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During the Joseon period, royal titles and styles (forms of address) had been extensive and complex. The general title of the monarch was king (왕; 王; wang) until Gojong crowned himself emperor (황제; 皇帝; hwangje), a title that was only allowed for Chinese emperors.[1] Official titles came with official forms of address, depending on who the addressee was and by whom they were addressed.
Royal family
Naming
When a prince became king, he was addressed as such, personal names were not used. After the death of a king, he was given several names. One is the temple name (묘호; 廟號; myoho), which was given when the spirit tablet was placed at the Jongmyo Shrine. This is the name by which historians usually refer to Joseon kings. The myoho could end in either jo (조; 祖; lit. 'progenitor') or jong (종; 宗; lit. 'ancestor'). The preceding syllable was an adjective suitable for the king. The other name was the posthumous name (시호; 諡號; siho). This is a longer name, made up of adjectives characteristic of the king's rule.[2][3][4] For example, King Gyeongjong's posthumous name was King Deokmun Ikmu Sunin Seonhyo the Great (덕문익무순인선효대왕; 德文翼武純仁宣孝大王), while his temple name was Gyeongjong (경종; 景宗).
Titles and styles
Forms of address were combined with names, titles or both, for example:
- Jusang Jeonha (주상 전하; His Majesty the King)
- Jungjeon Mama (중전 마마; Her Royal Highness the Queen)
- Seja Jeoha (세자 저하; His Royal Highness the Crown Prince)
- Wangja Agissi (왕자 아기씨; His Young Highness the Prince) then Daegun Jaga / Daegam (대군 자가 / 대감; His Highness / His Excellency the Grand Prince)
- Gongju Agissi (공주 아기씨; Her Young Highness the Royal Princess) then Gongju Jaga (공주 자가; Her Highness the Royal Princess)
| Title | Forms of address | Explanation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Revised Romanization | Hangul | Hanja | RR | Hangul | Hanja | Rank | |
| Monarch | ||||||||
| King | Wang[5] Jusang[6] Imgeum[5] Narannim[7] Gugwang[8] Geumsang[9] Sanggam[10] Daejeon[11] Gwain[12] Jewang |
왕 주상 임금 나랏님 국왕 금상 상감 대전 과인 제왕 |
王 主上 — — 國王 今上 上監 大田 寡人 帝王 |
Jeonha Mama |
전하 마마 |
殿下 媽媽 |
None | Current monarch; he was addressed in different ways depending on the speaker and the situation |
| King Emeritus | Sangwang | 상왕[13] | 上王 | Jeonha | 전하 | 殿下 | None | Living king who has voluntarily abdicated in favor of the current king |
| Grand King Emeritus | Taesangwang | 태상왕[14] | 太上王 | Jeonha | 전하 | 殿下 | None | An abdicated king whose relinquishment of power precedes that of another king emeritus |
| Great Late King | Seondaewang | 선대왕[15] | 先大王 | Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | Deceased king |
| Late King | Seonwang | 대왕 | 大王 | Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | |
| Great King | Daewang | 대왕[16] | 大王 | Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | |
| Main consort of a monarch | ||||||||
| Queen | Wangbi Jungjeon Gungmo Naejeon |
왕비[17] 중전[18] 국모 내전 |
王妃 中殿 國母 內殿 |
Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | Main consort of a current king |
| Queen Emerita | Sangwangbi | 상왕비 | 上王妃 | Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | Main consort of a king emeritus |
| Grand Queen Emerita | Taesangwangbi | 태상왕비[14] | 太上王妃 | Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | Main consort of a grand king emeritus |
| Queen Dowager | Daebi | 대비[19] | 大妃 | Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | Used to be the short form of wangdaebi, but later became a lower rank; main consort of a deceased king who lived through two reigns |
| Royal Queen Dowager | Wangdaebi Jajeon Jaseon |
왕대비[20] 자전 자선 |
王大妃 慈殿 慈聖 |
Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | Used to be the long form of daebi, but later became a higher rank; main consort of a deceased king who lived through three reigns |
