A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Proto-Oceanic | |
|---|---|
| POc | |
| Reconstruction of | Oceanic languages |
| Region | Bismarck Archipelago |
| Era | ca. late 3rd millennium BCE |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
| Lower-order reconstructions | |
Proto-Oceanic (abbr. POc) is a proto-language that historical linguists since Otto Dempwolff have reconstructed as the hypothetical common ancestor of the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Oceanic is a descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language (PAN), the common ancestor of the Austronesian languages.
Proto-Oceanic was probably spoken around the late 3rd millennium BCE in the Bismarck Archipelago, east of Papua New Guinea.[1] Archaeologists and linguists currently agree that its community more or less coincides with the Lapita culture.
Linguistic characteristics
The methodology of comparative linguistics, together with the relative homogeneity of Oceanic languages, make it possible to reconstruct with reasonable certainty the principal linguistic properties of their common ancestor, Proto-Oceanic. Like all scientific hypotheses, these reconstructions must be understood as obviously reflecting the state of science at a particular moment in time; the detail of these reconstructions is still the object of much discussion among Oceanicist scholars.
Phonology
The phonology of POc can be reconstructed with reasonable certainty.[2] Proto-Oceanic had five vowels: *i, *e, *a, *o, *u, with no length contrast.
Twenty-three consonants are reconstructed. When the conventional transcription of a protophoneme differs from its value in the IPA, the latter is indicated:
| Labiovelar | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Voiceless | *pw /pʷ/ | *p | *t | *c | *k | *q |
| Prenasalized | *bw /ᵐbʷ/ | *b /ᵐb/ | *d /ⁿd/ | *j /ᶮɟ/ | *g /ᵑɡ/ | ||
| Nasal | *mw /mʷ/ | *m | *n | *ñ /ɲ/ | *ŋ | ||
| Fricative | *s | ||||||
| Rhotic | Flap[3] | *R /ɾ/ | |||||
| Trill | *r | ||||||
| Prenasalized | *dr /ⁿr/ | ||||||
| Lateral | *l | ||||||
| Glide | *w | *y /j/ | |||||
Based on evidence from the Southern Oceanic and Micronesian languages, Lynch (2003) proposes that the bilabial series may have been phonetically realized as palatalized: /pʲ/ /ᵐbʲ/ /mʲ/.[4]
Basic word order
Many Oceanic languages of New Guinea, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and Micronesia are SVO, or verb-medial, languages. SOV, or verb-final, word order is considered to be typologically unusual for Austronesian languages, and is only found in some Oceanic languages of New Guinea and to a more limited extent, the Solomon Islands. This is because SOV word order is very common in some non-Austronesian Papuan languages in contact with Oceanic languages. In turn, most Polynesian languages, and several languages of New Caledonia, have the VSO word order. Whether Proto-Oceanic had SVO or VSO is still debatable.
Lexicon
 | This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (June 2021) |
From the mid-1990s to 2023, reconstructing the lexicon of Proto-Oceanic was the object of the Oceanic Lexicon Project, run by scholars Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross and Meredith Osmond.[5] This encyclopedic project produced 6 volumes altogether, all available in open access.
In addition, Robert Blust also includes Proto-Oceanic in his Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (abbr. ACD).[6]
Animal names
Selected reconstructed Proto-Oceanic terms of various animals from Blust's ACD:
- Fishes
Proto-Oceanic Common name Scientific name *bubu₇ triggerfish Balistes sp. *sumu triggerfish Balistidae *sulik a fish, the fusilier Caesionidae sp. *tipi-tipi butterflyfish Chaetodon spp. *taŋapa wrasse Cheilinus spp. *bolo bolo small dark surgeonfish possibly Ctenochaetus *komi suckerfish / remora Echeneis naucrates; hold on by biting *kamaRi a fish, the rainbow runner Elagatis bipinnulata *piRu-piRu sailfish Istiophoridae *kulabo a fish Lethrinidae spp. *sabutu; *surup₂; *susul₁; *kasika a fish, the emperor Lethrinus spp. *tasiwa sea perch Lutjanus sp. *pu-pulan a white fish, the tarpon; herring Megalops cyprinoides *tiqo goatfish family Mullidae *mwanoRe unicornfish Naso unicornis *taRa short snouted unicornfish Naso spp. *lau a fish, the banded sweetlips Plectorhinchus spp. *lio-lio brown triggerfish Pseudobalistes fuscus *kitoŋ rabbitfish Siganus punctatus (family Siganidae) *palaja rabbitfish Siganus sp. *takua yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares *piRa₂ sailfin tang Zebrasoma veliferum
- Birds
Proto-Oceanic Common name Scientific name *pusiRa starling Aplonis spp. *kaRa male eclectus parrot Eclectus roratus *kao heron probably Egretta sp. *kiki₁ kingfisher Halcyon spp. *kikau, *kipau Bismarck scrub fowl Megapodius eremita *sau a bird, the Golden Whistler Pachycephala spp. *takere a bird, the fantail Rhipidura sp. *bune fruit dove probably Treron spp. *pwirip parrot probably Trichoglossus sp.
