Protestants were executed in England under heresy laws during the reigns of Henry VIII (1509–1547) and Mary I (1553–1558), and in smaller numbers during the reigns of Edward VI (1547–1553), Elizabeth I (1558–1603), and James I (1603–1625). Protestant theologian and activist John Foxe described "the great persecutions & horrible troubles, the suffering of martyrs, and other such thinges" in his contemporaneously-published Book of Martyrs.

Protestants in England and Wales were executed under legislation that punished anyone judged guilty of heresy against Catholicism. Although the standard penalty for those convicted of treason in England at the time was execution by being hanged, drawn and quartered, this legislation adopted the punishment of burning the condemned. At least 280 people were recognised as burned over the five years of Mary I's reign by contemporary sources.

Historical context

Part of a series on the
History of the Church of England
Westminster Abbey (1749) by Canaletto
Middle Ages (597–1500) Anglo-Saxon Christianity Religion in Medieval England Convocations of Canterbury and York Development of dioceses
Reformation (1509–1559) Reformation Parliament Dissolution of the Monasteries Thomas Cranmer Book of Common Prayer (1549) Edwardine Ordinals Book of Common Prayer (1552) Forty-two Articles Martyrs Marian exiles
Elizabethan Church (1558–1603) Book of Common Prayer (1559) Thirty-nine Articles Convocation of 1563 The Books of Homilies History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I Vestments controversy Richard Hooker Foxe's Book of Martyrs Marprelate Controversy
Jacobean period (1603–1625) James I and religious issues History of the Puritans under King James I Millenary Petition Hampton Court Conference Book of Common Prayer (1604) King James Version
Caroline period (1625–1649) Arminianism in the Church of England Caroline Divines Laudianism History of the Puritans under King Charles I
1649–1688 History of the Puritans from 1649 Westminster Assembly Savoy Conference Book of Common Prayer (1662) Great Ejection Nonjuring schism
1700–1950 Bangorian Controversy Evangelical Revival Oxford Movement Disestablishmentarianism Prayer Book Crisis History of the Anglican Communion
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English Reformation

The English Reformation had put a stop to Catholic ecclesiastical governance in England, asserted royal supremacy over the English Church and dissolved some church institutions, such as monasteries and chantries.

An important year in the English Reformation was 1547, when Protestantism became a new force under the child-king Edward VI, England's first Protestant ruler. Edward died at age 15 in 1553. His relative Lady Jane Grey claimed the throne but was deposed by Edward's Catholic half-sister, Mary I.^[1]: p62

Persecution of Protestants under Mary I (1553–1558)

The relationship between the English church and Rome was restored at the accession of Queen Mary I to the English throne in 1553. With her repeal of all religious legislation passed under Edward VI, Protestants faced a choice: exile, reconciliation/conversion, or punishment.^[2]: p.186 Many people were exiled, and hundreds of dissenters were burned at the stake, earning her the nickname of "Bloody Mary".^[3] The number of people executed for their faith during the persecutions is thought to be at least 287, including 56 women.^[4] Thirty others died in prison.^[5]: p.79

Although the so-called "Marian Persecutions" began with four clergymen, relics of Edwardian England's Protestantism,^[2]: p.196 Foxe's Book of Martyrs offers an account of the executions, which extended well beyond the anticipated targets – high-level clergy. Tradesmen were also burned, as well as married men and women, sometimes in unison, "youths" and at least one couple was burned alive with their daughter.^[2]: p.196 The figure of 300 victims of the Marian Persecutions was given by Foxe^[6] and later by Thomas Brice in his poem, "The Regester".^[7]

English Inquisition and the judicial process

However bloody the end, the trials of Protestant heretics were judicial affairs, presided by bishops (most notably Bishop Bonner) adhering to a strict legal protocol under the privy council, with Parliament's blessing.^[2]: p.195 Mary had difficulty forming an efficient Privy Council, which eventually numbered over 40 and never worked as a source of political advice, though it effectively pursued police work and enforcement of religious uniformity.^{[1]: p62-65} During the session that restored the realm to papal obedience Parliament reinstated the heresy laws.^[2]: p.196 From 20 January 1555, England could legally punish those judged guilty of heresy against the Roman Catholic faith.^[5]: p.91

