of negotiations and bureaucratic tactics used by Pakistan.[88]
- 1 May: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Pakistan enters war on behalf of Kashmir against India.
- 29 June: Operation Eraze is successfully executed by Indian forces.
- 1 July: Quaid-e-Azam inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan.
- July: First Balochistan conflict Princes Karim Khan and Muhammad Rahim started a rebellion against Pakistan led the Dosht-e Jhalawan (numbering around 1000 militants), they captured Jhalawan [89] and started unconventional attacks on the army.[90]
- 24 July: Battle of Pandu ends in a Pakistani victory.
- 14 August: Siege of Skardu ends in a Pakistani victory.
- 1948: Waziristan rebellion (1948-1954) The Faqir of Ipi supported by Afghanistan took control of North Waziristan's Datta Khel area and declared the establishment of an independent Pashtunistan.
- 11 September: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the first governor general of Pakistan, passes away.
- November: Operation Bison ends in an Indian victory.
1949edit
- 1 January: United Nations Cease-fire Line established between Pakistan Administered Kashmir (GB & AJ&K) and Indian Administered Kashmir
- 8 February: Azad Kashmir Government shifts its capital to Muzaffarabad. Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Timeline_of_Pakistani_history_(1947–present)
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