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List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Essex
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Essex is a county in the east of England.[1] In the early Anglo-Saxon period it was the Kingdom of the East Saxons, but it gradually came under the control of more powerful kingdoms, and in the ninth century it became part of Wessex.[2] The modern county is bounded by Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Greater London to the south-west, Kent across the River Thames to the south, and the North Sea to the east.[3] It has an area of 1,420 square miles (3,700 km2), with a coastline of 400 miles (640 km),[4] and a population according to the 2011 census of 1,393,600.[5] At the top level of local government are Essex County Council and two unitary authorities, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock. Under the county council, there are twelve district and borough councils.[6]
In England, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) are designated by Natural England, which is responsible for protecting England's natural environment. Designation as an SSSI gives legal protection to the most important wildlife and geological sites.[7] As of August 2016, there are 86 sites designated in Essex.[8] There are 19 sites with a purely geological interest, and 64 listed for biological interest. A further three sites are designated for both reasons.
The largest is Foulness, which is internationally important for wildfowl and waders, and has 71 nationally rare invertebrate species.[9] The smallest is Holland-on-Sea Cliff, a geological site which throws light on the course of the River Thames before it was diverted south by the Anglian glaciation around 450,000 years ago.[10] Hangman's Wood and Deneholes has deneholes, shafts created by medieval chalk mining which are now used by hibernating bats.[11] Lion Pit is the site of flint-knapping by Neanderthals around 200,000 years ago, and it has been possible to fit back together some of the flint flakes.[12]
Key
Interest
Public access
Other classifications
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Sites
| Site name | Photograph | B | G | Area[a] | Public access | Location[a] | Other classifications | Map[b] | Citation[c] | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abberton Reservoir | 
|
|
718.3 hectares (1,775 acres) | PP | Layer de la Haye 51°49′30″N 0°51′43″E / 51.825°N 0.862°E TL973179 |
EWT,[13] NCR,[14] Ramsar,[15] SPA[16] | Map | Citation | This site is of international significance for wintering wigeons, and nationally important for twelve other waterfowl species, including mute swans, gadwalls, tufted ducks, goldeneyes and goosanders. It is also very unusual in having cormorants nesting in trees.[14] | |
| Ardleigh Gravel Pit | 
|
|
1.2 hectares (3.0 acres) | PP | Ardleigh 51°54′50″N 0°59′10″E / 51.914°N 0.986°E TM055281 |
GCR[17] | Map | Citation | This site exposes a number of interglacials, including one dated to the Hoxnian Stage around 400,000 years ago, and some much older. It also has a horizon with very rare plant micro-fossils dating to a cold period.[18] | |
| Ashdon Meadows | 
|
|
1.4 hectares (3.5 acres) | YES | Saffron Walden 52°02′10″N 0°19′05″E / 52.036°N 0.318°E TL591401 |
Map | Citation | The site is unimproved grassland which is used for hay growing, with some areas calcareous and others neutral. It is the only known example of grassland on chalky boulder clay in north-west Essex. Flora includes salad burnet, downy oat-grass and fen bedstraw.[19] | ||
| Basildon Meadows | 
|
|
6.8 hectares (17 acres) | NO | Basildon 51°33′11″N 0°27′18″E / 51.553°N 0.455°E TQ703867 |
Map | Citation | The site is composed of three unimproved meadows which have a wide variety of herbs. Flowers include the green-winged orchid and yellow rattle, which are rare in Essex. There is also a small pond and scattered scrub.[20] | ||
| Belcher's and Broadfield Woods | 
|
|
14.4 hectares (36 acres) | YES | Halstead 51°54′32″N 0°37′48″E / 51.909°N 0.630°E TL810267 |
EWT[21][22] | Map | Citation | The site is coppice woodland on chalky boulder clay. There is a variety of woodlands types, such as wet ash and maple, and acid birch, ash and lime. The ground flora includes species which are locally uncommon, including greater butterfly-orchid and bird's-nest orchid.[23] | |
