A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Southern Bantoid | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Sub-Saharan Africa, but not further west than Nigeria |
| Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Southern Bantoid |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | sout3152 |
 The Southern Bantoid languages shown within the Niger–Congo language family. Non-Southern Bantoid languages are greyscale. | |
Southern Bantoid (or South Bantoid) is a branch of the Bantoid language family. It consists of the Bantu languages along with several small branches and isolates of eastern Nigeria and west-central Cameroon (though the affiliation of some branches is uncertain). Since the Bantu languages are spoken across most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Bantoid comprises 643 languages as counted by Ethnologue, though many of these are mutually intelligible.[1]
History
Southern Bantoid was first introduced by Williamson in a proposal that divided Bantoid into North and South branches.[2]
The unity of the North Bantoid group was subsequently called into question, and Bantoid itself may be polyphyletic, but the work did establish Southern Bantoid as a valid genetic unit, something that has not happened for (Narrow) Bantu itself.[3]
Internal classification
According to Williamson and Blench, Southern Bantoid is divided into the various Narrow Bantu languages, Jarawan, Tivoid, Beboid, Mamfe (Nyang), Grassfields and Ekoid families.[4] The Bendi languages are of uncertain classification; they have traditionally been classified with Cross River, but they may actually be Southern Bantoid.[5] Blench suggests that Tivoid, Momo (ex-Grassfields) and East Beboid may form a group, perhaps with the uncertain languages Esimbi and Buru–Angwe:[6]
- ? Bendi
- Tivoid–Beboid: Tivoid, Esimbi, East Beboid, ? Buru–Angwe, ? Menchum
- West Beboid (geographic)
- Furu
- Mamfe
- Ekoid–Mbe: Ekoid, Mbe
- Grassfields: Ring, Eastern Grassfields (Mbam–Nkam), Momo, ? Ndemli, Southwest Grassfields (Western Momo), ? Ambele
- Narrow Bantu, Jarawan–Mbam
Grollemund (2012)
Classification of Southern Bantoid by Grollemund (2012):[7]
| Southern Bantoid | |
Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:
| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bantu | Luganda | emu | bbiri | ssatu | nnya | ttaano | muukaga | musanvu | muunana | mwenda | kkumi |
| Ndemli | Ndemli | mɔ̀hɔ́ | ífɛ́ | ítáá | ítʃìjè | ítâŋ | tóhó | sàᵐbá | fɔ̀ːmɔ́ | bùʔɛ̀ | dʒòm |
| Tikar | Tikar | mbɔʔ | ɓî | lê | ɲî | ʃæ̃̂ | ɸyulu | ʃâmɓì | nìnì | tæ̂nì | wûm |
| Tivoid | Esimbi (1) | kēnə̄ | mə̄rākpə̄ | mākə̄lə̄ | mōɲī | mātə̄nə̀ | mālālə̄ | mātə̄nə̀ mə̄rākpə̄ (5+ 2) | mōɲìōɲī (4+ 4) | mātə̄nə̀ mōɲī (5 + 4) | būɣù |
| Tivoid | Esimbi (2) | ɔ-nə | râkpə | á-kələ | oɲí | a-tənə | a-lələ | à-tən râkpə (5+ 2) | ò-ɲi o-ɲí (4+ 4) | à-tən o-ɲí (5 + 4) | bùɣù |
| Tivoid | Ipulo | émɔ̀ | víàl | vétàt | véɲì | vétàn | véɾátúm | véɾátúm nɔ̀mɔ̀ (6 + 1) | víɲèɲí | víɲèɲí nɔ̀mɔ̀ (8 + 1) | épɔ́ːt |
