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In mathematics, the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem is a formula that counts the fixed points of a continuous mapping from a compact topological space to itself by means of traces of the induced mappings on the homology groups of . It is named after Solomon Lefschetz, who first stated it in 1926.
The counting is subject to an imputed multiplicity at a fixed point called the fixed-point index. A weak version of the theorem is enough to show that a mapping without any fixed point must have rather special topological properties (like a rotation of a circle).
Formal statement
For a formal statement of the theorem, let
be a continuous map from a compact triangulable space to itself. Define the Lefschetz number of by
the alternating (finite) sum of the matrix traces of the linear maps induced by on , the singular homology groups of with rational coefficients.
A simple version of the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem states: if
then has at least one fixed point, i.e., there exists at least one in such that . In fact, since the Lefschetz number has been defined at the homology level, the conclusion can be extended to say that any map homotopic to has a fixed point as well.
Note however that the converse is not true in general: may be zero even if has fixed points, as is the case for the identity map on odd-dimensional spheres.
Sketch of a proof
First, by applying the simplicial approximation theorem, one shows that if has no fixed points, then (possibly after subdividing ) is homotopic to a fixed-point-free simplicial map (i.e., it sends each simplex to a different simplex). This means that the diagonal values of the matrices of the linear maps induced on the simplicial chain complex of must be all be zero. Then one notes that, in general, the Lefschetz number can also be computed using the alternating sum of the matrix traces of the aforementioned linear maps (this is true for almost exactly the same reason that the Euler characteristic has a definition in terms of homology groups; see below for the relation to the Euler characteristic). In the particular case of a fixed-point-free simplicial map, all of the diagonal values are zero, and thus the traces are all zero.
Lefschetz–Hopf theorem
A stronger form of the theorem, also known as the Lefschetz–Hopf theorem, states that, if has only finitely many fixed points, then
where is the set of fixed points of , and denotes the index of the fixed point .[1] From this theorem one deduces the Poincaré–Hopf theorem for vector fields.
Relation to the Euler characteristic
The Lefschetz number of the identity map on a finite CW complex can be easily computed by realizing that each can be thought of as an identity matrix, and so each trace term is simply the dimension of the appropriate homology group. Thus the Lefschetz number of the identity map is equal to the alternating sum of the Betti numbers of the space, which in turn is equal to the Euler characteristic . Thus we have
Relation to the Brouwer fixed-point theorem
The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem generalizes the Brouwer fixed-point theorem, which states that every continuous map from the -dimensional closed unit disk to must have at least one fixed point.
This can be seen as follows: is compact and triangulable, all its homology groups except are zero, and every continuous map induces the identity map , whose trace is one; all this together implies that is non-zero for any continuous map .
Historical context
Lefschetz presented his fixed-point theorem in (Lefschetz 1926). Lefschetz's focus was not on fixed points of maps, but rather on what are now called coincidence points of maps.
Given two maps and from an orientable manifold to an orientable manifold of the same dimension, the Lefschetz coincidence number of and is defined as
where is as above,
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