Liberal government, 1905–1915 - Biblioteka.sk

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Liberal government, 1905–1915
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Henry Campbell-Bannerman led the government from 1905 to 1908 and was succeeded by H. H. Asquith.
Asquith led the government from 1908. He formed a coalition in 1915 during the First World War.

The Liberal government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that began in 1905 and ended in 1915 consisted of two ministries: the first led by Henry Campbell-Bannerman (from 1905 to 1908) and the final three by H. H. Asquith (from 1908 onwards).

Formation

With the fall of Arthur Balfour's Conservative government in the United Kingdom in December 1905, the Liberals under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman were called in to form a government. In the subsequent election, the Liberals won an enormous majority.[1] Campbell-Bannerman was succeeded as prime minister by H. H. Asquith in 1908.[2]

Policies

The Liberal government was supported by 29 Labour Party MPs. Chancellor David Lloyd George crafted the People's Budget and introduced a great deal of social legislation,[3] such as old age pensions and unemployment insurance for a significant part of the working population. For many working people, for whom in old age the threat of the workhouse was very real, these represented a very significant change. Equally groundbreaking was the Parliament Act 1911 which:

  • Removed the law-making veto from the House of Lords thus rendering it constitutionally most expedient to run any future government from the House of Commons
  • Enshrined into law the previous convention, which the Lords had broken in 1909, that the Lords may not reject Money Bills
  • Cut the length of Parliaments from seven years to five

Many of the members of Asquith's cabinet, however, opposed the social measures promulgated by leading figures such as Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George. This resistance was arguably a reflection of the extent to which many Liberals still adhered to the Party's Gladstonian, classical liberal tradition in spite of the growth of the "New Liberalism". Morley was opposed to both old-age pensions and the provisions of the Trade Boards Act of 1909, while Runciman was against the eight-hour day for miners and compensation for workers. Burns, Bryce, Loreburn, and W.S. Robson were opposed to land reform, insurance, and the feeding of schoolchildren,[4] while several cabinet members[5] (such as Crewe,[6] Fitzmaurice,[7] Harcourt,[8] and McKenna[9]) were critical of Lloyd George's progressive "People's Budget." Nevertheless, according to Neil Smith, the majority of the members of the Edwardian Liberal Cabinets were supportive of social reform and social progress.[10] As noted by one study,

They (the Liberal Cabinet members) sought to respond to the discontent of the electorate by using the existing structure of government to correct the ills of society through innovative legislation. Two-thirds of the Liberal candidates, including Edwin Montagu, had pledged support for such measures during the campaign. While their support was often expressed in general terms, their intent was clear: Social and economic reform must be the first order of the new government.[11]

Fate

Although the government lost a great deal of support by the two general elections of 1910, they managed to hold on by dint of support from the Irish Parliamentary Party. After early mismanagement during the First World War, particularly the failure of the Dardanelles Campaign, Asquith was forced to bring the Unionists into the government in a coalition.[12]

Cabinets

Campbell-Bannerman ministry

Campbell-Bannerman ministry
1905–1908
Campbell-Bannerman
Date formed5 December 1905 (1905-12-05)
Date dissolved5 April 1908 (1908-04-05)
People and organisations
MonarchEdward VII
Prime MinisterSir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Member partyLiberal Party
Status in legislature
Opposition partyConservative Party
Opposition leaders
History
Election(s)1906 general election
Legislature term(s)
PredecessorBalfour ministry
SuccessorFirst Asquith ministry

