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New York metropolitan area
Megacity and metropolitan region
From top, left to right: The Financial District of Lower Manhattan, the world's principal financial center;[1][2][3][4][5] Montauk Point Light, on the East End of Long Island; Downtown White Plains, in the Hudson Valley region; the Paramount Theatre, at Asbury Park Convention Hall at nightfall on the Jersey Shore; Greenwich, on Connecticut's Gold Coast, home to many wealthy financiers and hedge funds; and Midtown Manhattan overlooking Hudson County, New Jersey toward the west, across the Hudson River
Map of the divisions of the New York metropolitan area as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau[6]
Country	United States
States	New York  New Jersey  Connecticut  Pennsylvania
Core city	New York City
Satellite cities	List of satellite cities Allentown Asbury Park Babylon Basking Ridge Bayonne Beacon Bethlehem Brick Bridgeport Bridgewater Brookfield Brookhaven Carmel Clifton Danbury Darien Denville Edison Elizabeth Flemington Fort Lee Franklin Lakes Freehold Glen Cove Greenwich Hackensack Hamilton Hawthorne Hempstead Hopewell Junction Huntington Islip Jackson Jersey City Kent Lake Success Lakewood Long Beach Long Branch Mahwah Middletown, NJ Middletown, Orange County, NY Montclair Morristown Mount Kisco Mount Vernon New Brunswick New Haven New Rochelle Newark Newburgh Newtown North Bergen North Hempstead Norwalk Old Bridge Oyster Bay Paramus Parsippany–Troy Hills Paterson Plainfield Port Chester Poughkeepsie Princeton Red Bank Rhinebeck Rye Sleepy Hollow Smithtown Stamford Summit Toms River Torrington Trenton Union Waterbury Wayne White Plains Woodbridge Yonkers
Area [7]
• Urban	3,450.2 sq mi (8,936 km2)
• Metro	8,294.21 sq mi (21,481.9 km2)
Population [7]
• Density	5,318/sq mi (2,053/km2)
• Urban (2020)	19,426,449
• Urban density	5,630.52/sq mi (2,173.95/km2)
• Metro density	2,428.25/sq mi (937.55/km2)
• Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) (2020)	20,140,470[8] (1st)
• 2022 ACS 1-year[9]	19,617,869
Demonym	Metro New Yorker
GDP [10][11]
• MSA	$2.163 trillion (2022)
• CSA	$2.504 trillion (2022)
Time zone	UTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Area codes	201, 203, 212, 332, 272, 347, 475, 484, 516, 551, 570, 609, 610, 631, 640, 646, 718, 732, 845, 848, 860, 862, 908, 914, 917, 929, 973
Highest elevation 4,180 ft/1,274 m (Slide Mountain (Ulster County, New York), in the Catskill Mountains). Lowest elevation 0 ft/0 m (sea level) at the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island Sound, and at Hudson River estuary waterways.

The New York metropolitan area, broadly referred to as the Tri-State area and often also called the Greater New York City Area, is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass,^[12][13][14] encompassing 4,669.0 sq mi (12,093 km²).^[15] The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the only U.S. metropolitan area larger than twenty million residents as of the 2020 United States census. The vast metropolitan area includes New York City, the nation's most populous city, Long Island, the Mid- and Lower Hudson Valley in the State of New York; fourteen counties and eleven of the largest cities in New Jersey; and six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut. The phrase "Tri-State area" usually refers to New York / New Jersey / Connecticut, although an increasing number of people who work in New York City commute from Pennsylvania, particularly from the Lehigh Valley, Bucks County, and Poconos regions in eastern Pennsylvania, making the metropolitan area span four states. The New York metropolitan area is the geographic and demographic hub of the larger Northeast megalopolis.

