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List of genocides
...This list of genocides includes estimates of all deaths which were directly or indirectly caused by genocides that are recognised in significant scholarship as genocides. It excludes mass killings which have not been explicitly defined as genocidal, but called mass murder, crimes against humanity, politicide, classicide, or war crimes, such as the Thirty Years' War (4.5 to 8 million deaths), Japanese war crimes (30 million deaths), the Red Terror (50,000 to 200,000 deaths), the Atrocities in the Congo Free State (1.5 to 13 million deaths), the Great Purge (0.7 to 1.2 million deaths), the Great Leap Forward and the famine which followed it (15 to 55 million deaths).[1] A broader list of genocides, ethnic cleansing and related mass persecution is available. Genocides in history includes cases where there is less consensus among scholars as to whether they constituted genocide.
Definition
Scholarship varies on the definition of genocide employed when analysing whether events are genocidal in nature. The United Nations Genocide Convention, not always employed, defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; forcibly transferring children of the group to another group".[2]
List of genocides
The term genocide is contentious and as a result its definition varies. This list only considers acts which are recognised in significant scholarship as genocides.
| Event | Location | Period | Estimated killings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | To | Lowest | Highest | ||
| Description | Proportion of group killed | ||||
| Rohingya genocide | Rakhine State, Myanmar | 2016 | Present | 9,000–13,700[3] | 43,000[4] |
| The Rohingya genocide[5][6][7][8] is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.[9]
The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp,[10] while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.[11] |
Before the 2015 refugee crisis, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons. | ||||
| Iraqi Turkmen genocide | Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq | 2014 | 2017 | 3,500 | 8,400 |
| The Iraqi Turkmen genocide refers to a series of killings, rapes, executions, expulsions, and sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen by the Islamic State.[12] It began when ISIS captured Iraqi Turkmen land in 2014 and it continued until ISIS lost all of their land in Iraq. In 2017, ISIS's persecution of Iraqi Turkmen was officially recognized as a genocide by the Parliament of Iraq,[13][14] and in 2018, the sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen girls and women was recognized by the United Nations.[15][16] | |||||
| Yazidi genocide | Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq and Syria | 2014 | 2017 | 2,100[17] | 5,000[18] |
| The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017.[19][20][21] It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men.[22] The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidis population.[23] It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings[24] but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016. | By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava.[25][26] | ||||
| Darfur genocide | Darfur, Sudan | 2003 | Present | 98,000[27] | 500,000[28] |
| The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the war in Darfur and the ongoing war in Sudan in Darfur.[29] The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide.[30] An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005.[31] These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.[29] | |||||
| Effacer le tableau | North Kivu, DR Congo | 2002 | 2003 | 60,000[32][33] | 70,000[32] |
| Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.[33][34] | 40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed[N 1] | ||||
| Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War | Kivu, Zaire | 1996 | 1997 | 200,000[35] | 233,000[35] |
| During the First Congo War, troops of the Rwanda-backedAlliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo).[36][37] Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.[38]As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.[36] | |||||
| Rwandan genocide | Rwanda | 1994 | 491,000[39] | 800,000[40] | |
| The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War.[41][39][42] During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower.[42][43][44] The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.[40] | 60–70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed[39] 7% of Rwanda's total population killed[39] | ||||
| Bosnian genocide | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992 | 1995 | 31,107[45] | 62,013[45] |
| The Bosnian genocide comprised localised massacres, including those in Srebrenica[46] and Žepa, committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska[47] during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War.[48] On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologising to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").[49] | More than 3% of the Bosniak population of Bosnia and Herzegovina died during the Bosnian War.[50] | ||||
| Isaaq genocide | Somaliland, Somalia | 1987 | 1989 | 50,000[51][52][53][54] | 200,000[55] |