Changes

Asquith ministry

Asquith ministries
Asquith (1908)
Date formed
  • First: 5 April 1908 (1908-04-05)
  • Second: 9 February 1910 (1910-02-09)
  • Third: 19 December 1910 (1910-12-19)
Date dissolved
  • First: 9 February 1910 (1910-02-09)
  • Second: 19 December 1910 (1910-12-19)
  • Third: 25 May 1915 (1915-05-25)
People and organisations
Monarch
Prime MinisterH. H. Asquith
Prime Minister's history1908–1916
Member partyLiberal Party
Status in legislature
Opposition partyConservative Party
Opposition leaders
History
Election(s)
Legislature term(s)
Budget(s)People's Budget
PredecessorC-Bannerman ministry
SuccessorAsquith coalition ministry
Office Name Term
Prime Minister
First Lord of the Treasury
H. H. Asquith May 1908 – May 1915
Lord Chancellor The Lord Loreburn[17] April 1908 – June 1912
The Viscount Haldane June 1912 – May 1915
Lord President of the Council The Lord Tweedmouth April–September 1908
The Viscount Wolverhampton September 1908 – June 1910
The Earl Beauchamp June–November 1910
The Viscount Morley of Blackburn November 1910 – August 1914
The Earl Beauchamp August 1914 – May 1915
Lord Privy Seal The Marquess of Ripon May–October 1908
The Earl of Crewe[18] October 1908 – October 1911
The Earl Carrington October 1911 – February 1912
The Marquess of Crewe February 1912 – May 1915
Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George May 1908 – May 1915
Home Secretary Herbert Gladstone May 1908 – February 1910
Winston Churchill February 1910 – October 1911
Reginald McKenna October 1911 – May 1915
Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey, Bt May 1908 – May 1915
Secretary of State for the Colonies The Earl of Crewe May 1908 – November 1910
Lewis Harcourt November 1910 – May 1915
Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane[19] May 1908 – June 1912
Jack Seely June 1912 – March 1914
H. H. Asquith March–August 1914
The Earl Kitchener August 1914 – May 1915
Secretary of State for India The Viscount Morley of Blackburn May 1908 – November 1910
The Earl of Crewe November 1910 – May 1915
First Lord of the Admiralty Reginald McKenna May 1908 – October 1911
Winston Churchill October 1911 – May 1915
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster The Viscount Wolverhampton May–September 1908
The Lord FitzMaurice September 1908 – June 1909
Herbert Samuel June 1909 – May 1910
Joseph Pease May 1910 – October 1911
Charles Hobhouse October 1911 – February 1914
Charles Masterman February 1914 – January 1915
Edwin Samuel Montagu January–May 1915
President of the Board of Trade Winston Churchill May 1908 – February 1910
Sydney Buxton February 1910 – February 1914
John Burns February–August 1914
Walter Runciman August 1914 – May 1915
Secretary for Scotland John Sinclair[20] May 1908 – February 1912
Thomas McKinnon Wood February 1912 – May 1915
Chief Secretary for Ireland Augustine Birrell May 1908 – May 1915
President of the Local Government Board John Burns May 1908 – February 1914
Herbert Samuel February 1914 – May 1915'
President of the Board of Agriculture The Earl Carrington May 1908 – October 1911
Walter Runciman October 1911 – August 1914
The Lord Lucas August 1914 – May 1915
President of the Board of Education Walter Runciman May 1908 – October 1911
Joseph Pease October 1911 – May 1915
Postmaster General Sydney Buxton May 1908 – February 1910
Herbert Samuel February 1910 – February 1914
Charles Hobhouse February 1914 – May 1915
First Commissioner of Works Lewis Harcourt May 1908 – November 1910
The Earl Beauchamp November 1910 – August 1914
The Lord Emmott August 1914 – May 1915
Attorney General Sir Rufus Isaacs[21] June 1912 – October 1913
Sir John Simon October 1913 – May 1915

