Part of a series on
Freemasonry
Overview Grand Lodge Masonic lodge Masonic lodge officers Grand Master Prince Hall Freemasonry Regular Masonic jurisdiction Anglo-American Freemasonry Continental Freemasonry
History History of Freemasonry Liberté chérie Masonic manuscripts
Masonic bodies Masonic Masonic bodies York Rite Order of Mark Master Masons Holy Royal Arch Royal Arch Masonry Cryptic Masonry Knights Templar Red Cross of Constantine Scottish Rite Knight Kadosh Societas Rosicruciana Order of Royal and Select Masters Grand College of Rites Swedish Rite Order of Saint Thomas of Acon Royal Order of Scotland Order of Knight Masons Research Lodge Corks Side degrees The Shrine Royal Order of Jesters Tall Cedars of Lebanon The Grotto Masonic groups for women Women and Freemasonry Order of the Amaranth Order of the Eastern Star Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star Co-Freemasonry Masonic youth organizations DeMolay A.J.E.F. Job's Daughters International Order of the Rainbow for Girls
Views on Masonry Anti-Masonry Anti-Masonic Party Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition Masonic conspiracy theories Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry Papal ban of Freemasonry Taxil hoax
People and places Masonic Temple James Anderson Prince Hall William Preston Thomas Smith Webb Albert Mackey Albert Pike John the Evangelist John the Baptist William Schaw Elizabeth Aldworth List of Freemasons Lodge Mother Kilwinning Freemasons' Hall, London Mark Masons' Hall, London House of the Temple Solomon's Temple Detroit Masonic Temple List of Masonic buildings
Related Masonic ritual and symbolism Great Architect of the Universe Square and Compasses Pigpen cipher Eye of Providence Hiram Abiff Chamber of Reflection List of Masonic Abbreviations Sprig of Acacia Masonic Landmarks Pike's Morals and Dogma Propaganda Due Dermott's Ahiman Rezon Volume of Sacred Law
By country Barbados Belgium Canada China Croatia Denmark France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Lebanon Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mexico North Macedonia Portugal Romania Russia Scotland South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Philippines Thailand Turkey Ukraine Venezuela United States
v t e

Shriners International, formally known as the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (AAONMS), is an American Masonic society established in 1870 and headquartered in Tampa, Florida.^[1]

Shriners International describes itself as a fraternity based on fun, fellowship, and the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth.^[2] There are about 200 temples across North America, South America, Europe and Southeast Asia. The organization founded the Shriners Hospitals for Children.^[3]

The organization was previously known as "Shriners North America." The name was changed in 2010 across North America, Central America, South America, Europe, and Southeast Asia.^[3]

Notable American Shriners include actors Mel Blanc, John Wayne, Ernest Borgnine, and Roy Rogers, Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren, General Douglas MacArthur, and presidents Gerald Ford and Harry Truman.^[4]

History

In 1870, there were several thousand Freemasons in Manhattan, many of whom lunched at the Knickerbocker Cottage at a special table on the second floor. There, the idea of a new fraternity for Masons, stressing fun and fellowship, was discussed. Together, Walter M. Fleming and William J. Florence established a separate fellowship to fulfill those ideals.

While on tour in Marseille, Florence, an actor, was invited to a party given by an Arab diplomat. The entertainment was a musical comedy. At its conclusion, the guests became members of a secret society. Florence took notes and drawings at his initial viewing and on two other occasions, once in Algiers and once in Cairo. When he returned to New York in 1870, he showed his material to Fleming.^[5]

Fleming created the ritual, emblem and costumes. Florence and Fleming were initiated August 13, 1870, and they initiated 11 men on June 16, 1871.^[6]

The group adopted a Middle Eastern theme and soon established Temple, although the term Temple has now been replaced by Shrine Auditorium or Shrine Center. The first Temple established was Mecca Temple, established at the New York City Masonic Hall on September 26, 1872. Fleming was the first potentate.^[7]

In 1875, there were 43 Shriners in the organization. To encourage membership, the Imperial Grand Council of the Ancient Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North America was created at the June 6, 1876 meeting of Mecca Temple. Fleming was elected the first imperial potentate. By 1878, there were 425 members in 13 temples in eight states, and by 1888, there were 7,210 members in 48 temples in the United States and Canada. By the Imperial Session held in Washington, D.C. in 1900, there were 55,000 members and 82 Temples.^[8]

Black Shrine

Historically, the Shrine was open to only white men. In 1893, a black counterpart to the Shriners movement was initiated by John G. Jones and other Prince Hall masons, initially called The Ancient Egyptian Arabic Order Nobles Mystic Shrine of North and South America and Its Jurisdictions.^[9] Early in the group's history, there was legal conflict between the white and black orders, with a white order from Texas filing suit against a local black order for infringement of white Shriners regalia and traditions. The white order was initially successful in quashing the black temple until the ruling was overturned in appeals in 1929, protecting the right of black Shriners to continue practicing and fundraising nationwide.^[10] The Worldwide Fraternal Shrine Family counts 35,000 members in 227 shrines, with its own women's auxiliary organizations. Their primary recipients of charitable donations are the NAACP, the National Urban League, the UNCF, and various hospitals and universities.^[9]

Syria mosque

In 1911, the Syria Mosque was completed in Pittsburgh and was inaugurated in 1916. This 3,700-seat performance venue, originally for Shriners, later became significant as the "birthplace of network television."^[11] An example of Exotic Revival architecture, it was never used as a mosque but featured religious Arabic iconography and inscriptions,^[12] partly based on the Alhambra.^[13] Architect Gulzar Haider was "fascinated" by its design, but criticized the "insensitive and callous misuse of another religion’s artistic vocabulary and symbolic grammar," claiming it was part of the "'oriental obsession' of the otherwise 'puritanical' Europeans and Americans."^[13] Musicians having performed at the Syria Mosque included Bruce Springsteen, Louis Armstrong, Bob Dylan, Pink Floyd, Jimmy Buffett, and The Beach Boys. Political event hosts included Reagan, Nixon, Truman, and Kennedy. Despite efforts to conserve the building as a historic landmark, the Syria Mosque was torn down in 1991.^[14]

Women's auxiliaries

The Ladies Oriental Shrine of North America was founded in 1903 in Wheeling, West Virginia,^[15] and the Daughters of the Nile was founded in 1913 in Seattle, Washington.^[16] Both are for women only and they support the Shriners Hospitals and promote sociability. Membership in either organization is open to any woman 18 years of age and older who is related to a Shriner or Master Mason by birth or marriage. The latter organization has local branches called "Temples," and there were ten of these in 1922. Among the famous members of the Daughters of the Nile was First Lady Florence Harding, wife of Warren G. Harding.^[17]

Growth

By 1938 there were about 340,000 members in the United States. That year, Life published photographs of the Shriners' rites. It described the Shriners as being the first in prestige, wealth and show among secret societies, and that Shriners organizations typically include a town's most prominent citizens.^[18]

Organizational rebranding

In 2002, following the September 11 attacks, the "faux-Middle Eastern practices and trappings" led Shriners to be "mistaken for a Muslim organization, leading to harassment and vandalism."^[19] This included threatening phone calls and harassment of Rhode Island Shriners (formerly known as Palestine Temple Shriners) driving a Shriners van to drive sick children to Shriner hospitals.^[19]

By 2011, Shriners removed much of the Middle Eastern theming, both locally^[19] and within the broader organization.^[4] This was in continued response to "the events of Sept. 11, 2001 and subsequent military conflicts."^[4] Changes included renaming the organization from "Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" to "Shriners International;" renaming the "Arabic Patrol" to "The Patrol" and removing the word Syria from Syria Shriners vanity plates. Despite these changes, the Illustrious Potentate of Pittsburgh's Syria Shrine chapter stated that "pretty much all non-atheists are welcome, including Muslims."^[4]

