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Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani in 2019
107th Mayor of New York City
In office January 1, 1994 – December 31, 2001
Preceded by	David Dinkins
Succeeded by	Michael Bloomberg
United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York
In office June 3, 1983 – January 1, 1989
President	Ronald Reagan
Preceded by	John S. Martin Jr.
Succeeded by	Otto G. Obermaier
United States Associate Attorney General
In office February 20, 1981 – June 3, 1983
President	Ronald Reagan
Preceded by	John H. Shenefield
Succeeded by	D. Lowell Jensen
Personal details
Born	Rudolph William Louis Giuliani (1944-05-28) May 28, 1944 (age 80) New York City, U.S.
Political party	Republican (1980–present)
Other political affiliations	Liberal (statewide) Independent (1975–1980) Democratic (before 1975)
Spouses	Regina Peruggi ​ ​ (m. 1968; div. 1982)​ Donna Hanover ​ ​ (m. 1984; div. 2002)​ Judith Nathan ​ ​ (m. 2003; div. 2019)​
Children	Andrew Caroline
Education	Manhattan College (BA) New York University (JD)
Signature

This article is part of a series about Rudy Giuliani
Campaign for the presidency (2008) U.S. Senate campaign (2000) Electoral history Mayor of New York City Mayoralty Campaign for the mayoralty (1993) Crime Control Bill Bratton Stop-and-Frisk Broken windows Reelection (1997) Response to the September 11 attacks Trump Administration Trump–Ukraine scandal Election lawsuits January 6 United States Capitol attack Political positions Public image Giuliani Partners Leadership
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Rudolph William Louis Giuliani (/ˌdʒuːliˈɑːni/ JOO-lee-AH-nee, Italian: [dʒuˈljaːni]; born May 28, 1944) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 107th mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983 and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1983 to 1989.^[1][2]

Giuliani led the 1980s federal prosecution of New York City mafia bosses as U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York.^[3][4] After a failed campaign for Mayor of New York City in the 1989 election, he succeeded in 1993, and was reelected in 1997, campaigning on a "tough on crime" platform.^[1][5] He led New York's controversial "civic cleanup" from 1994 to 2001.^[1][6] and appointed William Bratton as New York City's new police commissioner.^[5] In 2000, he ran against First Lady Hillary Clinton for a U.S. Senate seat from New York, but left the race once diagnosed with prostate cancer.^[7][8] For his mayoral leadership following the September 11 attacks in 2001, he was called "America's mayor"^[5] and was named Time magazine's Person of the Year for 2001.^[9][10]

In 2002, Giuliani founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners,^[1] and acquired, but later sold, an investment banking firm, Giuliani Capital Advisors. In 2005, he joined a law firm, renamed Bracewell & Giuliani.^[1] Vying for the Republican Party's 2008 presidential nomination, Giuliani was an early frontrunner^[11] yet did poorly in the primary election; he later withdrew and endorsed the party's subsequent nominee, John McCain.^[5] After declining to run for New York governor in 2010 and for the Republican presidential nomination in 2012, Giuliani turned his focus to his business firms.^[1][12][13]

After advising Donald Trump during his 2016 presidential campaign and early administration, Giuliani joined President Trump's personal legal team in April 2018, remaining on it during the 2020 presidential election. His activities as Trump's attorney have led to allegations that he engaged in corruption and profiteering.^[4][10][14] In 2019, Giuliani was a central figure in the Trump–Ukraine scandal.^[14][15] Following the 2020 presidential election, he represented Trump in many lawsuits filed in attempts to overturn the election results, making false and debunked allegations about rigged voting machines,^[16][17] polling place fraud,^[18] and an international communist conspiracy.^[17][19] Giuliani spoke at the rally preceding the January 6 United States Capitol attack, where he made false claims of voter fraud and called for "trial by combat".^[20] Later, he was also listed as an unindicted co-conspirator in the federal prosecution of Trump's alleged attempts to overturn the election.^[21][22][23] In August 2023, he was indicted in the prosecution related to the 2020 election in Georgia,^{[24][25][26][27][28]} Later in 2023, Giuliani lost $148 million in a defamation lawsuit regarding his false claims about two election workers in Georgia, and subsequently declared bankruptcy.^[29] In April 2024, he was indicted for prosecution related to the 2020 election in Arizona.^[30]

Early life and education

Giuliani was born on May 28, 1944, in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York City, which at the time of his birth was a largely Italian American enclave of Brooklyn. He is the only child of working-class parents Helen (née D'Avanzo) and Harold Angelo Giuliani, both children of Italian immigrants.^[31] Harold Giuliani, a plumber and a bartender,^[32] had trouble holding a job, was convicted of felony assault and robbery, and served prison time in Sing Sing.^[33] Once released, his father worked as an enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who operated an organized crime-affiliated loan sharking and gambling ring from a restaurant in Brooklyn.^[34]

Giuliani was raised a Roman Catholic.^[35] When he was seven years old, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Island, where he attended the local Catholic school, St. Anne's.^[36] Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, where he graduated in 1961.^[37]

Giuliani attended Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in political science with a minor in philosophy^[38]. Giuliani was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year. He joined the Phi Rho Pi college forensic fraternity and honor society. He graduated in 1965.