| The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre.[56][57][58] This included the leveling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 percent destroyed)[59] and Burao (70 percent destroyed) respectively,[60] and had caused 400,000[61][62] Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees,[63] with another 400,000 being internally displaced.[61][64]In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia,[56] specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.[56] | |||||
| Anfal campaign | Kurdistan Region, Iraq | 1986 | 1989 | 50,000[65] | 182,000[66] |
| The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds[67] because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate.[68] The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.[69] A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.[70][71][72] | |||||
| Gukurahundi | Matabeleland, Zimbabwe | 1983 | 1987 | 8,000[73] | 300,000[74] |
| The Gukurahundi, was the systematic massacre of the Ndebele people by Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF party.[75] The Gukurahundi was initiated because the ZAPU party, the main Zimbabwean opposition party, found the majority of its support among the Ndebele people, leading Mugabe to conclude that they must be exterminated in order to eliminate support for the ZAPU.[76] The Gukurahundi began in 1983, and continued until the signing of the 1987 Unity Accords, during which time about 20, 000 Ndebele were killed and sent to re-education camps. | |||||
| Sabra and Shatila massacre | Beirut, Lebanon | 1982 | 460[77] | 3,500[78] | |
| The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias—in the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp.[79][80][81][82] Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people,[83][84] a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre.[85] Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.[86] | |||||
| Cambodian genocide | Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) | 1975 | 1979 | 1,386,734[87][88] | 3,000,000[89][90] |
| The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot.[91] The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to labor camps in the countryside, where mass executions, forced labor, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant.[92][93] Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place.[94][95] The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.[96][97] | 15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed, [98][99] including 99% of Cambodian Viets, 50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham, 40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai, 25% of Urban Khmer, 16% of Rural Khmer | ||||
| East Timor genocide | East Timor, Indonesia | 1974 | 1999 | 85,320[100] | 196,720[101] |
| The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. Genocide scholars at Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide.[102][103] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[104] | 13% to 44% of East Timor's total population killed (See death toll of East Timor genocide) | ||||
| Genocide of Acholi and Lango people | Uganda | 1972 | 1978 | 100,000[105] | 300,000[105] |
| After Idi Amin overthrow the regime of Milton Obote in 1971, he declared the Acholi and Lango tribes enemies, as Obote was a Lango and he saw the fact that they dominated the army as a threat.[105]In January 1972, Amin issued an order to the Ugandan army ordering that they assemble and kill all Acholi or Lango soldiers, and then commanded that all Acholi and Lango be rounded up and confined within army barracks, where they were either slaughtered by the soldiers or killed when the Ugandan air force bombed the barracks.[105] | |||||
| Ikiza | Burundi | 1972 | 80,000[106][107] | 300,000[108] | |
| The Ikiza was a series of mass killings which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. The International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996 concluded that the Ikiza was a genocide.[109] | As much as 10% to 15% of the Hutu population of Burundi killed[108] | ||||
| Bangladesh genocide | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | 1971 | 300,000[110] | 3,000,000[111][112] | |
| The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus,[113] residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars.[114][115] It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.[116] | 4% of the population of East Pakistan[117] | ||||
| Zanzibar genocide | Zanzibar (now part of Tanzania) | 1964 | 13,000[118] | 20,000+[119] | |
| In January 1964 during and following the Zanzibar Revolution, Arab residents of Zanzibar were targeted for violence by the island’s majority Black African population.[120] Arabs were mass murdered, raped, tortured and deported from the island by Black African militiamen under the Afro-Shirazi Party and Umma Party. The exact death toll is unknown, although scholarly sources estimate the number of Arabs killed to be between 13,000 and more than 20,000.[118][119] | 25% or more of the Arab population (50,000 people) of Zanzibar were killed by the end of 1964.[118] | ||||
| Guatemalan genocide | Guatemala | 1962 | 1996 | 166,000[121] | 166,000[122] |
| The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments.[123][124][125] Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of.[126][127] At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations.[128] A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.[129] | 40% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions were killed[citation needed] | ||||
| Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush | Soviet Union | 1944 | 1948 | 100,000[130] | 400,000[131] |
| The deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, or Ardakhar Genocide, was the Soviet forced transfer of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia on 23 February 1944, during World War II. The expulsion was ordered by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria after approval by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, as a part of a Soviet forced settlement program and population transfer that affected several million members of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union between the 1930s and the 1950s.[132][133][134][135] The European Parliament officially recognised the deportations as genocide in 2004.[136][137] | 23.5% to almost 50% of total Chechen population killed[138][132][133][134][139] | ||||
| Deportation of the Crimean Tatars | Crimea, Soviet Union | 1944 | 34,000[140] | 195,471[141] | |
| The deportation of the Crimean Tatars was the ethnic cleansing and the cultural genocide of at least 191,044 Crimean Tatars which was carried out by the Soviet authorities from 18 to 20 May 1944, supervised by Lavrentiy Beria, and ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Within those three days, the NKVD used cattle trains to deport the Crimean Tatars, mostly women, children, and the elderly, even Communist Party members and Red Army members, to the Uzbek SSR, several thousand kilometres away. Multiple scholars have recognised the deportation as a genocide.[142][143] | The deportation and following exile reduced the Crimean Tatar population by between 18%[140] and 46%.[144][N 2] | ||||
| The Holocaust | Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe | 1941 | 1945 | 5,100,000 |
7,000,000 |
| The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.[149][150][151] and nearly one and half million in just 100 days from late July to early November,[152] The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps.[153] Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.[154][155] | Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.[156][157] | ||||
| German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs[158][159] (part of the Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan) | German-occupied Europe | 1941 | 1945 | 3,300,000[160] | 3,500,000[161] |
| During World War II, Nazi Germany engaged in a policy of deliberate maltreatment of Soviet prisoners of war (POWs), in contrast to their treatment of British and American POWs. This policy, which amounted to deliberately starving and working to death Soviet POWs, was grounded in Nazi racial theory, which depicted Slavs as sub-humans (Untermenschen).[162][159] | |||||
| Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia | Independent State of Croatia (now Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
1941 | 1945 | 248,000 |
548,000 |
| Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani). | |||||
| Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks | Yugoslavia | 1941 | 1945 | 50,000[166] | 68,000[166] |
| The Chetniks, a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist movement and guerrilla force, committed numerous war crimes during the Second World War, primarily directed against the non-Serb population of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, mainly Muslims and Croats, and against Communist-led Yugoslav Partisans and their supporters.[167][168][169][170] The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs.[171][172] | |||||
| Nazi crimes against the Polish nation[173][174] (part of the Generalplan Ost) | German-occupied Europe | 1939 | 1945 | 1,800,000[175] | 3,000,000[176][177] |
| Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland,[178] along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II,[179] included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles.[a] These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior Untermenschen. | From 6% to 10% (1.8 to 3 million) of the total Polish gentile population.[177] In addition, 3 million Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust in Poland (90% of Polish Jews).[175] | ||||
| Polish Operation of the NKVD | Soviet Union | 1937 | 1938 | 111,091[181] | 250,000[182] |
| The Polish Operation of the NKVD in 1937–1938 was an anti-Polish mass-ethnic cleansing operation of the NKVD carried out in the Soviet Union against Poles (labeled by the Soviets as "agents") during the period of the Great Purge. It was ordered by the Politburo of the Communist Party against so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by NKVD officials as relating to all Poles. It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and summary executions of 111,091 Poles living in or near the Soviet Union.[183] Multiple historians have published opinions describing the operation as genocidal.[184][185][186][187] | 22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)[188] | ||||
| Parsley massacre | Dominican Republic | 1937 | 12,000 | 40,000[189] | |
| The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region in October 1937. Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country[190] carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo.[191] Many died while trying to flee to Haiti across the Dajabón River that divides the two countries on the island;[192] the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children.[193] Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "parsley" (perejil). If the accused could not pronounce the word to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed.[194][195] | As a result of the massacre, virtually the entire Haitian population in the Dominican frontier was either killed or forced to flee across the border.[196] | ||||
