This is a partial list of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States. The plenary power to grant a pardon or a reprieve is granted to the president by Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution; the only limits mentioned in the Constitution are that pardons are limited to federal offenses, and that they cannot affect an impeachment process: "The president shall ... have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment".^[1]

Though pardons have been challenged in the courts, and the power to grant them challenged by Congress, the courts have consistently declined to put limits on the president's discretion. The president can issue a full pardon, reversing a criminal conviction (along with its legal effects) as if it never happened. A pardon can be issued from the time an offense is committed, and can even be issued after the full sentence has been served. The president can issue a reprieve, commuting a criminal sentence, lessening its severity, its duration, or both while leaving a record of the conviction in place. Additionally, the president can make a pardon conditional, or vacate a conviction while leaving parts of the sentence in place, like the payment of fines or restitution.^[1][2]

Pardons granted by presidents from George Washington until Grover Cleveland's first term (1885–89) were handwritten by the president; thereafter, pardons were prepared for the president by administrative staff requiring only that the president sign it.^[3] The records of these presidential acts were openly available for public inspection until 1934. In 1981 the Office of the Pardon Attorney was created and records from President George H. W. Bush forward are listed.^[4]

Summary

President	Pardons	Notes
George Washington	16
John Adams	20
Thomas Jefferson	119
James Madison	196
James Monroe	419
John Quincy Adams	183
Andrew Jackson	386
Martin Van Buren	168
William Henry Harrison	0
John Tyler	209
James K. Polk	268
Zachary Taylor	38
Millard Fillmore	170
Franklin Pierce	142
James Buchanan	150
Abraham Lincoln	343
Andrew Johnson	654	Excludes thousands of pardons for ex-Confederates
Ulysses S. Grant	1332
Rutherford B. Hayes	893
James A. Garfield	0
Chester A. Arthur	337
Grover Cleveland	1107	Estimate
Benjamin Harrison	613
William McKinley	918	Estimate
Theodore Roosevelt	981	Estimate
William Howard Taft	758
Woodrow Wilson	2480
Warren G. Harding	800
Calvin Coolidge	1545
Herbert Hoover	1385
Franklin D. Roosevelt	3687
Harry S. Truman	2044
Dwight D. Eisenhower	1157
John F. Kennedy	575
Lyndon B. Johnson	1187
Richard Nixon	926
Gerald Ford	409
Jimmy Carter	566	Excludes over 200,000 pardoned for Vietnam draft evasion
Ronald Reagan	406
George H. W. Bush	77
Bill Clinton	459
George W. Bush	200
Barack Obama	1927
Donald Trump	237
Joe Biden	11	Excludes 6,500 pardoned for simple possession of marijuana

George Washington

President George Washington pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 16 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Philip Vigol (or Wigle) and John Mitchel, convicted of treason for their roles in the Whiskey Rebellion

John Adams

Federalist president John Adams pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 20 people.^[3] Among them are:

• David Bradford, for his role in the Whiskey Rebellion
• John Fries, for his role in Fries's Rebellion; convicted of treason due to opposition to a tax; Fries and others were pardoned, and a general amnesty was issued for everyone involved in 1800.

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican president Thomas Jefferson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 119 people.^[3] One of his first acts upon taking office was to issue a general pardon for any person convicted under the Sedition Act.^[5] Among them are:

• David Brown – convicted of sedition under the Sedition Act of 1798 because of his criticism of the U.S. federal government, receiving the harshest sentence of anyone; pardoned along with all violators of the act.
• Benjamin Fairbanks – Convicted with Brown of erecting a Liberty Pole in Dedham, Massachusetts. He received the lightest sentence of anyone under the Act.

James Madison

Democratic-Republican president James Madison pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 196 people.^[3] Among them are:

• William Hull – while Governor of the Michigan Territory, sentenced to death for surrendering Fort Detroit during the War of 1812; pardoned due to his heroic conduct during the American Revolution.
• Jean Lafitte and Pierre Lafitte and the Baratarian Pirates for past piracy, granted due to their assistance during the War of 1812; granted February 6, 1815.^[6]

James Monroe

Democratic-Republican president James Monroe pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 419 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Numerous individuals convicted of piracy.^[7]

John Quincy Adams

Democratic-Republican president John Quincy Adams pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 183 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Captain L. O. Helland – arrested for having more passengers on board the vessel (Restauration) than were allowed by American law; pardoned in 1825
• Wekau and Chickhonsic – Ho-Chunk leaders pardoned for their role in the Winnebago War^[8]

Andrew Jackson

Democratic president Andrew Jackson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 386 people.^[3] Among them is:

• George Wilson – convicted of robbing the United States mails. Strangely, Wilson refused to accept the pardon. The case went before the Supreme Court, and in United States v. Wilson the court stated: "A pardon is a deed, to the validity of which delivery is essential, and delivery is not complete without acceptance. It may then be rejected by the person to whom it is tendered; and if it is rejected, we have discovered no power in this court to force it upon him." While Wilson refused the pardon, he avoided being hanged unlike his accomplice who was. A report in The National Gazette of Philadelphia dated January 14, 1841, suggests that he was in prison for ten years until released. He received another pardon from President Martin Van Buren, which he accepted. However, the Smithsonian magazine has written that Wilson was hanged as a result of refusing the pardon.^[9]

Martin Van Buren

Democratic president Martin Van Buren pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 168 people.^[3] Among them are:

• William Lyon Mackenzie – violation of American neutrality laws; pardoned

William Henry Harrison

Whig president William Henry Harrison was one of only two presidents who issued no pardons, the other being James A. Garfield. This was due to Harrison's death shortly after taking office.

