In mathematics, the Clausen function, introduced by Thomas Clausen (1832), is a transcendental, special function of a single variable. It can variously be expressed in the form of a definite integral, a trigonometric series, and various other forms. It is intimately connected with the polylogarithm, inverse tangent integral, polygamma function, Riemann zeta function, Dirichlet eta function, and Dirichlet beta function.

The Clausen function of order 2 – often referred to as the Clausen function, despite being but one of a class of many – is given by the integral:

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}(\varphi )=-\int _{0}^{\varphi }\log \left|2\sin {\frac {x}{2}}\right|\,dx:}$

In the range ${\displaystyle 0<\varphi <2\pi \,}$ the sine function inside the absolute value sign remains strictly positive, so the absolute value signs may be omitted. The Clausen function also has the Fourier series representation:

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}(\varphi )=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin k\varphi }{k^{2}}}=\sin \varphi +{\frac {\sin 2\varphi }{2^{2}}}+{\frac {\sin 3\varphi }{3^{2}}}+{\frac {\sin 4\varphi }{4^{2}}}+\cdots }$

The Clausen functions, as a class of functions, feature extensively in many areas of modern mathematical research, particularly in relation to the evaluation of many classes of logarithmic and polylogarithmic integrals, both definite and indefinite. They also have numerous applications with regard to the summation of hypergeometric series, summations involving the inverse of the central binomial coefficient, sums of the polygamma function, and Dirichlet L-series.

Basic properties

The Clausen function (of order 2) has simple zeros at all (integer) multiples of ${\displaystyle \pi ,\,}$ since if ${\displaystyle k\in \mathbb {Z} \,}$ is an integer, then ${\displaystyle \sin k\pi =0}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}(m\pi )=0,\quad m=0,\,\pm 1,\,\pm 2,\,\pm 3,\,\cdots }$

It has maxima at ${\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {\pi }{3}}+2m\pi \quad }$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left({\frac {\pi }{3}}+2m\pi \right)=1.01494160\ldots }$

and minima at ${\displaystyle \theta =-{\frac {\pi }{3}}+2m\pi \quad }$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}\left(-{\frac {\pi }{3}}+2m\pi \right)=-1.01494160\ldots }$

The following properties are immediate consequences of the series definition:

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}(\theta +2m\pi )=\operatorname {Cl} _{2}(\theta )}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2}(-\theta )=-\operatorname {Cl} _{2}(\theta )}$

See Lu & Perez (1992).

General definition

Standard Clausen functions

Glaisher–Clausen functions

More generally, one defines the two generalized Clausen functions:

${\displaystyle \operatorname {S} _{z}(\theta )=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin k\theta }{k^{z}}}}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {C} _{z}(\theta )=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos k\theta }{k^{z}}}}$

which are valid for complex z with Re z >1. The definition may be extended to all of the complex plane through analytic continuation.

When z is replaced with a non-negative integer, the standard Clausen functions are defined by the following Fourier series:

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2m+2}(\theta )=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin k\theta }{k^{2m+2}}}}$

${\displaystyle \operatorname {Cl} _{2m+1}(\theta )=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos k\theta }{k^{2m+1}}}}$Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Log_cosine_function
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

---