| Romani Holocaust | German-occupied Europe | 1939[197] | 1945 | 130,000[198] | 1,500,000[199][200] |
| The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era.[201] A supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws issued on 26 November 1935 classified the Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.[202][203] | 25% to 80% of Romani people in Europe killed | ||||
| Holodomor | Ukraine and the northern Kuban,[204] Soviet Union | 1932 | 1933 | 3,000,000[205] | 5,000,000[205] |
| The Holodomor also known as the Ukrainian Famine was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made,[206] whether or not the Holodomor was intentional and therefore constitutes a genocide under the Genocide Convention is debated by scholars.[207][208] | 10% of Ukraine's population[185] Over 35% of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan[209] | ||||
| Libyan genocide | Italian Libya | 1929 | 1932 | 83,000[210] | 125,000+[211] |
| The Libyan genocide was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan culture,[212][213][214] particularly during and after the Second Italo-Senussi War between 1929 and 1934.[215] During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by Italian colonial authorities under Benito Mussolini.[210][211] Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, executing surrendering combatants, and the mass executions of civilians.[210] Italy apologised in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.[216] | 25% of Cyrenaican population[217] Half of the nomadic Bedouin population[218][219][220] | ||||
| Osage Indian murders | Oklahoma, United States | 1918 | 1931 | 60[221] | 200+[222] |
| The Osage Indian murders was a plot by William King Hale and others to kill full-blood Osage to gain the mineral rights for their reservation. The events have been characterized as a genocide due to the intentions of its perpetrators to destroy the Osage nation.[223][224][225][226][227] | Estimates vary widely, with 10% of 591 full-blood Osage being killed with the lowest estimate.[228] | ||||
| Armenian genocide | Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria, and Iraq) | 1915 | 1917 | 600,000[229] | 1,500,000[230] |
| The Armenian genocide,[231][232] carried out by the Young Turks, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, and mass starvation. It occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.[233][234] | Approximately 90% of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were killed or expelled.[235] The share of Christians in area within Turkey's current borders declined from 20-22% in 1914, or about 3.3.–3.6 million people, to around 3% in 1927.[236] | ||||
| Sayfo | Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria and Iraq) | 1915 | 1919 | 200,000[237] | 750,000[238] |
| Overall, about 2 million Christians were killed in Anatolia between 1894 and 1924, 40 percent of the original population.[239] | |||||
| Greek genocide and Pontic genocide | Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) | 1914 | 1922 | 300,000[240] | 900,000[241] |
| The Greek genocide,[242][243][244][245] which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity.[246] It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,[247] against the Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert,[248] expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments.[249] | At least 25% of Greeks in Anatolia (Turkey) killed [citation needed] | ||||
| Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars | Scutari, Kosovo, and Manastir vilayets, Ottoman Empire | 1912 | 1913 | 120,000[250][251] | 270,000[252] |
| Herero and Nama genocide | German South West Africa (now Namibia) | 1904 | 1908 | 34,000[253] | 110,000[254][255] |
| The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century. | 60% (24,000 out of 40,000[253]) to 81.25% (65,000[256][257] out of 80,000[258]) of total Herero and 50%[253] of Nama population killed. | ||||
| Armenian massacres of 1894–1896 | Six Vilayets, Ottoman Empire | 1894 | 1896 | 200,000[259] | 300,000[259] |
| The Hamidian massacres (Armenian: Համիդյան ջարդեր, Turkish: Hamidiye Katliamı, French: Massacres hamidiens), also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1894–1896[260] and Armenian genocide,[260] were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire that took place in the mid-1890s. It was estimated casualties ranged from 80,000 to 300,000,[261] resulting in 50,000 orphaned children.[262] The massacres are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the collapsing Ottoman Empire, reasserted Pan-Islamism as a state ideology.[259] Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians, they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms in some cases, such as the Diyarbekir massacre, where, at least according to one contemporary source, up to 25,000 Assyrians were also killed.[263]The massacres began in the Ottoman interior in 1894, before becoming more widespread in the following years. Between 1894 and 1896 was when the majority of the murders took place. The massacres began tapering off in 1897, following international condemnation of Abdul Hamid. The harshest measures were directed against the long persecuted Armenian community as calls for civil reform and better treatment from the government went ignored. The Ottomans made no allowances for the victims' age or gender, and massacred all with brutal force.[264] This occurred at a time when the telegraph could spread news around the world, and the massacres received extensive coverage in the media of Western Europe and North America. | |||||