The New York metropolitan area is the most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States with 20.1 million residents, or slightly over 6% of the nation's total population, as of 2020.^[8] The combined statistical area includes 23.6 million residents as of 2020.^[16][17] It is one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world.^[18][19][20] The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States,^{[21][22][23][24]} having the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The metropolitan statistical area covers 6,720 sq mi (17,405 km²) while the combined statistical area is 13,318 sq mi (34,493 km²), encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. The New York metropolitan area's population is larger than that of the state of New York, and the metropolitan airspace accommodated over 130 million passengers in 2016.^[25]

As of 2022^[update], the New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world with a gross metropolitan product of over $2.5 trillion.^[11] Greater New York is the hub of multiple industries, including finance, health care, pharmaceuticals, and scientific output in life sciences,^[26][27] international trade, publishing, real estate, education, fashion, entertainment, tourism, law, and manufacturing; and if the New York metropolitan area were an independent sovereign state, it would constitute the eighth-largest economy in the world. New York City is also considered the cultural capital of the world.^{[28][29][30][31]} It is the most prominent financial,^[32][33][34] diplomatic, and media hub^[35][36] in the world.^[37][38]

According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP Codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone.^[39] The New York metropolitan area is known for its varied landscape and natural beauty, and contains five of the top ten richest places in America, according to Bloomberg. These are Scarsdale, New York; Short Hills, New Jersey; Old Greenwich, Connecticut; Bronxville, New York; and Darien, Connecticut.^[40] The New York metropolitan region's higher education network comprises hundreds of colleges and universities, including campuses of four Ivy League universities: Columbia, Princeton, Yale, and Cornell (at Cornell Tech and Weill Cornell Medicine); the flagship campuses of the largest public universities systems at SUNY Stony Brook and Rutgers; and globally-ranked New York University, Rockefeller University, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Definitions

Metropolitan statistical area

The counties and county groupings constituting the New York metropolitan area are listed below, with 2010 census figures:

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the urbanized area: the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and the combined statistical area (CSA). The MSA definition is titled the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and includes a population of 20.3 million people by 2017 Census estimates, roughly 1 in 16 Americans and nearly 7 million more than the second-place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States. The MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 23-county MSA includes 10 counties in New York State (coextensive with the five boroughs of New York, the two remaining counties of Long Island, and three counties in the Lower Hudson Valley); 12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey; and one county in northeastern Pennsylvania. The largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area, which had a land area of 3,450 square miles in 2010 according to the 2010 census. The New York State portion of the metropolitan area, which includes the five boroughs of New York City, the lower Hudson Valley, and Long Island, accounts for over 65 percent of the state's population.

New York–Newark–Jersey City-Yonkers, NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area (19,043,386)

• New York–Jersey City–White Plains, NY–NJ Metropolitan Division (11,732,233)
  • Kings County, NY (the borough of Brooklyn in NYC)
  • Queens County, NY (the borough of Queens in NYC)
  • New York County, NY (the borough of Manhattan in NYC)
  • Bronx County, NY (the borough of The Bronx in NYC)
  • Richmond County, NY (the borough of Staten Island in NYC)
  • Westchester County, NY
  • Bergen County, NJ
  • Hudson County, NJ
  • Passaic County, NJ
  • Putnam County, NY
  • Rockland County, NY
• Nassau County–Suffolk County, NY Metropolitan Division (2,832,882)
  • Suffolk County, NY
  • Nassau County, NY
• New Brunswick–Lakewood, NJ Metropolitan Division (2,383,854)
  • Middlesex County, NJ
  • Monmouth County, NJ
  • Ocean County, NJ
  • Somerset County, NJ
• Newark, NJ–PA Metropolitan Division (2,174,944)
  • Essex County, NJ
  • Union County, NJ
  • Morris County, NJ
  • Sussex County, NJ
  • Hunterdon County, NJ
  • Pike County, PA

Combined statistical area

Combined statistical areas (CSAs) group together adjacent core-based statistical areas with a high degree of economic interconnection.^[41] The New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area had an estimated population of 23.7 million as of 2014.^[17] About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes eight additional counties in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is often referred to as the tri-state area and less commonly the tri-state region. The New York City television designated market area (DMA) includes Pike County, Pennsylvania,^[42] which is also included in the CSA.