| Tivoid | Iyive | mɔ̌m | hjâl | tàt | ɲîn | táŋə̀n | kə̀lə̀kə̀tàt | kə̀lə̀kə̀tàt kàt mɔ̀mú (6 + 1) | kíníkìnì | táŋìɲìn (5 + 4 ??) | pùɛ̀ |
| Tivoid | Tiv | mɔ̀ḿ / mɔ́m | úhár | útáŕ | únjì: | útã́ː | átérátáŕ | útã́ː kàː úhár (5 + 2) | ániènì | útã́ː kàː únjì: (5 + 4) | púè / púwè |
| Grassfields, Menchum | Befang | móʔ (~mʊ́ʔ) | fe | táí | ɪ̀kᶣà (ɪ̀kɥà) | ɪ̀tʲə̂n | ⁿdʊ̀fú | èkᶣànátáí (4 and 3) i.e. (4+ 3) | éfómó | étʲə̂nékᶣà (5+ 4) | éɣúm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Fe'fe' (1) | ʃʉʔ | pʉ́ɒ́ | tāā | kwɒ̀ | tíì | ntɔ́hɔ́ | sə̀mbʉ́ɒ́ | hə̌ | vʉ̀ʔʉ̄ | ɣǎm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Fe'fe' (2) | ŋʃʉʔ | pʉ́ə | táá | kwà | tiì | ntóɣó | sə̀mbʉ́ə́ | hə́ə́ | vʉ́ʔʉ́ | ɣám |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Ghomala | yə́mūʔ | yə́pwə́ | yə́tá | yápfʉə̀ | yə́tɔ̂ | ntɔ̀kə́ | sɔmbwə́ə | hɔ̌m | vʉ̀ʔʉ́ | ɣǎm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Mengaka (Megaka) | yimɔʔɔ / mɔʔ | yipá /pa | yitét / tét | nəkʷɔ̀ | yitɛ | ntɔ̌ | sambá | nəhǎ | nəvøʔ | nəɣám |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Nda'nda' | ŋtʃɔ̀ʔ | pə́ɣə́ | té | kwò | tɔ̀ | tó | sòmbə̀ɣə̀ | χóp | vɨ̀ʔ | ɣáp |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Ngiemboon | mmɔ́ʼɔ́ | mbʉ́a | ntá | lekùa | ntʉ̂a | ntɔɡɔ́ | sɔɔn mbʉ́a | lefɔ̌ɔn | lepfwɔʼɔ́ | leɡém |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Ngomba | yemoʔ | yépá | yétát | yénékwa | yeta | yenentúku | sambá | yénéfom | yenepfúʔú | neɡʉ́m |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Ngombale | tá | pwó | tárə | kwo | taa | toɣə | saabwó | ləfaa | ləpfuʔú | ləɡham |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Ngwe | mɔʔfi | -biə | -tat | lɛkwə | -tɛ | -ntuli | saambiə | lɛfɔ | lɛʙə̌ʔá | lɛ̄ɣɛ̀m |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Yemba (Dschang) | wɔ́ mɔʔɔ́ | mé piá | mé tét | lekwa | metā | ntukɔ́ | ésabiā | lefá | levuʔɔ́ | leɣɛ̄m |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Awing (1) | mɔ̌ | pɛ́ | térə́ | nə̀kwà | ténə̀ | tóɣə́ | sàmbɛ́ | nə̀fémə́ | nə̀púʔə́ | nə̀ɣə́mə́ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Awing (2) | mɔh | pəːə | teːre | kwa | taa | ntuɡu | saːmbe | nɨfeːme | nɨpueh | nɨɡeːme |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Bafut (1) | mɔ́ʔɔ̂ | báà | tárə̀ | kwàà | ntáà | ntóʔò | sàmbà | fwámə́ | kwálìʔí / nɨ̀bùʔû | tàwûm / nɨ̀wûm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Bafut (2) | mɔʔɔ̂ | baa | tarə | kwà | ǹtaà | ntoʔo | sàmbà | fwamə | kwalɛ̀ʔɛ | tàɡhûm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Bambili-Bambui (1) | mɔ̀ʔɔ̀ | bə̀ɡə̀ | tyè | kyà | tɔ̀ɔ̀ | ntúú | ʃàmbà | nɨ̀fɔ̀ɔ̀ | nɨ̀bɛ̀ʔɛ̀ | nɨ̀ɣám |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Bambili-Bambui (2) | mɔʔɔ | bɨɡə | tyé | kɥa | tɔː | n-túː | ʃambá | nɨ-fɔː | nɨ-bɛʔɛ | nɨ-ɣám |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Bamukumbit | m²mɔʔɔ⁷⁷ or tɑʔ | bɛ, bɨbɛ, mɨmbɛ | tɑrɨ, bɨ²tɑː⁷⁵ɾə², mɨntɑrɨ | nɨkwɑ, bɨnɨkwɑ, mɨnkwɑ | jitɑ̃, bɨtɑ̃, mɨntɑ̃ | jintoʔ, bɨntoʔ, mɨntoʔ | ʃɑmbɛ, bɨʃɑmbɛ, mɨʃɑmbɛ | nɨfɔ̃, bɨnɨfɔ̃, mɨnɨfɔ̃ | nɨ²buʔ²¹, bɨnɨbuʔ, mɨnɨbuʔ | nɨwũ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Mendankwe-Nkwen | mɔ̄h | bəɡə | tarɔ | kua | tan | ntɔ̄ | sāmbā | nəfah | nəbuɔ̄h | nəɣəm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Mbəkum (Mankon) (1) | mɔ́ʔɔ̂ | bâ | tárə̂ | kwà | tánə̀ | ntúɣú | sàmbà | nɨ̀fámə́ | nɨ̀bùʔû | nɨ̀ɣɨ̂m |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Ngemba (Mankon) (2) | mɔ́ʔɔ́ | bǎ | táré | kwà | tâŋ | ntúɡhə̂ | sámbǎ | nɨ̀fə̂ŋ | nɨ̀bvùʔə́ | nɨ̀wúmə̀ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Pinyin | mɔ́ʔɔ̀ | páá | táɾə̀ | kwà | tânə̀ | ǹtô | sàmbâ | nə̀fámə̂ | nə̀pùʔə̂ | nə̀wúmə̀ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Kwaja | mũũ ˧˩ | baa ˦˧ | ta ˦ | kɥ ˧˩ | tɔ̃ ˦˧ | tɔ̃ ˨ fũ ˧ | sə ˨ mba ˧˨ | wɔ ˦ ŋkxɨt ˦ | bə ˦ ʁət ˨ | wəm˦ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Limbum (1) | mɔ̀ʔsíɾ | báː | táːɾ | kjèː | tâ | ntūːnfú | sàːmbâ | wāːmí | bɨ̀ʔɨ̂ / bɨ̀ɾɨ̂ | ɾɨ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Limbum (2) | mòʔsír | báā | táar | kyèe | tâ | ntūunfú | sàambâ | wāamé | bʉ̀ʔʉ̂ | rʉ̂ʉ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Mfumte (Koffa) | mìʔincí | bʉ́à | tó | kweé | tóŋ | ntunfúu | sɔ̀mbaa | wáamí | búum | húʔum |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Yamba | mòʔfís | bá | tɛʔ | kwè | tàŋ | ntuuŋfú | sàmbâ | fwamɛʔ | və̀kɛʔ | húm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Baba1 (Papia) (1) | mɔ̀ʔ | mbá | ntí | kúá | tè | ntíóʔó | kpataɾ | fómə́ | ʃìpó | kòɣəm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Baba (Papia) (2) | jimàa / jímɔ̀ | jípàa / ji mbá | ji tára / ji ntíi | ji kwà / kpa | ji tè | ntúwó / tuʔo | kwàtar / kpataɾ | fómə | tʃìpóo / ʃipɔ | kòɣəm / ɣəm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Bafanji | jimuʔu / muʔu³⁵ / tiʔæ⁵³ | jipɑɑ / piæ³⁵ | jitii / tii³⁵ | jikwə / kwə³ | jintɑ̃ĩ⁵³ / tɑ̃ĩ⁵³ | jintou / ntou⁵ | jikwætæ / kwætæ³⁵ | jifũɔ̃ / fũɔ̃⁵ | jipuʔu / puʔu³⁵ | jiɣwũ / ɣwũ⁵³ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Bamali (Papia) | mʷəʔə | pɛt | tɛt | kʷa | ta | ntɔ | kʷatʃø | nəfɔː | nəpuʔu | nəɣu |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Bambalang | tɛʔi | paa | tɾe | kʰwɛ | tiɛ̃ | ntiɡaw | kwatʃəɨ | fuõ | ndipoʔu | wuŋ |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Bamun (Shupamen) (1) | mòʔ | mbàá | tɛ́t | pkà | tɛ̀n | ntú | sàmbà | fámə́ | kóvýʔ | ɣə́m |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Bamun (Bamum) (2) | ímoʔ | ípáa | ítɛt | ípkwà | ítɛ̀n | ítúu | ísamba | ífámə | ívʉ̀ʔʉ́ | ɣóm |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Bangolan | mɔ̀ | mbǎ | tét | kpà | tíjē | ǹtúhù | kpáte̙t | fó | tʃɛ̀ŋɔ́ʔɔ̀ | vwó |
| Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Medumba | ntʃɯ̀ʔ | bɔ̂ | t̪át | kwà | t̪ân | ndɔ́ɣə́ | sàmbɔ̂ | fúmə́ | bwə̀ʔə́ | ɣám |