| Benfleet and Southend Marshes | 
|
|
2,373.7 hectares (5,866 acres) | PP | Southend-on-Sea 51°34′N 0°41′E / 51.57°N 0.68°E TQ859842 |
EWT,[24] LNR,[25] NCR,[26] NNR,[26] Ramsar,[15] SPA[27] | Map | Citation | The marshes and mudflats have internationally important numbers of wildfowl and waders, including the dark-bellied brent goose, grey plover, redshank and knot. Some areas are very important for scarce invertebrates, such as white-letter hairstreak and marbled white butterflies.[26] | |
| Blackwater Estuary | 
|
|
4,403.5 hectares (10,881 acres) | YES | Maldon 51°44′N 0°49′E / 51.74°N 0.81°E TL943084 |
EWT,[28][29] NCR,[30]NNR,[31] Ramsar,[15] SAC,[32] SPA[33] | Map | Citation | The estuary has internationally important numbers of wintering dark-bellied brent geese, ringed plover and dunlin, and nationally important numbers of nine species. There are sixteen invertebrates on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[30] | |
| Blake's Wood & Lingwood Common | 
|
|
87.3 hectares (216 acres) | YES | Danbury 51°43′41″N 0°34′01″E / 51.728°N 0.567°E TL774064 |
NT[34] | Map | Citation | This site has a variety of heath, woodland and marsh habitats, and four of the woodland types are unusual in Britain. The woodlands have diverse bird species, and two unusual moths, the silver barred and rosy marbled, have been recorded on the common.[34] | |
| Bovingdon Hall Woods | 
|
|
71.3 hectares (176 acres) | NO | Braintree 51°55′41″N 0°33′18″E / 51.928°N 0.555°E TL758286 |
Map | Citation | The site is coppice woodland of medieval origin on chalky boulder clay. It has unusual woodland types, such as small-leaved lime and plateau alder. Other trees include sessile and peduculate oak, ash, maple and hornbeam, with occasional wild service tree.[35] | ||
| Bullock Wood | 
|
|
23.5 hectares (58 acres) | NO | Colchester 51°54′43″N 0°56′02″E / 51.912°N 0.934°E TM019278 |
Map | Citation | The site is mature coppice with a wide variety of trees. The main woodland type is hazel and sessile oak, which is rare nationally. The understorey is mainly coppiced hazel, and the ground flora is dominated by bramble and bracken.[36] | ||
| Canvey Wick | 
|
|
93.2 hectares (230 acres) | YES | Canvey Island 51°31′19″N 0°32′10″E / 51.522°N 0.536°E TQ760834 |
Buglife,[37] RSPB[37] | Map | Citation | Canvey Wick has a nationally important population of invertebrates, including 22 on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and three which had been recorded as extinct in Britain. It also has a nationally important population of shrill carder bees. Scrub edges provide additional habitats.[38] | |
| Cattawade Marshes | 
|
|
89.2 hectares (220 acres) | NO | Manningtree 51°57′18″N 1°02′24″E / 51.955°N 1.040°E TM090329 |
DVAONB,[39] Ramsar,[40] RSPB,[41] SPA[39] | Map | Citation | The site is a marsh area between two arms of the River Stour. It is of major importance for breeding birds, especially waders and wildfowl, such as Shoveler, Teal, Tufted Duck and Water Rail. Other habitats are grassland and ditches.[42][43] | |
| Chalkney Wood | 
|
|
73.7 hectares (182 acres) | YES | Earls Colne 51°54′58″N 0°43′23″E / 51.916°N 0.723°E TL874277 |
Map | Citation | The ancient woodland is on acid silts and sands. Trees include, ash, lime birch and pedunculated oak. The ground layer is dominated by bramble, and other plants include primrose and wood anemone. The wood is divided by grassy rides, and there are over twenty ponds.[44] | ||
| Clacton Cliffs and Foreshore | 
|
|
26.3 hectares (65 acres) | PP | Clacton-on-Sea 51°46′44″N 1°07′52″E / 51.779°N 1.131°E TM161136 |
GCR[45] | Map | Citation Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine | This site dates to the warm Hoxnian Stage around 400,000 years ago. Flint tools found there have made it the type site for the Clactonian, a core-and-flake industry of homo erectus, although paleontologists disagree whether it is really a separate industry from the Acheulian.[46][47] | |
| The Cliff, Burnham-on-Crouch | 
|
|
3.8 hectares (9.4 acres) | YES | Burnham-on-Crouch 51°38′10″N 0°46′30″E / 51.636°N 0.775°E TQ921967 |
GCR[48][49] | Map | Citation | Fossils birds dating to the Lower Eocene, around 55 to 48 million years ago, have been found at this site, and it has yielded the type material of two species. Considerable quantities of fossil fishes have also been found, mainly sharks, and it is the type locality for several species.[50] | |
