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Thai numerals (Thai: เลขไทย, RTGS: lek thai, pronounced [lêːk tʰāj]) are a set of numerals traditionally used in Thailand, although the Arabic numerals are more common due to extensive westernization of Thailand in the modern Rattanakosin period. Thai numerals follow the Hindu–Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world. In Thai language, numerals often follow the modified noun and precede a measure word, although variations to this pattern occur.
Usage
The Thai language lacks grammatical number. A count is usually expressed in the form of an uninflected noun followed by a number and a classifier. "Five teachers" is expressed as "teacher five person" khru ha khon (Thai: ครูห้าคน or with the numeral included Thai: ครู ๕ คน.) Khon "person" is a type of referent noun that is also used as the Thai part of speech called in English a linguistic classifier, or measure word. In Thai, counting is kannap (การนับ; nap is "to count", kan is a prefix that forms a noun from a verb); the classifier, laksananam (ลักษณนาม from laksana characteristic, form, attribute, quality, pattern, style; and nam name, designation, appellation.[1]) Variations to this pattern do occur, and there really is no hierarchy among Thai classifiers.[2] A partial list of Thai words that also classify nouns can be found in Wiktionary category: Thai classifiers.
Main numbers
Zero to ten
Thai sūn is written as oval 0 (number) when using Arabic numerals, but a small circle ๐ when using traditional numerals, and also means centre in other contexts.[3] It is from Sanskrit śūnya, as are the (context-driven) alternate names for numbers one to four given below; but not the counting 1 (number).
Thai names for N +1 and the regular digits 2 through 9 as shown in the table, below, resemble those in Chinese varieties (e.g., Cantonese and Min Nan) as spoken in Southern China, the homeland of the overseas Chinese living in South East Asia. In fact, the etymology of Thai numerals 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 is Middle Chinese, while the etymology of Thai numeral 5 is Old Chinese, as illustrated in the table below.[4]
| Number | Thai | Etymology | Southern Sinitic languages | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numeral | Written | RTGS | IPA | Archaic | Southern Min (Min Nan) | Hakka | Yue | ||||||
| Hokkien | TeoSwa (Teochew / Swatow) | Cantonese | Hoisanese / Taishanese | ||||||||||
| Vernacular | Literary | Vernacular | Literary | ||||||||||
| 0 | ๐ | ศูนย์ | sun | /sǔːn/ | Sanskrit śūnya | 空 (khòng) | 零 (lêng) | 空 (khàng) | 零 (lêng) | 零 (làng) | 零 (ling4, IPA: /lɪŋ²¹/) | 零 (len3, IPA: /len²²/) | |
| 1 | ๑ | หนึ่ง | nueng | /nɯ̀ŋ/ | อ้าย (ai) | Proto-Tai */nʉŋ/[4] | 蜀 (chi̍t / che̍t) | 一 (it / et) | 蜀 (tse̍k / tse̍h) | 一 (ik / ek) | 一 (yit) | 一 (yāt / jat1, IPA: /jɐt̚⁵/) | 一 (yit2, IPA: /jit̚⁵⁵/) |
| 2 | ๒ | สอง | song | /sɔ̌ːŋ/ | ยี่ (yi) | Middle Chinese /ʃˠʌŋ/[4] and /ȵiɪH/[4] | 兩 (nn̄g/nňg/nō͘), 雙 (siang/sang, lit. "pair") | 二 (jī / lī / gī), 雙 (song, lit. "pair") | 二/兩 (nŏ), 雙 (sang, lit. "pair") | 二 (jĭ / jī), 雙 (sang, lit. "pair") | 二 (ngi), 雙 (sûng, lit. "pair") | 二 (yih / ji6, IPA: /jiː²²/, 雙 (soeng1, sung1, lit. "pair" IPA: /sœːŋ⁵⁵/, /sʊŋ⁵⁵/) | 二 (ngei5, IPA: /ᵑɡei³²/, 雙 (song1, lit. "pair" IPA: /sɔŋ³³/) |
