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While the word religion is difficult to define, one standard model of religion used in religious studies courses defines it as
system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.[1]
Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, or ultimate concerns.[2]
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.[3][4]
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[5] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[6] and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
Eastern religions
Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia encompassing a diverse range of eastern and spiritual traditions.[7]
East Asian religions
World religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism and Confucianism and religions and traditions descended from them.
Chinese philosophy schools
- Taojia ("School of the Tao")
- Fajia ('School of Law")
- Zonghengjia ("School of Diplomacy")
- Huang–Lao
- Mojia ("School of Mo")
- Mingjia ("School of Names")
- Nongjia ("School of Agrarianism")
- Ruijia ("School of Scholars")
- Yangism
- Yinyangjia ("School of Yin Yang")
- Zajia ("School of Syncretism")
Confucianism
- Confucian ritual religion
- Han Learning
- Korean Confucianism
- Lingnan Confucianism
- Neo-Confucianism
- New Confucianism
- New Text
- Old Text
Taoism
- Korean Taoism
- Quanzhen School ("School of the Fulfilled Virtue")
- Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
- Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")
- Way of the Celestial Masters
Syncretic Taoism
- Dragon Gate Taoism
- Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
- Kōshin
- Xuanxue ("Neo-Taoism")
- Yao Taoism ("Meishanism")
Indian religions
The four world religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent, also known as Dharmic religions; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions descended from them.
Buddhism
- Pre-sectarian Buddhism (theorized)
- Mahayana
- Chinese Buddhism
- Madhyamaka
- Nichiren Buddhism
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_religions
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