This list of nuclides shows observed nuclides that either are stable or, if radioactive, have half-lives longer than one hour. This represents isotopes of the first 105 elements, except for elements 87 (francium), 102 (nobelium) and 104 (rutherfordium). At least 3,300 nuclides have been experimentally characterized^[1] (see List of radioactive nuclides by half-life for the nuclides with decay half-lives less than one hour).

A nuclide is defined conventionally as an experimentally examined bound collection of protons and neutrons that either is stable or has an observed decay mode.

Introduction

There are 251 known so-called stable nuclides. Many of these in theory could decay through spontaneous fission, alpha decay, double beta decay, etc. with a very long half-life, but no radioactive decay has yet been observed. Thus, the number of stable nuclides is subject to change if some of these 251 are determined to be very long-lived radioactive nuclides in the future. In this article, the "stable" nuclides are divided into three tables, one for nuclides that are theoretically stable (meaning no decay mode is possible) and nuclides that can theoretically undergo spontaneous fission but have not been evaluated to check for evidence of this happening, one for nuclides that can theoretically undergo forms of decay other than spontaneous fission but have not been evaluated, and finally a table of nuclides that can theoretically decay and have been evaluated but without detecting any decay. In this latter table, where a decay has been predicted theoretically but never observed experimentally (either directly or through finding an excess of the daughter), the theoretical decay mode is given in parentheses and have "> number" in the half-life column to show the lower limit for the half-life based on experimental observation. Such nuclides are considered to be "stable" until a decay has been observed in some fashion. For example, tellurium-123 was reported to be radioactive, but the same experimental group later retracted this report, and it presently remains observationally stable.

The next group is the primordial radioactive nuclides. These have been measured to be radioactive, or decay products have been identified (tellurium-128, barium-130). There are (currently) 35 of these (see these nuclides), of which 25 have half-lives longer than 10¹³ years. With most of these 25, decay is difficult to observe and for most purposes they can be regarded as effectively stable. Bismuth-209 is notable as it is the only naturally occurring isotope of an element which was long considered stable. A further 10 nuclides, platinum-190, samarium-147, lanthanum-138, rubidium-87, rhenium-187, lutetium-176, thorium-232, uranium-238, potassium-40, and uranium-235 have half-lives between 7.0×10⁸ and 4.83×10¹¹ years, which means they have experienced at least 0.5% depletion since the formation of the Solar System about 4.6×10⁹ years ago, but still exist on Earth in significant quantities. They are the primary source of radiogenic heating and radioactive decay products. Together, there are a total of 286 primordial nuclides.^[a]

The list then covers the ~700 radionuclides with half-lives longer than 1 hour, split into two tables, half-lives greater than one day and less than one day.

Over 60 nuclides that have half-lives too short to be primordial can be detected in nature as a result of later production by natural processes, mostly in trace amounts. These include ~44 radionuclides occurring in the decay chains of primordial uranium and thorium (radiogenic nuclides), such as radon-222. Others are the products of interactions with energetic cosmic-rays (e.g. cosmic ray spallation) (cosmogenic nuclides), such as carbon-14. This gives a total of about 350 naturally occurring nuclides. Other nuclides may be occasionally produced naturally by rare cosmogenic interactions or as a result of other natural nuclear reactions (nucleogenic nuclides), but are difficult to detect.

Further shorter-lived nuclides have been detected in the spectra of stars, such as isotopes of technetium, promethium, and some actinides. The remaining nuclides are known solely from artificial nuclear transmutation. Some, such as caesium-137, are found in the environment but as a result of contamination from releases of man-made nuclear fission product (from nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, and other processes). Other are produced artificially for industrial or medical purposes.

List legend

Each group of radionuclides, starting with the longest-lived primordial radionuclides, is sorted by decreasing half-life, but the tables are sortable by other columns.

no (number) column

A running positive integer for reference. This number, i.e. position in this table, might be changed in the future, especially for nuclides with short half-lives.

nuclide column

Nuclide identifiers are given by their atomic mass number A and the symbol for the corresponding chemical element (corresponding to the unique proton number). In the cases that this is not the ground state, this is indicated by a m for metastable appended to the mass number. Sorting here sorts by mass number.

Z, N column

The number of protons (Z column) and number of neutrons (N column).

energy column

The column labeled "energy" denotes the energy equivalent of the mass of a neutron minus the mass per nucleon of this nuclide (so all nuclides get a positive value) in MeV, formally: m_n − m_nuclide / A, where A = Z + N is the mass number. Note that this means that a higher "energy" value actually means that the nuclide has a lower energy. The mass of the nuclide (in daltons) is A (m_n − E / k) where E is the energy, m_n is 1.008664916 Da and k = 931.49410242 the conversion factor between MeV and daltons.

half-life column

The main column shows times in seconds (31,556,926 seconds = 1 tropical year); a second column showing half-life in more usual units (year, day) is also provided.