Changes

List of ministers

Members of the cabinet are in bold face.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Liberal_government,_1905–1915
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Office Name Date
Prime Minister,
First Lord of the Treasury
and Leader of the House of Commons
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman 5 December 1905
H. H. Asquith 5 April 1908 –
 25 May 1915
Chancellor of the Exchequer H. H. Asquith 10 December 1905
David Lloyd George 12 April 1908
Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury
and Government Chief Whip in the House of Commons
George Whiteley 12 December 1905
Jack Pease 3 June 1908
The Master of Elibank 14 February 1910
Percy Illingworth 7 August 1912
John Gulland 24 January 1915
Financial Secretary to the Treasury Reginald McKenna 12 December 1905
Walter Runciman 29 January 1907
Charles Hobhouse 12 April 1908
Thomas McKinnon Wood 23 October 1911
Charles Masterman 13 February 1912
Edwin Montagu 11 February 1914
Francis Dyke Acland 3 February 1915
Junior Lords of the Treasury Herbert Lewis 18 December 1905 –
 7 July 1909
Jack Pease 18 December 1905 –
 3 June 1908
Freeman Freeman-Thomas 21 December 1905 –
 2 February 1906
Cecil Norton 21 December 1905 –
 7 July 1909
John Fuller 2 February 1906 –
 27 February 1907
John Henry Whitley 27 February 1907 –
 20 February 1910
Oswald Partington 7 July 1909 –
 19 January 1911
John Gulland 7 July 1909 –
 24 January 1915
William Wedgwood Benn 20 February 1910 –
 25 May 1915
Ernest Soares 20 February 1910 –
 16 April 1911
Percy Illingworth 28 February 1910 –
 7 August 1912
William Jones 19 January 1911 –
 25 May 1915
Freddie Guest 16 April 1911 –
 21 February 1912
Sir Arthur Haworth 23 February 1912 –
 16 April 1912
Henry Webb 16 April 1912 –
 25 May 1915
Cecil Beck 3 February 1915 –
 25 May 1915
Walter Rea 3 February 1915 –
 25 May 1915
Lord Chancellor The Lord Loreburn[a] 10 December 1905
The Viscount Haldane 10 June 1912
Lord President of the Council The Earl of Crewe 10 December 1905
The Lord Tweedmouth 12 April 1908
The Viscount Wolverhampton 13 October 1908
The Earl Beauchamp 16 June 1910
The Viscount Morley of Blackburn 3 November 1910
The Earl Beauchamp 5 August 1914
Lord Privy Seal The Marquess of Ripon[b] 10 December 1905
The Earl of Crewe[c] 9 October 1908
The Earl Carrington 23 October 1911
The Marquess of Crewe[d] 13 February 1912
Secretary of State for the Home Department Herbert Gladstone 10 December 1905
Winston Churchill 14 February 1910
Reginald McKenna 23 October 1911
Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department Herbert Samuel 12 December 1905
Charles Masterman 7 July 1909
Ellis Ellis-Griffith 19 February 1912
Cecil Harmsworth 4 February 1915
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Sir Edward Grey 10 December 1905
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice[e] 18 December 1905
Thomas McKinnon Wood 19 October 1908
Francis Dyke Acland 23 October 1911
Neil Primrose 4 February 1915
Secretary of State for the Colonies The Earl of Elgin 10 December 1905
The Earl of Crewe[f] 12 April 1908
Lewis Harcourt 3 November 1910
Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies Winston Churchill 12 December 1905
J. E. B. Seely 12 April 1908
The Lord Lucas of Crudwell 23 March 1911
The Lord Emmott 23 October 1911
The Lord Islington 10 August 1915
Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane[g] 10 December 1905
J. E. B. Seely 12 June 1912
H. H. Asquith[h] 30 March 1914
The Earl Kitchener 5 August 1914
Under-Secretary of State for War The Earl of Portsmouth 12 December 1905
The Lord Lucas of Crudwell 12 April 1908
J. E. B. Seely 23 March 1911
Harold Tennant 14 June 1912
Financial Secretary to the War Office Thomas Buchanan 14 December 1905
Francis Dyke Acland 12 April 1908
Charles Mallet 4 March 1910
Francis Dyke Acland 31 January 1911
Harold Tennant 25 October 1911
Harold Baker 14 June 1912
Secretary of State for India