| 3 | ๓ | สาม | sam | /sǎːm/ | สาม (sam) | Middle Chinese /sɑm/[4] | 三 (saⁿ) | 三 (sam) | 三 (saⁿ) | 三 (sam) | 三 (sâm) | 三 (saam1, IPA: /saːm⁵⁵/) | 三 (lham1, IPA: /ɬam³³/) |
| 4 | ๔ | สี่ | si | /sìː/ | ไส (sai) | Middle Chinese /siɪH/[4] | 四 (sì) | 四 (sù / sɯ̀ / sì) | 四 (sì) | 四 (sì) | 四 (si) | 四 (sei3, si3, IPA: /sei̯³³/, /siː³³/) | 四 (lhei1, lhu1, IPA: /ɬei³³/, /ɬu³³/) |
| 5 | ๕ | ห้า | ha | /hâː/ | งั่ว (ngua) | Old Chinese /*ŋaːʔ/[4] / Middle Chinese /ŋuoX/ | 五 (gō͘ / gǒ͘ / ňg) | 五 (ngó͘ / gó͘ ) | 五 (ngŏu) | 五 (ngóu / ú) | 五 (ńg) | 五 (ng5, IPA: /ŋ̍¹³/) | 五 (m2, IPA: /m̩⁵⁵/) |
| 6 | ๖ | หก | hok | /hòk/ | ลก (lok) | Middle Chinese /lɨuk̚/[4] | 六 (la̍k) | 六 (lio̍k) | 六 (la̍k) | 六 (la̍k) | 六 (liuk) | 六 (luk6, IPA: /lʊk̚²/) | 六 (luuk5, IPA: /lɵk̚³²/) |
| 7 | ๗ | เจ็ด | chet | /tɕèt/ | เจ็ด (chet) | Middle Chinese /t͡sʰiɪt̚/[4] | 七 (chhit / chhet / sit / chhiak) | 七 (chhit / chhet / sit) | 七 (tshik / tshek) | 七 (tshik / tshek) | 七 (chhit) | 七 (cat1, IPA: /t͡sʰɐt̚⁵/) | 七 (tit2, IPA: /tʰit̚⁵⁵/) |
| 8 | ๘ | แปด | paet | /pɛ̀ːt/ | แปด (paet) | Middle Chinese /pˠɛt̚/[4] | 八 (poeh / peh) | 八 (pat) | 八 (poih) | 八 (poih) | 八 (pat) | 八 (baat3, IPA: /paːt̚³/) | 八 (bat1, IPA: /pat̚³³/) |
| 9 | ๙ | เก้า | kao | /kâːw/ | เจา (chao) | Middle Chinese /kɨuX/[4] | 九 (káu) | 九 (kiú) | 九 (káu) | 九 (kiú) | 九 (kiú) | 九 (gau2, IPA: /kɐu̯³⁵/) | 九 (giu2, IPA: /kiu⁵⁵/) |
| 10 | ๑๐ | สิบ | sip | /sìp/ | จ๋ง (chong) | Middle Chinese /d͡ʑiɪp̚/[4] | 十 (cha̍p) | 十 (si̍p / se̍p) | 十 (tsa̍p / tsa̍k) | 十 (tsa̍p / tsa̍k) | 十 (sṳ̍p) | 十 (sap6, IPA: /sɐp̚²/) | 十 (sip5, IPA: /sip̚³²/) |
Numerical digit characters, however, are almost identical to Khmer numerals. Thai and Lao words for numerals are almost identical, however, the numerical digits vary somewhat in shape. Shown above is a comparison between three languages using Cantonese and Minnan characters and pronunciations. Shown below is a comparison between three languages using Khmer numerals. Thai and Lao. The Thai transliteration uses the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS).
| Number | Thai | Khmer | Lao | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numeral | Written | RTGS | IPA | Archaic | Numeral | Written | IPA | Numeral | Written | IPA | |
| 0 | ๐ | ศูนย์ | sun | /sǔːn/ | (Sanskrit śūnya) | ០ | សូន្យ | /soːn/ | ໐ | ສູນ | /sǔːn/ |
| 1 | ๑ | หนึ่ง | nueng | /nɯ̀ŋ/ | อ้าย (ai) | ១ | មួយ | /muəj/ | ໑ | ນຶ່ງ | /nɯ̄ŋ/ |
| 2 | ๒ | สอง | song | /sɔ̌ːŋ/ | ยี่ (yi) | ២ | ពីរ | /piː/ | ໒ | ສອງ | /sǒːŋ/ |
| 3 | ๓ | สาม | sam | /sǎːm/ | สาม (sam) | ៣ | បី | /ɓej/ | ໓ | ສາມ | /sǎːm/ |
| 4 | ๔ | สี่ | si | /sìː/ | ไส (sai) | ៤ | បួន | /ɓuən/ | ໔ | ສີ່ | /sīː/ |
| 5 | ๕ | ห้า | ha | /hâː/ | งั่ว (ngua) | ៥ | ប្រាំ | /pram/ | ໕ | ຫ້າ | /hȁː/ |
| 6 | ๖ | หก | hok | hòk | ลก (lok) | ៦ | ប្រាំមួយ | /pram muəj/ | ໖ | ຫົກ | /hók/ |
| 7 | ๗ | เจ็ด | chet | /tɕèt/ | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Thai_numerals|||||||