| Colne Estuary | 
|
|
|
2,986.5 hectares (7,380 acres) | YES | Brightlingsea 51°49′N 0°59′E / 51.81°N 0.99°E TM062161 |
EWT[51] GCR,[52] NCR,[51] NNR,[51] Ramsar,[15] SAC,[32] SPA[53] | Map | Citation | The site has varied habitats, such as saltmarsh, mud flats, shingle spits and former gravel pits. It is of international importance for wintering brent geese and black-tailed godwits, and of national importance for six other bird species, including little terns.[51] |
| The Coppice, Kelvedon Hatch | 
|
|
9.3 hectares (23 acres) | NO | Kelvedon Hatch 51°40′12″N 0°16′23″E / 51.67°N 0.273°E TQ573992 |
Map | Citation | The site is an ancient semi-natural wood in the valley of a small tributary of the River Roding. It is base-rich alder on the valley floor, and oak and hornbeam in other areas. The geology is complex, with areas of Claygate Beds and Bagshot Beds.[54] | ||
| Cornmill Stream and Old River Lea | 
|
|
25.1 hectares (62 acres) | YES | Waltham Abbey 51°41′35″N 0°00′22″W / 51.693°N 0.006°W TL379012 |
Map | Citation | The slow-moving Cornmill Stream and Old River Lea form a freshwater habitat with one of the most diverse invertebrate fauna in Essex. Eighteen species of dragonflies and damselflies have been recorded, including the uncommon and nationally declining white-legged damselfly.[55] | ||
| Crouch and Roach Estuaries | 
|
|
1,729.1 hectares (4,273 acres) | YES | Burnham-on-Crouch 51°37′N 0°44′E / 51.62°N 0.73°E TQ889953 |
EWT[56][57][58][59] Ramsar,[15] SAC,[32] SPA[60] | Map | Citation | The site is internationally important for wintering dark-bellied brent geese, and nationally important for black-tailed godwits, shelducks and shoveler ducks. There are invertebrates on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, such as the ground lackey moth, and dense populations of the nationally scarce Roesel's bush-cricket.[61] | |
| Curtismill Green | 
|
|
47.8 hectares (118 acres) | YES | Epping 51°38′42″N 0°11′35″E / 51.645°N 0.193°E TQ518963 |
Map | Citation | This is unimproved grassland and scrub with both damp and dry areas, with a number of uncommon species. Notable plant species in grassland areas include Orange Foxtail, Lesser Spearwort and Yellow Rattle.[62] | ||
| Danbury Common | 
|
|
71.0 hectares (175 acres) | YES | Danbury 51°42′32″N 0°34′41″E / 51.709°N 0.578°E TL782043 |
EWT,[63][64] NT[65] | Map | Citation | The common is one of the largest areas of heathland left in the county, and also has bracken and gorse scrub, and woodland with oak and birch. Upper parts are on glacial gravel, and lower down there is boggy heath. This is the main British site for the rosy marbled moth.[64] | |
| Debden Water | 
|
|
21.3 hectares (53 acres) | YES | Newport 51°58′59″N 0°13′55″E / 51.983°N 0.232°E TL534340 |
Map | Citation | The flood plain of the stream has tall fen vegetation, mainly common reed, while in some areas plants such as tussock sedge and lesser pond-sedge are locally dominant. Other habitats are neutral grassland, broad-leaved woodland and species-rich calcareous grassland.[66] | ||
| Dengie | 
|
|
|
3,132.4 hectares (7,740 acres) | YES | Bradwell-on-Sea 51°41′N 0°57′E / 51.69°N 0.95°E TM042037 |
EWT,[67] GCR,[68] NCR,[69] NNR,[31] Ramsar,[15] SAC,[32] SPA[70] | Map | Citation | This is a large area of tidal mudflats and salt marshes. It has internationally important winter populations of brent geese and grey plovers, and nationally significant numbers of knots, dunlins and turnstones.[69] |
| Elsenham Woods | 
|
|
44.4 hectares (110 acres) | NO | Elsenham 51°54′22″N 0°16′05″E / 51.906°N 0.268°E TL561255 |
Map | Citation | The site comprises two separate areas, the larger Eastend Wood and the smaller Plegdon Wood. They are both ancient mixed woods on chalky boulder clay. There are also damp grass rides and ponds which provide additional habitats for invertebrates and birds.[71] | ||
| Epping Forest | 
|
|
1,787.9 hectares (4,418 acres) | YES | Epping 51°39′N 0°03′E / 51.65°N 0.05°E TQ418971 |
EWT,[72] NCR,[72] SAC,[73] SM[74][75] | Map | Citation | The site has ancient semi-natural woodland, grassland and wetland. The inverebrate fauna is described by Natural England as "of outstanding national significance", including 66 subcortical (under bark) and dead wood fauna on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[72] | |