Thus it became a matter of establishing the guilt or innocence of an accused heretic in open court – a process which the lay authorities employed to reclaim "straying sheep" and to set a precedent for authentic Catholic teaching.^[5]: p.102 If found guilty, the accused were first excommunicated, then handed over to the secular authorities for execution.^[5]: p.102 The official records of the trials are limited to formal accusations, sentences, and so forth; the documents to which historians look for context and detail are those written by the accused or their supporters.^[5]: p.102

John Rogers' execution

Before Mary's ascent to the throne, John Foxe, one of the few clerics of his day who was against the burning of even obstinate heretics, had approached the Royal Chaplain and Protestant preacher, John Rogers to intervene on behalf of Joan Bocher, a female Anabaptist who was sentenced to death by burning in 1550.^[2]: p.193 Rogers refused to help, as he supported the burning of heretics. Rogers claimed that the method of execution was "sufficiently mild" for a crime as grave as heresy.^[5]: p.87 Later, after Mary I came to power and restored England to Catholicism, John Rogers spoke quite vehemently against the new order and was himself burnt as a heretic.^[5]: p.97

Legacy

Throughout the course of the persecutions, Foxe lists 312 individuals who were burnt or hanged for their faith, or died or sickened in prison. Three of these people are commemorated with a gothic memorial in Oxford, England, but there are many other memorials across England.^[8] They are known locally as the "Marian Martyrs".

English Saints and Martyrs of the Reformation Era are remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 4 May.^[9]