Membership

Historically, a Mason had to complete either the Scottish Rite or York Rite systems to be eligible for membership in the Shrine.^[20]

In 1991, brick-mason Michael G. Vaughan filed a lawsuit against the Oleika Shrine Temple in Lexington, Kentucky, for hazing practices to which he said he was subjected in his efforts to become a Shriner. In court, Vaughan told jurors that in June 1989, he was blindfolded and received a jolt of electricity that was applied to his bare buttocks as part of the Shriners' initiation rites. He said he was forced to walk on an electric mat that was meant to simulate the hot sands of the Sahara, and that he was knocked unconscious and received other injuries during his initiation.

Vaughan said the initiation left him humiliated and embarrassed, and caused him to suffer anxiety, nightmares, and a sleep disorder.^[21] After two hours of deliberation, the jury rejected the claim.^[22]

Architecture

Some of the earliest Shrine Centers often chose a Moorish Revival style for their Temples. Architecturally notable Shriners Temples include: the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles; the former Mecca Temple, now called New York City Center and used primarily as a concert hall; Newark Symphony Hall; the Landmark Theater (formerly The Mosque) in Richmond, Virginia; the Tripoli Shrine Temple in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; the Polly Rosenbaum Building (formerly the El Zaribah Shrine Auditorium) in Phoenix; the Helena Civic Center (Montana) (formerly the Algeria Shrine Temple); Abou Ben Adhem Shrine Mosque in Springfield, Missouri; Murat Shrine Temple (now Old National Center) in Indianapolis; the Fox Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia, which was jointly built between the Atlanta Shriners and movie mogul William Fox; and the Syria Mosque in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Philanthropy

Shriners Hospitals for Children

The Shrine's charitable arm is the Shriners Hospitals for Children, a network of 22 healthcare facilities in the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

In June 1920, the Imperial Council Session voted to establish a Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children to treat orthopedic injuries and conditions, diseases, burns, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects, such as cleft lip and palate, in children.^[23][24] The first hospital opened in 1922 in Shreveport, Louisiana. By the end of the decade 13 more hospitals were operational.^[24]

Any child under the age of 18 can be admitted to the hospital if a doctor determines the child can be treated.^[24][25] There is no requirement for religion, race or relationship to a Shriner.

Until June 2012, all care at Shriners Hospitals was provided without charge to patients and their families. At that time, because the size of their endowment had decreased due to losses in the stock market, Shriners Hospitals started billing patients' insurance companies, but continued to offer free care to children without insurance. Shriners hospitals waive all costs insurance does not cover. Shriners Hospitals for Children is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.^[23]

Shriners Hospitals for Children are located in these cities^{[clarification needed]}:^[26]

*This location is an outpatient, ambulatory care center.^[26]

Events

Shriners host the annual East–West Shrine Game, a college football all-star game.

The Shriners originally hosted a golf tournament in association with singer/actor Justin Timberlake, called the Justin Timberlake Shriners Hospitals for Children Open, a PGA Tour golf tournament played in Las Vegas, Nevada.^[27] The relationship between Timberlake and the Shriners ended in 2012, when the Shriners reported that Timberlake was interested in being involved with the organization only when television cameras were present.^[28] In July 2012, the PGA Tour and Shriners Hospitals for Children announced a five-year title sponsorship extension, carrying the commitment to the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open through 2017.^[29] The name was changed to The Shriners Hospitals for Children Open and is played in Las Vegas, Nevada.^[30]

Many Shrine Centers also hold a yearly Shrine Circus as a fundraiser.

Once a year, the fraternity meets for the Imperial Session in a North American city.