| Foulness | 
|
|
10,946.1 hectares (27,048 acres) | PP | Foulness 51°34′N 0°55′E / 51.57°N 0.92°E TR022902 |
EWT,[76] LNR,[77] NCR,[9] Ramsar,[15] SAC,[78] SPA[79] | Map | Citation | This coastland site is of international importance for nine species of wildfowl and waders, such as dark-bellied brent geese. Rare plants include soft hornwort and spiral tasselwood, and the site is also important for invertebrates, with 71 nationally rare species.[9] | |
| Garnetts Wood and Barnston Lays | 
|
|
25.0 hectares (62 acres) | YES | Great Dunmow 51°50′17″N 0°22′23″E / 51.838°N 0.373°E TL636182 |
Map | Citation | The site is coppiced woodland, mostly ancient, on glacial silt, sands, gravels and clay soils. It contains some of the best lime woodland in the county. There are two ponds, which have the unusual water purslane.[80] | ||
| Garrold's Meadow | 
|
|
5.0 hectares (12 acres) | NO | Leigh-on-Sea 51°34′05″N 0°37′44″E / 51.568°N 0.629°E TQ823887 |
Map | Citation | This site is unimproved grassland on gravel in it southern part and clay in the north. There is also an area of marsh. The plant community is diverse, with a number of uncommon species. Grasses include common bent, sweet vernal grass and crested dog's-tail.[81] | ||
| Glemsford Pits | 
|
|
33.2 hectares (82 acres) | PP | Glemsford 52°05′06″N 0°40′52″E / 52.085°N 0.681°E TL838463 |
Map | Citation | Thirteen species of dragonfly and damselfly have been recorded in these former gravel workings, including one which is rare in Britain, the ruddy darter dragonfly. Aquatic plants include the yellow water-lily and mare's tail.[82] | ||
| Globe Pit | 
|
|
0.4 hectares (0.99 acres) | NO | Little Thurrock 51°28′44″N 0°20′20″E / 51.479°N 0.339°E TQ625782 |
GCR[83] | Map | Citation | Natural England describes Globe Pit as "an important site for the interrelationship of archaeology with geology since it is vital in the correlation of the Lower Palaeolithic chronology with the Pleistocene Thames Terrace sequence". There are many Clactonian flint tools.[84] | |
| Goldsands Road Pit | 
|
|
1.2 hectares (3.0 acres) | NO | Southminster 51°39′22″N 0°49′55″E / 51.656°N 0.832°E TQ960990 |
GCR[85] | Map | Citation | This site provides the earliest evidence of an ancient course of the combined Thames and Medway rivers, which flowed north-east across eastern Essex in the late Anglian period around 400,000 years ago.[86] | |
| Grays Thurrock Chalk Pit | 
|
|
17.3 hectares (43 acres) | YES | Grays 51°29′10″N 0°18′58″E / 51.486°N 0.316°E TQ609789 |
EWT[87][88] | Map | Citation | This former chalk pit has a range of woodland, grassland and scrub habitats which are important for invertebrates. Beetles include two species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Mordellistena humeralis and Mordellistena neuwaldeggiana.[89] | |
| Great Wood and Dodd's Grove | 
|
|
37.1 hectares (92 acres) | YES | Leigh-on-Sea 51°33′32″N 0°37′23″E / 51.559°N 0.623°E TQ819877 |
EWT,[90] LNR[91] | Map | Citation | This is a small remnant of the ancient Hadleigh Great Wood. It is coppiced oak woodland on sands, gravels and clay, and one of the largest areas of old woodland in the south of the county. Plants include the rare broad-leaved helleborine.[91] | |
| Hainault Forest | 
|
|
135.3 hectares (334 acres) | YES | Lambourne 51°37′23″N 0°08′02″E / 51.623°N 0.134°E TQ478937 |
Map | Citation | The woodland and scrub in this country park have varied flora and fauna, including diverse breeding birds. The shrub layer has plants such as wood sorrel and butcher's-broom, and birds include wood warblers and spotted flycatchers.[92] | ||
| Hales and Shadwell Woods | 
|
|
15.4 hectares (38 acres) | PP | Saffron Walden 52°02′35″N 0°17′28″E / 52.043°N 0.291°E TL572408 |
EWT,[93] NCR,[94] NNR[31] | Map | Citation | The woods are ancient coppice wet ash and maple on chalky boulder clay. The shrub layer is diverse, with plants including the wayfaring-tree and the nationally uncommon oxlip. Seven species of orchid have been recorded in Shadwell Wood, which also has herb-rich grassy rides.[95] | |
| Hall's Quarry | 
|
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0.7 hectares (1.7 acres) | NO | Elsenham 51°55′44″N 0°12′22″E / 51.929°N 0.206°E TL518279 |
GCR[96]
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