John Tyler

Whig president John Tyler pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 209 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Alexander William Holmes – sailor convicted of voluntary manslaughter (U.S. v. Holmes); pardoned

James K. Polk

Democratic president James K. Polk pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 268 people.^[3] Among them are:

• John C. Frémont – convicted by court martial of mutiny in 1848. Frémont later became the 1856 Republican candidate for the Presidency of the United States.
• Gideon Johnson Pillow – convicted by court martial of insubordination in 1848.

Zachary Taylor

Whig president Zachary Taylor pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 38 people.^[3]

Millard Fillmore

Whig president Millard Fillmore pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 170 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Daniel Drayton and Edward Sayres – convicted in the Pearl incident (transporting slaves to freedom) in 1848; pardoned

Franklin Pierce

Democratic president Franklin Pierce pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 142 people.^[3]

• Noah Hanson – a free black man who was tried and convicted of assisting slaves to escape, convicted in 1851; pardoned in 1854; only known presidential pardon of a Black person for Underground Railroad activities.^[10]

James Buchanan

Democratic president James Buchanan pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 150 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Brigham Young – pardoned for role in the 1857 Utah War.
• Daniel Vandersmith – a former judge, pardoned for forgery.^[11]

Abraham Lincoln

Republican president Abraham Lincoln pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 343 people.^[3] Among them are:

• 265 of 303 Dakota Indians who attacked white settlers in the Great Sioux Uprising of 1862.^[12]
• Clement Vallandigham – Copperhead Congressman from Ohio sentenced for disloyalty in 1863; sentence commuted, and deported to the Confederacy.^[13]
• Emilie Todd Helm – wife of Confederate General Benjamin Hardin Helm and half-sister of Mary Todd Lincoln^[14][15]
• Various men who enlisted in the army, but who were, among other circumstances, underage, bounty jumpers, or AWOL.^[16]

Andrew Johnson

Democratic president Andrew Johnson pardoned about 7,000 people in the "over $20,000" class (taxable property over $20,000) by May 4, 1866. More than 600 prominent North Carolinians were pardoned just before the election of 1864.^[17] President Andrew Johnson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 654 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Ex-Confederates – On Christmas Day, 1868, Johnson issued a full and unconditional pardon and amnesty to all former Confederates of the rebellion (earlier amnesties requiring signed oaths and excluding certain classes of people were issued by both Lincoln and Johnson).^[18] Among them were:
  • Charles D. Anderson
  • Richard H. Anderson
  • Eli Metcalfe Bruce
  • Horatio Washington Bruce
  • Charles Clark
  • Jefferson Davis
  • Harris Flanagin
  • Augustus Hill Garland
  • Benjamin Harvey Hill
  • Wade Keyes
  • Enoch Louis Lowe
  • Andrew Gordon Magrath
  • Eugenius Aristides Nisbet
  • James Byeram Owens
  • Walter Preston
  • James Seddon
  • Alexander H. Stephens
  • George Trenholm
• Samuel Arnold – charged with conspiring to murder Lincoln
• Samuel Mudd – charged with conspiring to murder Lincoln
• Edmund Spangler – charged with conspiring to murder Lincoln

Ulysses S. Grant

Republican president Ulysses S. Grant pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,332 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Ex-Confederate leaders – All but 500 former top Confederate leaders were pardoned when President Grant signed the Amnesty Act of 1872.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican president Rutherford B. Hayes pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 893 people.^[3] Among them is:

• Ezra Heywood – an Anarchist convicted of violating the 1873 Comstock Act; pardoned after 6 months

James A. Garfield

Republican president James A. Garfield was one of only two presidents who issued no pardons, the other being William Henry Harrison. This is because Garfield only served a few months before being assassinated.

Chester A. Arthur

Republican president Chester A. Arthur pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 337 people.^[3] Among them is:

• Fitz John Porter – former Army officer court-martialed in 1863 for his actions at the Second Battle of Bull Run; sentence commuted in 1886

Grover Cleveland

Democratic president Grover Cleveland pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,107 (est.) people during his two, non-consecutive terms.^[3] Among them are:

• James Brooks – Texas Ranger indicted for manslaughter in 1883; pardoned in 1886 after lobbying from his fellow Rangers
• Rudger Clawson – A Latter-Day Saint convicted of polygamy in 1882; pardoned in 1887
• David King Udall – convicted on perjury charges; spent 3 months in prison; full and unconditional pardon in 1885
• "Billy Wilson" (David L. Anderson) – outlaw and associate of Billy the Kid; pardoned in 1896

Benjamin Harrison

Republican president Benjamin Harrison pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 613 people.^[3] Among them are:

• Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – On January 4, 1893, granted amnesty and pardon for the offense of engaging in polygamous or plural marriage to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.^[19]

Grover Clevelandedit

See list under first term.

William McKinleyedit

Republican president William McKinley pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 918 (est.) people.^[3] Among them are:

• Alexander McKenzie – North Dakota political activist convicted of contempt of court in 1901; pardoned after spending three months in prison
• Charles Chilton Moore – Atheist newspaper publisher jailed for sending obscene material in the mail in 1899; sentence commuted after six months in prison

Theodore Rooseveltedit

Republican president Theodore Roosevelt pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 981 (est.) people.^[3][20] Among them are:

• Servillano Aquino – Filipino general received death sentence in 1902 for anti-American activities in the Philippines; pardoned after 2 years
• Al Jennings – former train robber sentenced to life in prison for robbery in 1899, freed on technicality three years later; pardoned in 1904
• Stephen A. Douglas Puter – convicted of land fraud in 1906; pardoned after 18 months so he could turn state's evidence

William Howard Taftedit

Republican president William Howard Taft pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 758 people.^[3] Among them are:

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States
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