Shriners International Imperial Sessions

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Shriners
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

---



---

www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk

---

Shriners International Imperial Sessions

#	Year	City	State/Province	Host Chapter	Imperial Potentate
1	1876	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
2	1877	Albany	NY	Cyprus	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
3	1878	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
4	1879	Albany	NY	Cyprus	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
5	1880	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
6	1880	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
7	1881	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
8	1882	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
9	1883	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
10	1884	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
11	1885	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
12	1886	Cleveland	OH	Al Koran	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
13	1887	Indianapolis	IN	Murat	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
14	1888	Toronto	Ontario	Rameses	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
15	1889	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
16	1890	Pittsburgh	PA	Syria	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
17	1891	Niagara Falls	NY	Ismailia	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
18	1892	Omaha	NE	Tangier	William B. Melish (Syrian)
19	1893	Cincinnati	OH	Syria	William B. Melish (Syrian)
20	1894	Denver	CO	El Jebel	Thomas J. Hudson (Syria)
21	1895	Nantasket Beach	MA	Aleppo	Charles L. Field (Islam)
22	1896	Cleveland	OH	Al Koran	Harrison Dingman (Almas)
23	1897	Detroit	MI	Moslem	Albert B. McGaffey (El Jebel)
24	1898	Dallas	TX	Hella	Ethelbert F. Allen (Ararat)
25	1899	Buffalo	NY	Ismailia	John H. Atwood (Tangier)
26	1900	Washington	DC	Almas	Lou B. Winsor (Saladin)
27	1901	Kansas City	MO	Ararat	Philip C. Shaffer (Lu Lu)
28	1902	San Francisco	CA	Islam	Henry C. Akin (Tangier)
29	1903	Saratoga Springs	NY	Oriental	George L. Brown (Ismailia)
30	1904	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	George L. Brown (Ismailia)
31	1905	Niagara Falls	NY	Ismailia	Henry A. Collins (Rameses)
32	1906	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Alvah P. Clayton (Moila)
33	1907	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	Frank C. Roundy (Medinah)
34	1908	Saint Paul	MN	Osman	Edwin I. Alderman (El Kahir)
35	1909	Louisville	KY	Kosair	George L. Street (Acca)
36	1910	New Orleans	LA	Jerusalem	Fred A. Hines (Al Malaikah)
37	1911	Rochester	NY	Damascus	John F. Treat (El Zagal)
38	1912	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	William J. Cunningham (Boumi)
39	1913	Dallas	TX	Hella	William W. Irwin (Osiris)
40	1914	Atlanta	GA	Yaarab	Frederick R. Smith (Damascus)
41	1915	Seattle	WA	Nile	J. Putnam Stevens (Kora)
42	1916	Buffalo	NY	Ismailia	Henry F. Niedringhaus, Jr. (Moolah)
43	1917	Minneapolis	MN	Zurah	Charles E. Ovenshire (Zuhrah)
44	1918	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Elias J. Jacoby (Murat)
45	1919	Indianapolis	IN	Murat	W. Freeland Kendrick (Lu Lu)
46	1920	Portland	OR	Al Kader	Ellis Lewis Garretson (Afifi)
47	1921	Des Moines	IA	Za-Ga-Zig	Ernest A. Cutts (Alee)
48	1922	San Francisco	CA	Islam	James S. McCandless (Aloha)
49	1923	Washington	DC	Almas	Conrad V. Dykeman (Kismet)
50	1924	Kansas City	MO	Ararat	James E. Chandler (Ararat)
51	1925	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	James C. Burger (El Jebel)
52	1926	Philadelphia	PA	Lu Lu	David W. Crosland (Alcazar)
53	1927	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Clarence M. Dunbar (Palestine)
54	1928	Miami	FL	Mahi	Frank C. Jones (Arabia)
55	1929	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	Leo V. Youngworth (Al Malaikah)
56	1930	Toronto	Ontario	Rameses	Esten A. Fletcher (Damascus)
57	1931	Cleveland	OH	Al Koran	Thomas J. Houston (Medinah)
58	1932	San Francisco	CA	Islam	Earl C. Mills (Za-Ga-Zig)
59	1933	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	John N. Sebrell (Khedive)