| Selk'nam genocide | Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Argentina | 1880 | 1910 | 2,500[265] | 4,000[266] |
| The Selk'nam Genocide was the genocide of the Selk'nam people, indigenous inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego in South America, from the second half of the 19th to the early 20th century. Spanning a period of between ten and fifteen years the Selk'nam, which had an estimated population of between three and four thousand, saw their numbers reduced to 500.[265] | 84%The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people.[267][268] | ||||
| Putumayo genocide | Present-day Putumayo Department, Colombia | 1879 | 1913 | 32,000[269] | 40,000+[270][271] |
| Members of the Huitoto, Andoques, Yaguas, Ocaina and Boras groups were hunted and enslaved so they could be used to extract latex.[272] During this time period, several tribes became extinct.[273] | 80–86% of the total population in the Putumayo region perished during the Amazon rubber boom.[274][N 4] | ||||
| Circassian genocide | Circassia, Russian Empire | 1864[N 5] | 1867 | 1,000,000[276] | 2,000,000[277][278] |
| The Circassian genocide refers to the ethnic cleansing, massive annihilation, displacement,[279] destruction and expulsion of the majority of the indigenous Circassians from historical Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus and the northeast shore of the Black Sea. This occurred in the aftermath of the Caucasian War in the last quarter of the 19th century.[280] The displaced people moved primarily to the Ottoman Empire.Former Russian President Boris Yeltsin's May 1994 statement admitted that resistance to the tsarist forces was legitimate, but he did not recognise "the guilt of the tsarist government for the genocide."[281] In 1997 and 1998, the leaders of Kabardino-Balkaria and of Adygea sent appeals to the Duma to reconsider the situation and to issue the needed apology; to date, there has been no response from Moscow. In October 2006, the Adygeyan public organizations of Russia, Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Syria, the United States, Belgium, Canada and Germany have sent the president of the European Parliament a letter with the request to recognise the genocide against Adygean (Circassian) people.[282]Following a consultation with academics, human rights activists and Circassian diaspora groups and parliamentary discussions in Tbilisi in 2010 and 2011, Georgia became the first country to use the word "genocide" to refer to the events.[283][284][285] On 20 May 2011 the parliament of the Republic of Georgia declared in its resolution[286] that the mass annihilation of the Cherkess (Adyghe) people during the Russian-Caucasian war and thereafter constituted genocide as defined in the Hague Convention of 1907 and the UN Convention of 1948. | 95%–97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the forces of Tsarist Russia.[287][288] Only a small percentage who accepted to convert to Christianity, Russify and resettle within the Russian Empire were spared. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus forcefully dispersed, deported or killed. Today, most Circassians live in exile.[289] | ||||
| California genocide | California, United States | 1846 | 1873 | 9,492–16,094 |
120,000[291][N 7] |
| The California genocide[290][291] refers to the destruction of individual tribes like the Yuki people during the Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856–1859,[292] general massacres perpetrated by settlers chasing the gold rush against Indians like the Bloodsland massacre, or Klamath River "War of Extermination"[293] along with the overall decline of the Indian population of California due to disease and starvation exacerbated by the massacres. | Amerindian population in California declined by 80% during the period | ||||
| Queensland Aboriginal genocide | Queensland | 1840 | 1897 | 10,000[294] | 65,180[295] |
| Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony.[296] Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.[297][298][299][294] | 3.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed (10,000[294] to 65,180[295] killed out of 125,600)[clarification needed] | ||||
| Moriori genocide | Chatham Islands, New Zealand | 1835 | 1863 | 1,900[300][301] | 1,900 |
| The genocide of the Moriori began in the fall of 1835. The invasions of the Chatham Islands by Maori from New Zealand left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were either kept as slaves or eaten and Moriori were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. There were only 101 Moriori people left out of 2000 who had survived in 1863.[302] | 95% of the Moriori population was eradicated by the invasion from Taranaki, a group of people from the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama iwi.[303][304] All were enslaved and many were cannibalised.[305] The Moriori language is now extinct.[302][306]
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