In addition to the New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA metropolitan statistical areas (MSA), the following core-based statistical areas are also included in the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA CSA:

• Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk–Danbury, CT MSA (916,829)
  • Fairfield County
• New Haven–Milford, CT MSA (862,477)
  • New Haven County, Connecticut
• Trenton–Princeton, NJ MSA (396,811)
  • Mercer County
• Torrington, CT micropolitan statistical area (189,927)
  • Litchfield County
• Kingston, NY MSA (182,693)
  • Ulster County
• East Stroudsburg, PA MSA (169,842)
  • Monroe County, Pennsylvania
• Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY MSA (670,301)
  • Dutchess County
  • Orange County, NY

Geography

The area is frequently divided into the following subregions:^[44][45]

• New York City (the primary urban center of the metropolitan region, comprising five boroughs, one of which is Manhattan, the geographical, cultural, and economic core of the entire metropolitan area)
• Central and eastern Long Island (Nassau and Suffolk Counties – separated by water from the rest of the region except New York City; not including Queens County or Kings County (Brooklyn), which are concurrent with two of New York's five boroughs)
• North Jersey (northern portion of New Jersey)
• Central Jersey (middle portion of New Jersey)
• Hudson Valley (Lower Hudson Valley suburbs of Westchester, Putnam, and Rockland Counties; and Mid-Hudson exurbs of Dutchess, Sullivan, Orange, and Ulster Counties)
• Western Connecticut (Only Fairfield, New Haven, and Litchfield Counties are part of the region and separated by the state line)
• Southern and Eastern Poconos (Monroe and Pike Counties in Pennsylvania)

All eight subregions are often further subdivided. For instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores (usually when speaking about Nassau County and western Suffolk County) and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, largely because of the shared usage of the Metro-North Railroad system.^[46]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City, western (and parts of eastern) Long Island, and the Jersey Shore experience a humid subtropical climate (Cfa),^[47][48] and New York is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this climate type.

Much of the remainder of the metropolitan area lies in the transition zone from a humid subtropical (Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Dfa),^[47][48] and it is only the inland, more exurban areas far to the north and west such as Sussex County, New Jersey, that have a January daily average of −3 °C (26.6 °F) or below and are fully humid continental; the Dfb (warm summer subtype) regime is only found inland at a higher elevation,^[47] and receives greater snowfall^[49] than the Dfa region. Much of Monroe and most of Pike County in Pennsylvania also have a fully humid continental climate.

Summers in the area are typically hot and humid. Nighttime conditions in and around the five boroughs of New York are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, and temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 7–8 days (on the immediate Long Island Sound and Atlantic coasts), up to in excess of 27 days (inland suburbs in New Jersey) each summer and may exceed 100 °F (38 °C).^{[citation needed]} Normally, warm to hot temperatures begin in mid-May, and last through early October. Summers also feature passing thundershowers which build in the heat of the day and then drop brief, but intense, rainfall.

Winters are cold with a mix of rain and snow. Although prevailing winds in winter are offshore, and temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean, the Atlantic and the partial shielding by the Appalachians from colder air keep the New York area warmer in the winter than inland North American metropolitan areas located at similar or lesser latitudes including Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. Warm periods with 50 °F (10 °C)+ temperatures may occasionally occur during winter as well.^[50] The hardiness zone in the New York metropolitan area varies over a wide range from 5a in the highest areas of Dutchess, Monroe, and Ulster Counties to 7b in most of NYC as well as Hudson County from Bayonne up the east side of the Palisades to Route 495, the majority of Nassau County, the north coast of Monmouth County, and Copiague Harbor, Lindenhurst, and Montauk in Suffolk County.^[51]

Almost all of the metropolitan area receives at least 42 inches (1,070 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year, and many areas receive upwards of 50 in (1,270 mm). Average winter snowfall for 1981 to 2010 ranges from just under 25 inches (64 cm) along the coast of Long Island to more than 50 in (127 cm) in some inland areas, but this usually varies considerably from year to year.^[52] Hurricanes and tropical storms have impacted the Tri-State area in the past, though a direct hit is rare. Several areas on Long Island, New Jersey, and the Connecticut coast have been impacted by serious storm surges in the past. Inland areas have been impacted by heavy rain and flooding from tropical cyclones.^[53]

The New York metropolitan area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine and 59% of possible sunlight annually,^[54] accumulating 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine per annum.^[55]