- Other animals
Proto-Oceanic Common name Scientific name *poñu the green turtle Chelonia mydas *kasi to scrape; scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell Asaphis spp. *buliq₁ cowrie shell Cypraea mauritiana *sapulu bivalve mollusc possibly Pinna sp.
Plant names
Pawley and Ross (2006)
Reconstructed Proto-Oceanic terms for horticulture and food plants (other than coconuts):[7]
- Tubers and their culture
Proto-Oceanic Meaning *mwapo(q) taro (possibly all Araceae) *talo(s) taro, Colocasia esculenta *piRaq giant taro, elephant ear taro, Alocasia macrorrhiza *bulaka swamp taro, Cyrtosperma merkusii *kamwa kind of wild taro (?) *qupi greater yam, Dioscorea alata; yam (generic) *pwatik potato yam, aerial yam, Dioscorea bulbifera *(s,j)uli(q) banana or taro sucker, slip, cutting, shoot (i.e. propagation material) *wasi(n) taro stem (used for planting) *bwaŋo new leaves or shoots, or taro tops for planting *up(e,a) taro seedling *pasoq to plant (tubers) *kotiŋ to cut off taro tops
Proto-Oceanic Meaning *pudi banana, Musa cultivars *joRaga banana, Australimusa group *sakup kind of cooking banana: long with white flesh (presumably Eumusa group)
- Other food plants
Proto-Oceanic Meaning *topu sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum *pijo a kind of edible wild cane or a reed, Saccharum spontaneum *timun cucurbit (generic); cucumber, Cucumis sativus *laqia ginger, Zingiber officinale *yaŋo turmeric, Curcuma longa *kuluR breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis *baReqo breadfruit fruit (?) *padran pandanus (generic); coastal pandanus, Pandanus tectorius *kiRe coastal pandanus, Pandanus tectorius *pakum Pandanus dubius *ima kind of pandanus with useful leaves *Rabia sago, Metroxylon spp., mainly Metroxylon sagu *sag(u) sago starch *qatop sago fronds, thatch *talise Java almond, Indian almond, Terminalia catappa *qipi Tahitian chestnut, Pacific chestnut, Inocarpus fagifer *ŋaRi canarium almond, Canarium spp. *molis citrus fruit or citrus-like fruit *pau(q) mango, probably Mangifera indica *wai, *waiwai mango (generic) *kapika Malay apple and rose apple, Eugenia spp. *ñonum Morinda citrifolia *tawan Pometia pinnata *wasa edible greens, Abelmoschus manihot *m(w)asoku wild cinnamon, Cinnamomum spp. *quRis Polynesian plum, hog plum, Tahitian apple, Spondias cytherea *ñatu(q) kind of tree with avocado-like fruit and hard wood, Burckella obovata *raqu(p) New Guinea walnut, Dracontomelon dao *buaq areca palm, Areca catechu
- Gardening practices
Proto-Oceanic Meaning *quma garden *tanoq soil, earth *poki to clear ground for planting *sara to dig a hole *tanum to plant
Ross (2008)
Reconstructed plant terms from Malcolm Ross (2008):[8]
- Proto-Oceanic plant terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian or Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (65 reconstructions)
Proto-Oceanic Meaning *ñuliŋ Pisonia sp. *aRu a shore tree, Casuarina equisetifolia *bai-bai(t) a cycad, Cycas rumphii *baR coral tree, Erythrina variegata *bitu(ŋ) bamboo sp. *botu(ŋ) large bamboo, presumably Bambusa sp. *buaq betelnut, areca nut, palm, Areca catechu *drokol small Dillenia sp. *droRu(ŋ) Trema orientalis *guRu(n) sword grass, Imperata cylindrica *latoŋ Laportea and Dendrocnide spp. *kanawa(n) Cordia subcordata *tim(o,u)n Cucumis spp. (generic?); cucumber, Cucumis sativus *kati(p)al a palm with black wood, Caryota sp. *kayu tree or shrub: generic name for plants with woody stems and branches, probably not including palms or tree-ferns; wood, stick *kiRe coastal Pandanus sp., probably Pandanus tectorius Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Proto-Oceanic_language
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