| Grand Royal Queen Dowager | Daewangdaebi | 대왕대비[21] | 大王大妃 | Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | Main consort of a deceased king who lived through at least three reigns |
| Queen | Wanghu | 왕후[22] | 王后 | Mama | 마마 | 媽媽 | None | Deceased queen |
| Parents and parents-in-law of a monarch | ||||||||
| Grand Internal Prince | Daewongun | 대원군[23] | 大院君 | Daegam | 대감 | 大監 | None | Father of a king who has never been king himself |
| Grand Internal Princess Consort | Budaebuin | 부대부인[24] | 府大夫人 | Manim | 마님 | — | Senior 1 (정1품) | Wife of a grand internal prince and / or mother of a king |
| Internal Prince | Buwongun | 부원군[25] | 府院君 | Daegam | 대감 | 大監 | None | Father of a queen |
| Internal Princess Consort | Bubuin | 부부인 | 府夫人 | Manim | 마님 | — | Senior 1 (정1품) | Wife of an internal prince and / or mother of a queen |
| Monarch's male descendant and their main consorts | ||||||||
| Prince Royal | Wonja | 원자[26] | 元子 | Agissi | 아기씨 | — | None | Eldest son of a king before being appointed as heir to the throne |
| Crown Prince | Wangseja Seja Donggung Gukbon |
왕세자[27] 세자[27] 동궁[28] 국본 |
王世子 世子 東宮 國本 |
Jeoha Mama |
저하 마마 |
邸下 媽媽 |
None | Son of a king who has been appointed as heir to the throne |
| Crown Princess | Wangsejabin Sejabin Bingung |
왕세자빈[29] 세자빈[29] 빈궁[30] |
王世子嬪 世子嬪 嬪宮 |
Manora Jaga |
마노라 자가 |
— 自家 |
None | Main consort of a king's son who has been appointed as heir to the throne |
| Crown Prince | Wangseje Seje Donggung Gukbon |
왕세제[31] 세제 동궁 국본 |
王世弟 世弟 東宮 國本 |
Jeoha Mama |
저하 마마 |
邸下 媽媽 |
None | Brother of a king who has been appointed as heir to the throne |
| Crown Princess | Wangsejebin Sejebin Bingung |
왕세제빈 세제빈 빈궁 |
王世弟嬪 世弟嬪 嬪宮 |
Manora Jaga |
마노라 자가 |
— 自家 |
None | Main consort of a king's brother who has been appointed as heir to the throne |
| Grand Heir | Wangseson | 왕세손[32] | 王世孫 | Gakha Hapa |
각하 합하 |
閤下 | None | Eldest son of a crown prince |
| Grand Heiress Consort | Wangsesonbin | 왕세손빈 | 王世孫嬪 | Jaga | 자가 | 自家 | None | Main consort of a crown prince's eldest son |
| Grand Prince | Wangja Daegun |
왕자 대군[33] |
王子 大君 |
Agissi Jaga Daegam |
아기씨 자가 대감 |
— 自家 大監 |
None | Son of a king by his main consort |
| Grand Princess Consort | Bubuin | 부부인[34] | 府夫人 | Manim | 마님 | — | Senior 1 (정1품) | Wife of a grand prince |
| Royal Prince | Wangja Gun |
왕자 군[35] |
王子
君 |
Agissi Jaga Daegam |
아기씨 자가 대감 |
— 自家 大監 |
None | Son of a king by a concubine |
| Royal Princess Consort | Gunbuin | 군부인[36] | 郡夫人 | Manim | 마님 | — | Senior 1 (정1품) | Wife of a royal prince |
| Prince | Gun | 군 | 君 | — | — | — | Junior 1 (종1품) | Eldest son of a grand prince |
| Princess Consort | Gunbuin | 군부인 | 郡夫人 | — | — | — | Junior 1 (종1품) | Wife of a grand prince's eldest son |
| Prince | Gun | 군 | 君 | — | — | — | Senior 2 (정2품) | Other sons of a crown prince, eldest grandson of a grand prince, eldest son of a royal prince |
| Princess Consort | Hyeonbuin | 현부인 | 賢夫人 | — | — | — | Senior 2 (정2품) | Wife of a prince of the senior second rank |
| Prince | Gun | 군 | 君 | — | — | — | Junior 2 (종2품) | Grandsons of a crown prince, other sons and eldest great-grandson of a grand prince, eldest grandson of a royal prince |
| Princess Consort | Hyeonbuin | 현부인 | 賢夫人 | — | — | — | Junior 2 (종2품) | Wife of a prince of the junior second rank |
| — | Jeong | 정 | 正 | — | — | — | Senior 3 (정3품) | Great-grandsons of a crown prince, other grandsons of a grand prince, other sons and eldest great-grandson of a royal prince |
| Cautious Lady | Sinin | 신인 | 慎人 | — | — | — | Senior 3 (정3품) | Wife of a jeong |
| — | Bujeong | 부정 | 副正 | — | — | — | Junior 3 (종3품) | Great-grandsons of a grand prince, other grandsons of a royal prince |
| Cautious Lady | Sinin | 신인 | 慎人 | — | — | — | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Styles_and_titles_in_the_Joseon_dynasty||