Entries starting with a ">" indicates that no decay has ever been observed, with null experiments establishing lower limits for the half-life. Such elements are considered stable unless a decay can be observed (establishing an actual estimate for the half-life). Note half-lives may be imprecise estimates and can be subject to significant revision.

decay mode column

α	α decay
β−	β− decay
β−β−	double β− decay
ε	electron capture
β+	β+ decay
β+β+	double β+ decay
SF	spontaneous fission
IT	isomeric transition

Decay modes in parentheses are still not observed through experiment but are, by their energy, predicted to occur. Numbers in brackets indicate probability of that decay mode occurring in %, tr indicate <0.1%. Spontaneous fission is not shown as a theoretical decay mode for stable nuclides where other modes are possible (see these nuclides).

decay energy column

Multiple values for (maximal) decay energy are mapped to decay modes in their order. The decay energy listed is for the specific nuclide only, not for the whole decay chain. It includes the energy lost to neutrinos.

notes column

CG

Cosmogenic nuclide;

DP

Naturally occurring decay product (of thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235);

ESS

Present in the early Solar System (first few million years), but extinct now as a primordial nuclide.

FP

Nuclear fission product (only those from uranium-235 or plutonium-239) (only those with a half-life over one day are shown);

IM

Industry or medically used radionuclide.^[2]

Full list

Theoretically stable nuclides

These are the theoretically stable nuclides, ordered by "energy".

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_nuclides
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

---



---

www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk

---

No.	Nuclide	A	Z	N	Energy (MeV)
1	56Fe	56	26	30	9.153567
2	62Ni	62	28	34	9.147877
3	60Ni	60	28	32	9.145862
4	58Fe	58	26	32	9.142938
5	52Cr	52	24	28	9.137037
6	57Fe	57	26	31	9.127119
7	59Co	59	27	32	9.126046
8	54Cr	54	24	30	9.125633
9	61Ni	61	28	33	9.124129
10	55Mn	55	25	30	9.120611
11	64Ni	64	28	36	9.119754
12	66Zn	66	30	36	9.115258
13	53Cr	53	24	29	9.114435
14	63Cu	63	29	34	9.112272
15	65Cu	65	29	36	9.106154
16	68Zn	68	30	38	9.100845
17	50Ti	50	22	28	9.099861
18	51V	51	23	28	9.094884
19	67Zn	67	30	37	9.084468
20	48Ti	48	22	26	9.081488
21	72Ge	72	32	40	9.079465
22	70Ge	70	32	38	9.079372
23	69Ga	69	31	38	9.076078
24	88Sr	88	38	50	9.070438
25	74Ge	74	32	42	9.063522
26	49Ti	49	22	27	9.062323
27	76Se	76	34	42	9.061485
28	71Ga	71	31	40	9.059218
29	78Se	78	34	44	9.058842
30	90Zr	90	40	50	9.057631
31	89Y	89	39	50	9.056743
32	86Sr	86	38	48	9.054160
33	82Kr	82	36	46	9.054126
34	84Kr	84	36	48	9.052649
35	73Ge	73	32	41	9.048006
36	87Sr	87	38	49	9.046964
37	75As	75	33	42	9.045093
38	80Kr	80	36	44	9.044984
39	77Se	77	34	43	9.040153
40	85Rb	85	37	48	9.037998
41	91Zr	91	40	51	9.037156
42	83Kr	83	36	47	9.034966
43	79Br	79	35	44	9.034220
44	81Br	81	35	46	9.033979
45	92Zr	92	40	52	9.032783
46	46Ti	46	22	24	9.030532
47	47Ti	47	22	25	9.027336
48	44Ca	44	20	24	9.013793
49	94Mo	94	42	52	9.011856
50	93Nb	93	41	52	9.009051
51	96Mo	96	42	54	8.996229
52	95Mo	95	42	53	8.994564
53	42Ca	42	20	22	8.989116
54	38Ar	38	18	20	8.984870
55	45Sc	45	21	24	8.983945
56	97Mo	97	42	55	8.973806
57	98Ru	98	44	54	8.971572
58	43Ca	43	20	23	8.964551
59	100Ru	100	44	56	8.963517
60	99Ru	99	44	55	8.956348
61	34S	34	16	18	8.951675
62	40Ar	40	18	22	8.947325
63	102Ru	102	44	58	8.944837
64	101Ru	101	44	57	8.942117
65	41K	41	19	22	8.938623
66	39K	39	19	20	8.938174
67	104Pd	104	46	58	8.930847
68	37Cl	37	17	20	8.929760
69	103Rh	103	45	58	8.925910
70	36S	36	16	20	8.923108
71	106Pd	106	46	60	8.919460
72	105Pd	105	46	59	8.913356
73	35Cl	35	17	18	8.900285
74	108Pd	108	46	62	8.900253
75	107Ag	107	47	60	8.897514
76