Giuliani considered becoming a priest but decided to attended New York University School of Law in Manhattan, where he was a member of the New York University Law Review^[38] and graduated cum laude with a Juris Doctor degree in 1968.^[39]

Career

Giuliani started his career and political life as a Democrat, working as a Democratic Party committeeman on Long Island in the mid-1960s. In 1968, he volunteered for Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in the 1968 presidential election,^[40][41] and voted for George McGovern for president in the 1972 presidential election.^[42]

After graduating from law school, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd Francis MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.^[43]

Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. His conscription was deferred while he was enrolled at Manhattan College and NYU Law. Upon graduation from law school in 1968, he was classified 1-A (available for military service), but in 1969 he was reclassified 2-A (essential civilian) as Judge MacMahon's law clerk. In 1970, Giuliani was reclassified 1-A but received a high 308 draft lottery number and was not called up for service.^[44][45]

U.S. associate deputy attorney general

Giuliani switched his party registration from Democratic to Independent in 1975.^[41] This occurred during a period of time in which he was recruited for a position in Washington, D.C., with the Ford administration: Giuliani served as the associate deputy attorney general and chief of staff to Deputy Attorney General Harold "Ace" Tyler.^[41]

His first high-profile prosecution was of Democratic U.S. Representative Bertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption. Podell pleaded guilty to conspiracy and conflict of interest for accepting more than $41,000 in campaign contributions and legal fees from a Florida airline to obtain federal rights for a Bahama route. Podell, who maintained a legal practice while serving in Congress, said the payments were legitimate legal fees. The Washington Post later reported, "The trial catapulted future New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani to front-page status when, as assistant U.S. attorney, he relentlessly cross-examined an initially calm Rep. Podell. The congressman reportedly grew more flustered and eventually decided to plead guilty."^[46]

From 1977 to 1981, during the Carter administration, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler law firm, as chief of staff to his former boss, Ace Tyler. In later years, Tyler became "disillusioned" by what Tyler described as Giuliani's time as US Attorney, criticizing several of his prosecutions as "overkill".^[41]

On December 8, 1980, one month after the election of Ronald Reagan brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Republican.^[41] Giuliani later said the switches were because he found Democratic policies "naïve", and that "by the time I moved to Washington, the Republicans had come to make more sense to me."^[31] Others suggested that the switches were made in order to get positions in the Justice Department.^[41] Giuliani's mother maintained in 1988 that he "only became a Republican after he began to get all these jobs from them. He's definitely not a conservative Republican. He thinks he is, but he isn't. He still feels very sorry for the poor."^[41]

U.S. associate attorney general

In 1981, Giuliani was named associate attorney general in the Reagan administration,^[47] the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices' federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service. In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's "detention posture" regarding the internment of more than 2,000 Haitian asylum seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were "economic migrants". In defense of the government's position, Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in general, does not exist" under President of Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier's regime.^[38][48]

U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York

In 1983, Giuliani was appointed to be U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, which was technically a demotion but was sought by Giuliani because of his desire to personally litigate cases and because the SDNY is considered the highest-profile United States Attorney's Office in the country and as such is often used by those who have held the position as a springboard for running for public office. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken. He also focused on prosecuting drug dealers, organized crime, and corruption in government.^[39] He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the perp walk, parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.^[49] After Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.^[50]

Giuliani's critics said that he arranged for people to be arrested but then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces with charges later dropped or lessened sparked controversy and damaged the reputations of the alleged "perps".^[51] He said veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co., was guilty of insider trading; in February 1987 he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor, with Wigton in tears.^[52] Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond.^[52][53]

Within three months, charges were dropped against both Wigton and Tabor; Giuliani said, "We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the iceberg", but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not end until Giuliani's successor was in place.^[53] Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.^[54]

Mafia Commission trial

In the Mafia Commission Trial, which ran from February 25, 1985, through November 19, 1986, Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York City's so-called "Five Families", under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. Time magazine called this "case of cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach is to wipe out the five families."^[55] Gambino crime family boss Paul Castellano evaded conviction when he and his underboss Thomas Bilotti were murdered on the streets of midtown Manhattan on December 16, 1985. However, three heads of the Five Families were sentenced to 100 years in prison on January 13, 1987.^[56][57] Genovese and Colombo leaders, Tony Salerno and Carmine Persico, received additional sentences in separate trials, with 70-year and 39-year sentences to run consecutively. He was assisted by three Assistant United States Attorneys: Michael Chertoff, the eventual second United States Secretary of Homeland Security and co-author of the Patriot Act; John Savarese, now a partner at Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz; and Gil Childers, a later deputy chief of the criminal division for the Southern District of New York and now managing director in the legal department at Goldman Sachs.

According to an FBI memo revealed in 2007, leaders of the Five Families voted in late 1986 on whether to issue a contract for Giuliani's death.^[58] Heads of the Lucchese, Bonanno, and Genovese families rejected the idea, though Colombo and Gambino leaders, Carmine Persico and John Gotti, encouraged assassination.^[59] In 2014, it was revealed by former Sicilian Mafia member and informant Rosario Naimo that Salvatore Riina, a notorious Sicilian Mafia leader, had ordered a murder contract on Giuliani during the mid-1980s. Riina allegedly was suspicious of Giuliani's efforts prosecuting the American Mafia and was worried that he might have spoken with Italian anti-Mafia prosecutors and politicians, including Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, who were both murdered in 1992 in separate car bombings.^[60][61] According to Giuliani, the Sicilian Mafia offered $800,000 for his death during his first year as mayor of New York in 1994.^[62][63]

Boesky and Milken trials

Ivan Boesky, a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about $200 million by betting on corporate takeovers, was originally investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders, leading the way for the US Attorney's Office of the Southern District of New York to investigate as well. These stock and options acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover. Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several others, including junk bond trader Michael Milken. Per agreement with Giuliani, Boesky received a 3+1⁄2-year prison sentence along with a $100 million fine.^[64] In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. In a highly publicized case, Milken was indicted by a grand jury on these charges.^[65]

Current legal practice

In June 2021, Giuliani had his license to practice law suspended in the state of New York, pending an investigation related to his efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election.^[66][67]

Mayoral campaigns

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Mayor_Rudolph_Giuliani
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