Martyrs executed

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Marian_persecutions
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Order of death.	Name	Residence	Description	Date of execution	Place of execution	References
Protestants executed under Henry VIII
1.	Thomas Hitton	Martham, Norfolk	clergyman – priest	burnt 23 February 1530	Maidstone, Kent	[10]
2.	Thomas Benet	Exeter, Devon	teacher	burnt 15 January 1531	Exeter, Devon	[11]
3.	Thomas Bilney	Taken at Norwich, Norfolk	clergyman – priest	burnt 19 August 1531	Lollards Pit, Norwich, Norfolk	[12]
4.	Richard Bayfield	Taken at Mark Lane, London	monk – Benedictine (former) and chamberlain of Bury St Edmunds Abbey	burnt 27 November 1531	Smithfield, London	[13]
5.	John Tewkesbury	St Michael-le-Querne Parish, Paternoster Row, London	leatherseller	burnt December 1531	Smithfield, London	[14]
6.	'An old man'	Buckinghamshire		burnt 1531		[15][n 1]
7.	Davy Foster	Yorkshire	poor artificer	burnt 1531		[16][17]
8.	James Bainham	Middle Temple, London	lawyer	burnt 30 April 1532	Smithfield, London	[18]
9.	John Bent	Urchfont, Wiltshire		burnt in or before April 1532	Devizes, Wiltshire	[19]
10.	... Trapnel			burnt in or before April 1532	Bradford, Wiltshire	[19]
11.	Thomas Harding	Chesham, Buckinghamshire	'aged father'	his brains were dashed out with a billet of wood while he was being burnt at the stake, May 1532	Chesham, Buckinghamshire	[20]
12.	John Frith	Westerham, then Sevenoaks, Kent[21] – Taken after he had been preaching at Bow Lane, London	clergyman – canon at Cardinal College, Oxford	burnt 4 July 1533	Smithfield, London	[22]
13.	Andrew Hewet	Watling Street, London (born in Faversham, Kent)	apprentice to a tailor	burnt 4 July 1533	Smithfield, London	[22]
14.–23.	Ten Dutchmen counted for Anabaptists – Segor, Derycke, Symon, Runa, Derycke, Dominicke, Dauid, Cornelius, Elken and Milo			burnt 1535	'sundry places of the realm'	[23][24]
24.	Robert Pakington	Cheapside, London	mercer	murdered 13 November 1536	Cheapside, London	[25]
25.	William Cowbridge	Wantage, Berkshire	clergyman (purported) – 'exercised the office of a priest, in teaching and administering of the sacraments, but being no priest indeed'	burnt after – probably shortly after – 22 July 1538	Oxford, Oxfordshire	[25][26][n 2]
26.	John Lambert	The Stocks – a market for meat and fish in the City of London	clergyman – priest, and teacher of Greek and Latin	burnt 22 November 1538	Smithfield, London	[27]
27.	... Puttedew	Suffolk		burnt in or before 1538	Suffolk	[25]
28.	William Leiton or Leyton	Eye Priory, Eye, Suffolk	monk – Benedictine	burnt in or before 1538	Norwich, Norfolk	[25]
29. -30	Two Anabaptists, a man and a woman	Dutch		burnt 29 November 1538	Smithfield, London	[28]
31.	Giles Germane			burnt 1539	St Giles in the Fields, outside London	[29]
32.	Launcelot ...		servant of the king	burnt 1539	St Giles in the Fields, outside London	[29]
33.	John ...		painter	burnt 1539	St Giles in the Fields, outside London	[29]
34.–36.	Three Anabaptists – ... Mandeville, ... Collins and another			burnt 29 April 1539	Newington Causeway, outside London	[30]
37.	William Collins	London	lawyer and gentleman	burnt 7 July 1540	Smithfield, London or Southwark	[25][26][n 3]
38.	Robert Barnes	Austin Friary, Cambridge (until 1528)	monk – Augustinian	burnt 30 July 1540	Smithfield, London	[31]
39.	Thomas Gerrard (or Gerard, Garret or Garrard)	All Hallows Honey Lane Parish, London	clergyman – rector of All Hallows Honey Lane	burnt 30 July 1540	Smithfield, London	[31]
40.	William Jerome	Stepney, London	clergyman – vicar of St Dunstan's, Stepney	burnt 30 July 1540	Smithfield, London	[31]
41.–42.	Valentine Freese and his wife			burnt 1540	York, Yorkshire	[32][33]
43.	Richard Mekins		'a child that passed not the age of fifteen years'	burnt 30 July 1541		[34][35]
44.	Richard Spenser		clergyman (former) – 'a ... Priest ... who leaving his papistry, had married a wife, and became a player in interludes'	Burnt about 1541/2	Salisbury, Wiltshire	[34][36]
45.	John Ramsey		player in interludes	burnt about 1541/2	Salisbury, Wiltshire	[34][36]
46.	Thomas Bernard			burnt about 1541	Lincoln Diocese	[37][38]
47.	James Morton			burnt about 1541	Lincoln Diocese	[37][39]
48.	Adam Damlip (also known as George Bucker)	Calais	clergyman – former chaplain to Bishop John Fisher	hanged, drawn and quartered 22 May 1543 [40]	Calais	[41]
	Windsor Martyrs
49.	Robert Testwood	City of London (originally)	musician in the college at Windsor	burnt 28 July 1543	Windsor, Berkshire	[42][43]
50.	Anthony Pearson		clergyman – priest of Windsor; popular preacher	burnt 28 July 1543	Windsor, Berkshire	[42][44]
51.	Henry Filmer		churchwarden of St John the Baptist Church, Windsor	burnt 28 July 1543	Windsor, Berkshire	[42][45]
52.	Unknown man	Calais	poor labouring man	burnt 1540[n 4]	Calais	[41]
53.	... Dodd	Calais – a Scotsman		burnt 1541[n 5]	Calais	[41]
54.	... Henry			burnt 1545 or 1546	Colchester, Essex	[46]
55.	Unknown man		servant of ... Henry	burnt 1545 or 1546	Colchester, Essex	[46]
56.	... Kerby			burnt 1546	Ipswich, Suffolk	[46]
57.	Roger Clarke	Mendlesham, Suffolk		burnt 1546	Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk	[46]
58.	Anne Askew	Stallingborough, Lincolnshire[47]	wife of Master Thomas Kyme, a farmer and landowner of Friskney, Lincolnshire[47]	burnt 16 July 1546